Performance Investigation of 40 GB/s DWDM over Free Space Optical Communication System Using RZ Modulation Format

We successfully demonstrate 40GB/s 8 channels’ DenseWavelength DivisionMultiplexing (DWDM) over free space optical (FSO) communication system. Each channel is transmitting 5GB/s data rate in downstream separated by 0.8 nm (100GHz) channel spacing with 1.8 GHz filter bandwidth. DWDM over FSO communication system is very effective in providing high data rate transmission with very low bit error rate (BER). The maximum reach of designed system is 4000m without any compensation scheme. The simulation work reports minimum BER for Return-to-Zero (RZ) modulation format at different channels 1, 4, and 8 are found to be 2.32e, 1.70e, and 9.51e−15 at 4000m distance, respectively. Sharp increase in BER occurs if data rate and distance increase up to 10GB/s and 5000m.


Introduction
Free space optical (FSO) communication, also termed as optical wireless, is an optical communication technology that uses line of sight (LOS) communication system and tries to fulfill the need for high bandwidth over short distances [1].Instead of transmitting the pulses of light through glass fiber, these light pulses are transmitted in a narrow beam through atmosphere [2].FSO links are of low cost, simple, and easy to install [3].Installation is easy because no license is required from FCC for using FSO [4].Also, there is no time and money wastage in digging the street to lay fiber.But FSO is limited to shorter ranges due to atmospheric turbulences [5].FSO channel affects the quality of signal due to atmospheric turbulence present, as FSO links are highly dependent on weather conditions.The fog, smoke, and rain and scintillations are the form of atmospheric turbulences which degrades the FSO link performance [6].Many techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of FSO link like aperture averaging, diversity [7], or amplification of signal which can be done using optical amplifier [8].
Optical amplification of signal can be achieved by EDFA, Raman, or SOA.Most deployed optical amplifier is EDFA because the gain and bandwidth provided by EDFA are very high and due to high bandwidth it can be used for amplification of multiple wavelengths and therefore can be used with WDM network easily [9].There is always a demand for broader bandwidth communication, which inspired the WDM technique in field of FSO communication [10].WDM technique started a revolution in optical communication network due to the fact that capacity of system can be increased simply by increasing the number of channels and tightening the channel spacing without using more than one FSO link.So WDM approach can be applied in FSO systems to maximize bandwidth usage but in cheaper way [11,12].In examining FSO performance, it is important to take several FSO parameters into consideration.These parameters can be divided into two parts: internal parameters and external parameters.Internal parameters include optical power, wavelength, and bandwidth; in recent years WDM over FSO communication system has become very efficient communication system in wireless communication system due to its high data rate, security, and minimum bit error rate (BER) [11].WDM is a next generation to deployment of FSO based access network which provides highest bandwidth [8].Coarse WDM can support 3-5 wavelengths if we increase the number of channels more than 5 it is called DWDM system.[13].WDM is a natural approach to enhance the link capacity [14].WDM provides point to point link connectivity from a single Optical Line Terminal (OLT) to each Optical Network Terminal (ONT) with uniquely assigned wavelengths to the users [7].The application of WDM to the next-generation FSO access network has a focus on high bit rate, scalability, and flexibility [12].In this paper we propose the simulative optical WDM transmitter and receiver with free space optical communication reported in Section 2. The simulation results have been discussed in Section 3. The conclusion of our simulative results is presented in Section 4.

Experiment Setup
The purpose of this research is to demonstrate a design free space optical communication link with a free space channel based on weak-turbulence approximation.Free space optical (FSO) communications, also known as wireless optical communications, are cost-effective and high bandwidth access technique and have compelling economic advantages, with the potential high data rate capacity, low cost, and particularly wide bandwidth on unregulated spectrum.In FSO communications, optical transceivers communicate directly through the air to form point to point line of sight links.The transmitter converts the electrical signal to an optical one and sends it through the atmosphere (free space).The receiver converts the optical signal back to an electrical signal.The quality of the transmission line is characterized by the realized bit-error rate (BER).Figure 1 shows the simulation setup of 8-channel WDM-FSO communication system.Figure 2 shows the OLT (Optical Line Terminal) components of WDM transmitter.OLT consists of PRBS generator, RZ Driver, and CW laser and M-Z modulator.Optical power out of transmitter is 30 mw.A WDM transmitter transmits 8 channels having 0.8 nm channel spacing.Each channel is transmitting 5 GB/s data rate downstream with input power 30 mw.A Return-to-Zero (RZ) electric pulse generator used provides modulation format on digital data which is generated by PRBS (Pseudorandom Binary Sequence) generator.The whole data rate transmits in digital form 0 and 1.The output of WDM transmitter is inserted into optical multiplexer.Optical multiplexer multiplexed all channels and inserted them into FSO channel.The FSO channel consists of optical attenuator and noise adder in dB/km.Table 1 shows key parameters for designed system.The model attenuator attenuates the input optical signal by the specified level of attenuation.The model noise adder may be used anywhere in the topology where a specified level of optical attenuation is desired.This model noise adder provides a mechanism for directly manipulating the ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) noise of an optical spectrum.Additional noise can be added to the signal with various profiles.FSO link consists of transmitter FSO channel and receiver.To observe power at receiver and calculating the link margin, one can determine factors that affect quality of the link.Link margin is ratio of received power PR and receiver threshold or sensitivity () and is usually expressed in dB: For signal to be recovered at receiver side, its power must be higher than receiver sensitivity.Sensitivity is usually given by manufacturer and it ranges from −20 to 40 dBm.Power at receiver can be expressed as where   and   are power at the receiver and transmitter, respectively,   is receiver aperture area,  is divergence angle,  is atmospheric attenuation, and  is distance between transmitter and receiver.As shown in ( 2), power at the receiver is directly proportional to the transmit power and receiver aperture area, but inversely proportional to the link range and divergence angle.Exponential part of the equation is related to atmospheric attenuation and it has the strongest influence on the link quality.The received power can be increased by increasing the transmitter power and the receiver area or by reducing the beam divergence of the transmitter beam.In our simulation work we investigated that as divergence angle is decreased the performance is improved considerably and the reliability of the link increases.Most current FSO systems use in transmitters either LED or diode or semiconductor lasers (e.g., CW) lasing at 800-850 nm or 1500-1550 nm wavelength.FSO link has a 4000-meter range with beam divergence angle of 0.25 mrad.The FSO  and  diameters 5 cm and 7.5 cm are used in system.The environmental additional attenuation is specified by its mean value of 3.5 dB/km.Now the output of FSO channel is inserted into optical DE-MUX.The optical demultiplexer separates each channel with (0.8 nm) 100 GHz channels spacing as it transmitted from WDM transmitter with the help of triangular optical filter and was received by individual ONU (Optical Network Unit) at receiving side.Figure 3 shows the ONU components at receiving side.On receiving side convert the optical data into electrical form.We use a high sensitivity receiver PIN detector which performs that function; the first one is to detect data in optical form and converted into the electrical signal.A low pass Bessel electric filter with 1.8 GHz bandwidth is used to pass the limited low pass frequencies.We know that data is transmitting in digital domains 0 and 1 so noise in form of intersymbol interference may occur.So to measure the error we used an instrument called BER Tester.

Results and Discussion
WDM transmitter transmitted 8 channels with 0.8 nm (100 GHz) channel spacing over FSO link. Figure 4 shows   2 represents the BER for different channels at 4000 m distance.Figure 5 shows the BER versus distance at 4 km for RZ modulation format.It is clear that if distance increases BER also increases.For example, for channels 1, 4, and 8 the BER values are 1.55 −92 , 9.64 −90 , and 1.911 −85 at 1 km for RZ modulation format.For the same channels the BER values are obtained: 1.05 −17 , 1.32 −16 , and 3.2 −15 at 4 km for the same modulation format.So it has been observed that if FSO channel range increases BER also increases.Figure 6   the same modulation format.So it has been observed that distance also has effect on quality of received signal.If distance increases quality of received signal decreases.Figure 7 compares system BER at various data rates at 4 km.For channel 8 the values of BER are 1.39 −72 , 3.97 −42 , 3 −15 , and 1.23 −2 for 1.25 GB/s, 2.5 GB/s, 5 GB/s, and 10 GB/s for RZ modulation format at 4 km, respectively.So it has been observed that when data rate per channel is increasing BER is also increasing.So there is tradeoff between data rate, distance, and BER.
Figure 8 shows BER versus signal power at 4 km for RZ modulation format.For channels 1, 4, and 8 the BER values are obtained as 1.04 −3 , 1.32 −3 , and 7.04 −2 for 10 mA at 4 km.For the same channels the BER values are obtained as 2.56 −39 , 3.57 −37 , and 2.49 −34 for 60 mA at 4 km.So it has  been observed that if we increased signal power from WDM transmitter side BER is decreased.Figure 9 shows -factor versus signal power at 4 km for RZ modulation format.For channels 1, 4, and 8 the -values are found to be 3, 2.5, and 2 for 10 mA signal power at 4 km.For the same channels the -values are found to be 13.1, 12.6, and 12.2 for 60 mA signal power at 4 km.So it has been observed that signal power also affects quality of received signal.If we increased signal power quality of received signal strength is also increased.Figure 10 compares system BER at different values of attenuation added in FSO channel.For channels 1, 4, and 8 values of BER are found to be 2.28 −92 , 7.37 −85 , and 3.43 −96 for 1 dB/km attenuation added at 4 km.For the same channels the values of BER are found to be 1.18 −29 , 1.15 −28 , and 4.07 −25 and 3.62   format at 4 km.For channel 1 the value of BER is 1.55 −98 and 2.32 −17 at 1000 m and 4000 m for 0.25 mrad beam divergence for RZ modulation formats.Similarly for the same channel the values of BER are 2.93 −72 and 1.64 −2 at 1000 m and 4000 m for 0.75 mrad beam divergence for the same modulation format.So there is tradeoff between BER, distance, and transmitter beam divergence.If we increased FSO transmitter beam divergence BER is also increased.that if we increased FSO transmitter beam divergence quality of received signal is decreased.So there is tradeoff between BER, -factor, and beam divergence.Figure 14 shows BER versus receiver aperture diameter for RZ modulation format at 4 km.For channels 1, 4, and 8 the values of BER are 2.89 −7 , 2.86 −9 , and 1.14 −5 for 5.5 cm aperture diameter at 4 km for RZ modulation format.For the same channels the values of BER are obtained as 2.95 −58 , 1.43 −52 , and 1.55 −44 for 13.5 cm aperture diameter at 4 km for RZ modulation format.It has been observed that if we increased FSO aperture diameter of receiver the BER is decreased.Figure 15 shows the -factor versus FSO receiver aperture diameter at 4 km for RZ modulation format.For channels 1, 4, and 8 the -values are 7, 7.2, and 7 for 5.5 cm receiver aperture diameter at 4 km for RZ modulation format.For the same channels the -values are obtained as 16.5, 15.6, and 16 for 13.5 cm aperture diameter at 4 km for RZ modulation format.So it has been observed that receiver aperture diameter also improved quality of received signal.If we increased receiver aperture diameter quality factor also improved.Figure 16 shows BER versus FSO transmitter diameter for RZ modulation format at 4 km.For channels 1, 4, and 8 the values of BER are 2.32 −17 , 1.70 −16 , and 9.51 −15 for

Conclusion
We successfully demonstrate 40 GB/s WDM over FSO communication system at 4000 m length downstream.Performance investigation on this designed WDM over FSO was carried out using RZ modulation with different parameters such as signal power, FSO transmitter and receiver diameter, beam divergence, attenuation, and distance.It is concluded that RZ gives us excellent performance in WDM over FSO communication system; further FSO receiver and transmitter diameter range also increases with the increase in transmitter power.However, transmission range increases with the decreasing factor of attenuation and beam divergence in WDM over FSO communication system.It is also concluded that the performance of WDM over FSO communication system is degraded by increasing data rate up to 10 GB/s on signal wavelength and range increases more than 4000 m which results in sharp increase in BER.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: OLT components of WDM transmitter for single channel.
shows -factor versus distance at 4 km for RZ modulation format.For channels 1, 4, and 8 the -values are 21, 20, and 21.3 at 4 km for RZ modulation format.For the same channels the -value are 8.48, 8.46, and 7.45 at 4 km for

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Comparison of system BER at different data rates.

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: BER versus signal power for RZ modulation format at 4 km.

Figure 11 :
Figure 11: Comparison of system -factor at different values of attenuation.

Figure 12 :
Figure 12: Comparison of system BER at different values of beam divergence for channel 1.

Figure 13 compares 6 Advances
-factor at different values of beam divergence.For channel 1 the -values are 21 and 8.48 at 1000 m and 4000 m for 0.25 mrad beam divergence.Similarly for the same channel the -values are 16.5 and 2 at 1000 m and 4000 m for 0.75 mrad beam divergence.It has been observed Beam divergence = 0.75 mrad Beam divergence = 0.50 mrad Beam divergence = 0.25 mrad

Figure 13 :
Figure 13: Comparison of system -factor at different values of beam divergence for channel 1.

Figure 14 :
Figure 14: BER versus FSO aperture diameter for RZ modulation at 4 km.

Figure 15 :
Figure 15: -factor versus FSO receiver aperture diameter for RZ modulation format at 4 km.

Figure 16 :
Figure 16: BER versus FSO transmitter diameter for RZ modulation at 4 km.

Figure 17 :
Figure 17: Eye diagram of data in case of channel 1 for RZ modulation at 4 km.

Figure 18 :Figure 19 :
Figure 18: Eye diagram of data in case of channel 4 for RZ modulation at 4 km.
Figure 1: Simulation setup of 8-channel WDM over FSO communication system.

Table 1 :
Key parameters for simulation setup.

Table 2 :
BER values for different channels for RZ modulation format at 4000 m.  1 = 1552.52, 4 = 1550.11,and  8 = 1546.91are selected for observation of WDM-FSO communication system.Table −8, 3.67 −8 , and 2.07 −6 for 3 dB/km and 4 dB/km at 4 km.So it has been observed that if attenuation increases the loss of energy of received signal is more which results in sharp increase in BER. Figure 11 compares -factor at different values of attenuation added in FSO channel.For channels 1, 4, and 8 the -values are 20.3, 19.48, and 20.77 for 1 dB/km attenuation at 4 km.For the same channels the -values are 11.24, 11, and 10 and 5.38, 5.38, and 4.6 for 3 dB/km and 4 dB/km at 4 km.Attenuation added in FSO channel also affects quality of received signal.More attenuation means more loss of energy of the received signal.Figure 12 shows comparison of system BER at different values of FSO transmitter beam divergence for RZ modulation