Journal of Operators

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 876749, 5 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/876749

Research Article

Cyclic Coupled Fixed Point Result Using Kannan Type Contractions

Binayak S. Choudhury and Pranati Maity

Department of Mathematics, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal 711103, India

Received 17 January 2014; Revised 9 June 2014; Accepted 9 June 2014; Published 2 July 2014

Academic Editor: Aref Jeribi

Copyright © 2014 Binayak S. Choudhury and Pranati Maity. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Putting several existing ideas together, in this paper we define the concept of cyclic coupled Kannan type contraction. We establish a strong coupled fixed point theorem for such mappings. The theorem is supported with an illustrative example.

1. Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries

In this paper, we establish a strong coupled fixed point result by using cyclic coupled Kannan type contractions. The following are two of several reasons why Kannan type mappings feature prominently in metric fixed point theory. They are a class of contractive mappings which are different from Banach contraction and have unique fixed points in complete metric spaces. Unlike the Banach condition, they may be discontinuous functions. Following their appearance in [1, 2], many persons created contractive conditions not requiring continuity of the mappings and established fixed points results of such mappings. Today, this line of research has a vast literature. Another reason for the importance of the Kannan type mapping is that it characterizes completeness which the Banach contraction does not. It has been shown in [3, 4], the necessary existence of fixed points for Kannan type mappings implies that the corresponding metric space is complete. The same is not true with the Banach contractions. In fact, there is an example of an incomplete metric space where every contraction has a fixed point [5]. Kannan type mappings, its generalizations, and extensions in various spaces have been considered in a large number of works some of which are in [6–10] and in references therein.

A mapping , where is a metric space, is called a Kannan type mapping if

for some (see [1, 2]).

Let and be two nonempty subsets of a set . A mapping is cyclic (with respect to and ) if and .

The fixed point theory of cyclic contractive mappings has a recent origin. Kirk et al. [11] in 2003 initiated this line of research. This work has been followed by works like those in [12–15]. Cyclic contractive mappings are mappings of which the contraction condition is only satisfied between any two points and with and .

The above notion of cyclic mapping is extended to the cases of mappings from to in the following definition.

Definition 1. Let and be two nonempty subsets of a given set . We call any function such that if and and if and a cyclic mapping with respect to and .

Coupled fixed point problems have a large share in the recent development of the fixed point theory. Some examples of these works are in [16–22] and references therein. The definition of the coupled fixed point is the following.

Definition 2 (coupled fixed point [20]). An element , where is any nonempty set, is called a coupled fixed point of the mapping if and .

Definition 3 (strong coupled fixed point). We call the coupled fixed point in the above definition to be strong coupled fixed point if , that is, if .

Combining the above concepts we define a cyclic coupled Kannan type contraction.

Definition 4 (cyclic coupled Kannan type contraction). Let and be two nonempty subsets of a metric space . We call a mapping a cyclic coupled Kannan type contraction with respect to and if is cyclic with respect to and satisfying, for some , the inequality

where , .

In this paper we introduce a coupled cyclic mapping, in particular, the cyclic coupled Kannan type contraction, and show that such mappings have strong coupled fixed points. The main result is supported with an illustrative example.

There is another standpoint from which the coupled fixed point problems can be studied, that is, as fixed point problems on product spaces [17]. In this paper we do not adopt this viewpoint. This is because this standpoint is not always helpful; in particular, there is no easy way to translate inequality (2) to another inequality in that formalism.

2. Main Result

Theorem 5. Let and be two nonempty closed subsets of a complete metric space . Let be a cyclic coupled Kannan type contraction with respect to and and . Then has a strong coupled fixed point in .

Proof. Let and be any two elements and let the sequences and be defined as

Then, for all , and .

By (2), we have

which implies that

where

and also by (2), we have

which implies that

Again, by (2), we have

or

which, by (8), implies that

where is the same as in (6).

Similarly, by (2), we have

or

which, by (5), implies that

where is the same as in (6).

Also, by (2), we have

or by (14),

where is the same as in (6).

Similarly, by (2), we have

or by (11), implies that

where is the same as in (6).

Let be any integer. We assume

for all where is odd and

for all where is even.

Let be even. Then, by (2) and (3), we have

or by (22), we have

Similarly, by (2) and (3), we have

or by (21), we have

Again, let be odd.

Then, by (2) and (3), we have

or by (20), we have

Similarly, by (2) and (3), we have

or by (19), we have

Thus (19)–(22) hold for . But we have shown in (5), (8)–(18) that this is valid for . Then, by induction, we conclude that (19)–(22) are valid for all .

From the above we conclude that, for all odd integer , we have

and for all even integer , we have

By (2), we have

Again, by (2), we have

Let, for some integer ,

Let be odd. Then, by (2) and (3), we have

Again, let be even. Then, by (2) and (3), we have

Therefore, (35) also holds if we replace by . But, (33) and (34) imply that (35) is true for .

Then, by induction, for all , it follows that

Now, by (31)–(32) and (38), we have

Since , it follows that . This implies that and are Cauchy sequences and hence are convergent.

Since and are closed subsets, , and , it follows that

Again, from (35), as .

Therefore, from (38),

Since , then from the above it follows that .

Now, by (2) and (3), we have

or

Taking the limit as in the above inequality, using (40) and (41), we obtain . Again, in view of (41), we conclude that ; that is, we have a strong coupled fixed point of .

This completes the proof of the theorem.

Example 6. Let with the metric defined as .

Let and .

Then and are nonempty closed subsets of and .

Let be defined as

Let .

Then .

And

From the above we see that the inequality (2) is satisfied. Thus all the conditions of the Theorem 5 are satisfied. By an application of Theorem 5, there is a strong coupled fixed point of . Here is a strong coupled fixed point of ; that is, .

Remark 7. The example considered here is truly a cyclic coupled Kannan type. This can be seen by choosing , , all belonging to and , belonging to , and observing that inequality (2) is not satisfied. Also is not continuous.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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