Abstract and Applied AnalysisVolume 2011 (2011), Article ID 483595, 16 pagesdoi:10.1155/2011/483595

Research Article

Integral Inequalities on Time Scales via the Theory of Isotonic Linear Functionals

Matloob Anwar,¹ Rabia Bibi,¹ Martin Bohner,² and Josip Pečarić3,4

¹Centre for Advanced Mathematics and Physics, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan²Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MI 65409-0020, USA³Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences, GC University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan⁴Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Received 26 April 2011; Accepted 23 May 2011

Academic Editor: Allan C. Peterson

Copyright © 2011 Matloob Anwar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We apply the theory of isotonic linear functionals to derive a series of known inequalities, extensions of known inequalities, and new inequalities in the theory of dynamic equations on time scales.

1. Introduction

A time scale is an arbitrary nonempty closed subset of the real numbers. For an introduction to the theory of dynamic equations on time-scale, we refer to [1]. For functions defined on a time scale, we can consider the derivative and also the integral. For example, when the time scale is the set of all real numbers, the time-scale integral is an ordinary integral; when the time scale is the set of all integers, the time-scale integral is a sum; when the time scale is the set of all integer powers of a fixed number, the time-scale integral is a Jackson integral.

In this paper, we present a series of inequalities for the time-scale integral. Among the inequalities presented, we offer time-scale versions of Jensen's-inequality, Jensen-type inequalities, converses of Jensen's inequality, inequalities for means, Hölder's inequality, Minkowski's inequality, Dresher's inequality, Aczél's inequality, Popoviciu's inequality, and Diaz-Metcalf’s inequality.

The monograph [2] contains numerous classical inequalities that are proved for the so-called isotonic linear functionals. Since the time-scale integral is in fact an isotonic linear functional, the results from [2] can be applied to this setting. Our work shows that it is not necessary to prove such kinds of inequalities “from scratch” in the time-scale setting as they can all be obtained easily from well-known inequalities for isotonic linear functionals.

The setup of this paper is as follows. In the next section, we review some known results from the literature concerning Jensen's inequality on time-scale. Section 3 contains the definition of an isotonic linear functional and the confirmations that the time-scale Cauchy delta, Cauchy nabla, -diamond, multiple Riemann, and multiple Lebesgue integrals all are indeed isotonic linear functionals. Section 4 then is devoted to the time-scale Jensen's inequality and some of its generalizations. Some converses of Jensen's inequality in the form of time-scale Hermite-Hadamard's inequality and generalizations of it are contained in Section 5. Section 6 presents the multidimensional time-scale versions of Hölder's and Cauchy-Schwarz’s inequality, followed in Section 7 by Minkowski's inequality. Section 8 is concerned with Dresher's inequality, and Section 9 offers time-scale versions of Aczél's and Popoviciu's inequalities. Section 10 contains Bellman's inequality and Section 11 deals with the Diaz-Metcalf inequality and some consequences. Five further converses of Jensen's inequality are contained in the final Section 12.

2. Known Results Concerning Jensen’s Inequality

Jensen's inequality is of great interest in the theories of differential and difference equations as well as other areas of mathematics. The original Jensen inequality can be stated as follows.

Theorem 2.1 (Jensen’s inequality [3, Formula  (5′)]). Let with , and suppose is an interval. If is convex and , then

The Jensen inequality on time-scale has been obtained by Agarwal et al. [4].

Theorem 2.2 (Jensen's inequality [1, Theorem  6.17]). Let with , and suppose is an interval. If is convex and , then

When in Theorem 2.2, we obtain Theorem 2.1. When in Theorem 2.2, we get the usual geometric-arithmetic mean inequality.

The following result is given by Wong et al. in [5]. When in Theorem 2.3, we obtain Theorem 2.2.

Theorem 2.3 (Jensen's inequality [5, Theorem  2.2]). Let with , and suppose is an interval. Assume satisfies . If is convex and , then

In [6], Özkan et al. proved that Theorem 2.3 is also true if we use the nabla integral (see [1, Section  8.4]) instead of the delta integral. In [7], Sheng et al. introduced the so-called -diamond integral, where . It is a linear combination of the delta integral and the nabla integral. When , we get the usual delta integral, and when , we get the usual nabla integral. The following result concerning the -diamond integral is given by Ammi et al. in [8] (see also [6]).

Theorem 2.4 (Jensen's inequality [8, Theorem  3.3]). Let . Let with and suppose is an interval. Assume satisfies . If is convex and , then

3. Isotonic Linear Functionals and Time-Scale Integrals

We recall the following definition from [2, page 47].

Definition 3.1 (Isotonic linear functional). Let be a nonempty set and be a linear class of real-valued functions having the following properties:()If and , then .()If for all , then . An isotonic linear functional is a functional having the following properties:()If and , then .()If and for all , then .

When we use the approach of isotonic linear functionals as given in Definition 3.1, it is not necessary to know many details from the calculus of dynamic equations on time-scale. We only need to know that the time-scale integral is such an isotonic linear functional.

Theorem 3.2. Let be a time scale. For with , let Then () and () are satisfied. Moreover, let where the integral is the Cauchy delta time-scale integral. Then () and () are satisfied.

Proof. This follows from [1, Definition  1.58 and Theorem  1.77].

Instead of recalling the formal definition of the time-scale integral and the definition of the set of rd-continuous functions used in Theorem 3.2, which can be found in [1, Section  1.4], we choose to only give a few examples.

Example 3.3. If in Theorem 3.2, then and If in Theorem 3.2, then consists of all real-valued functions defined on and Let . If in Theorem 3.2, then consists of all real-valued functions defined on and Let . If in Theorem 3.2, then consists of all real-valued functions defined on and

Note that Theorem 3.2 also has corresponding versions for the nabla and -diamond integral, which are given next for completeness.

Theorem 3.4. Let be a time scale. For with , let Then () and () are satisfied. Moreover, let where the integral is the Cauchy nabla time-scale integral. Then () and () are satisfied.

Proof. This follows from [1, Definition  8.43 and Theorem  8.47].

Theorem 3.5. Let be a time scale. For with , let Then () and () are satisfied. Moreover, let where the integral is the Cauchy -diamond time-scale integral. Then () and () are satisfied.

Proof. This follows from [7, Definition  3.2 and Theorem  3.7].

Multiple Riemann integration on time-scale was introduced in [9]. The Riemann integral introduced there is also an isotonic linear functional.

Theorem 3.6. Let be time-scale. For with , , let be Jordan -measurable and let be the set of all bounded -integrable functions from to . Then () and () are satisfied. Moreover, let where the integral is the multiple Riemann delta time-scale integral. Then () and () are satisfied.

Proof. This follows from [9, Definition  4.13 and Theorem  3.4].

From [9, Remark  2.18], it is also clear that a theorem similar to Theorem 3.6 is also true for the nabla case or any mixture of delta and nabla integrals in the multiple variable case.

The multiple Lebesgue integration on time-scale was introduced in [10]. The Lebesgue integral introduced there is also an isotonic linear functional.

Theorem 3.7. Let be time-scale. For with , , let be Lebesgue -measurable and let be the set of all -measurable functions from to . Then () and () are satisfied. Moreover, let where the integral is the multiple Lebesgue delta time-scale integral. Then () and () are satisfied.

Proof. This follows from [10, Section  3].

Theorem 3.8. Under the assumptions of Theorem 3.7, let be replaced by where is -integrable such that . Then is an isotonic linear functional satisfying .

4. Jensen's Inequality

Jessen in [11] gave the following generalization of Jensen's inequality for isotonic linear functionals.

Theorem 4.1 (Jessen's inequality [2, Theorem  2.4]). Let satisfy properties () and (). Assume is convex, where is an interval. If satisfies () and () such that , then for all such that , one has and

Now our first result is the following generalization of Jensen's inequality.

Theorem 4.2 (Jensen's inequality). Assume is convex, where is an interval. Let be as in Theorem 3.7 and suppose is -integrable on such that . Moreover, let be -integrable such that . Then

Proof. Just apply Theorems 4.1 and 3.8.

Remark 4.3 (Jensen's inequality). Note that the known results from Section 2 follow from Theorem 4.1 in the same way as Theorem 4.2 does: Theorem 2.3 follows as in Theorems 3.2 and 2.4 follows as in Theorem 3.5. Note also that a similar theorem for the multiple Riemann integral can be stated and proved using Theorem 3.6. This will be the case for all inequalities stated in this paper; however, we only explicitly state each time the case for the multiple Lebesgue integral.

5. Hermite-Hadamard's Inequality

Beesack and Pečarić in [12] gave the following generalization of Hermite-Hadamard's inequality for isotonic linear functionals.

Theorem 5.1 (Beesack-Pečarić’s inequality [2, Theorem  3.37]). Let satisfy properties () and (). Assume is convex, where with . If satisfies () and () such that , then for all such that , one has

Theorem 5.2 (Hermite-Hadamard's inequality). Assume is convex, where with . Let be as in Theorem 3.7, and suppose is -integrable on such that . Moreover, let be -integrable such that . Then

Proof. Just apply Theorems 5.1 and 3.8.

Remark 5.3 (Hermite-Hadamard's inequality). Note that the known result [13, Theorem  3.14] (see also [14, 15]) follows from Theorem 5.1 in the same way as Theorem 5.2 does, this time applying Theorem 3.5.

A combination of Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 5.1 in a slightly different form is given by Pečarić and Beesack in [16] as follows.

Theorem 5.4 (Pečarić-Beesack's inequality [2, Theorem  5.13]). Let satisfy properties () and (). Assume is convex, where with and is an interval. Suppose satisfies () and () such that . Let such that and , and define such that and holds. Then

Theorem 5.5 (Hermite-Hadamard's inequality). Assume is convex, where with and is an interval. Let be as in Theorem 3.7 and suppose is -integrable on such that . Moreover, let be -integrable such that . Let be such that and holds. Then

Proof. Just apply Theorems 5.4 and 3.8.

6. Hölder's Inequality

We first recall Hölder's inequality for isotonic linear functionals as given in [2].

Theorem 6.1 (Hölder's inequality [2, Theorem  4.12]). Let , , and be such that (), (), (), and () are satisfied. For , define . Assume . If , then This inequality is reversed if and , and it is also reversed if and .

Theorem 6.2 (Hölder's inequality). For , define . Let be as in Theorem 3.7. Assume are -integrable on . If , then This inequality is reversed if and , and it is also reversed if and .

Proof. Just apply Theorems 6.1 and 3.7.

Remark 6.3 (Hölder's inequality). Note that the known results from the time-scale literature follow from Theorem 6.1 in the same way as Theorem 6.2 does: [1, Theorem  6.13] follows as in Theorem 3.2 and [8, Theorem  4.1] (see also [17, 18]) follows as in Theorem 3.5.

Theorem 6.4 (Cauchy-Schwarz's inequality). Let be as in Theorem 3.7. If are -integrable on , then

Proof. Just let in Theorem 6.2.

7. Minkowski's Inequality

Another classical inequality is Minkowski's inequality. We first recall Minkowski's inequality for isotonic linear functionals as given in [2].

Theorem 7.1 (Minkowski’s inequality [2, Theorem  4.13]). Let , , and be such that (), (), (), and () are satisfied. For , assume . If , then This inequality is reversed if or provided and hold.

Theorem 7.2 (Minkowski's inequality). Let be as in Theorem 3.7. For , assume are -integrable on . If , then This inequality is reversed for or provided each of the two terms on the right-hand side is positive.

Proof. Just apply Theorems 7.1 and 3.7.

Remark 7.3 (Minkowski's inequality). Note that the known results from the time-scale literature follow from Theorem 7.1 in the same way as Theorem 7.2 does: [1, Theorem  6.16] follows as in Theorem 3.2 and [8, Theorem  4.4] (see also [17, 18]) follows as in Theorem 3.5.

8. Dresher's Inequality

If in the result of this section, then one has the so-called Dresher inequality (see [19, Section  7]). We first present the generalization of this inequality for isotonic linear functionals as given in [2].

Theorem 8.1 (Dresher's inequality [2, Theorem  4.21]). Let and be such that (), () are satisfied, and suppose that both and satisfy (), (). If where and for , then

Theorem 8.2 (Dresher’s inequality). Let be as in Theorem 3.7. If are -integrable on , where and for , then

Proof. Just apply Theorems 8.1 and 3.7.

Remark 8.3 (Dresher's inequality). Dresher's inequality on time-scale is new even for the cases of a single-variable Cauchy delta and nabla integral and also for the -diamond integral.

9. Popoviciu's Inequality

We first recall Popoviciu's inequality for isotonic linear functionals as given in [2].

Theorem 9.1 (Popoviciu's inequality [2, Theorem  4.27]). Let , , and be such that (), (), (), and () are satisfied. For , define . Assume . Suppose are such that If , then This inequality is reversed if and or if and .

Theorem 9.2 (Popoviciu's inequality). Let be as in Theorem 3.7. For , define . Assume are -integrable on . Suppose are such that If , then This inequality is reversed if and or if and .

Proof. Just apply Theorems 8.1 and 3.7.

Theorem 9.3 (Aczél's inequality). Let be as in Theorem 3.7. Assume are -integrable on . If are such that then

Proof. Just let in Theorem 9.2.

Remark 9.4 (Aczél's and Popoviciu's inequalities). Aczél's and Popoviciu's inequalities on time-scale are new even for the cases of a single-variable Cauchy delta and nabla integral and also for the -diamond integral. The original Aczél inequality can be found in [20]. For a version of Aczél's inequality for isotonic linear functionals, we refer to [2, Theorem  4.26].

10. Bellman's Inequality

We first recall Bellman's inequality for isotonic linear functionals as given in [2].

Theorem 10.1 (Bellman's inequality [2, Theorem  4.29]). Let , , and be such that (), (), (), and () are satisfied. For , assume . Suppose are such that If , then This inequality is reversed if or and .

Theorem 10.2 (Bellman's inequality). Let be as in Theorem 3.7. For , assume are -integrable on . Suppose are such that If , then This inequality is reversed if or and .

Proof. Just apply Theorems 10.1 and 3.7.

11. Diaz-Metcalf's Inequality

If and in the first result of this section, then one has the so-called Diaz-Metcalf inequality. We first present the generalization of this inequality for isotonic linear functionals as given in [2].

Theorem 11.1 (Diaz-Metcalf's inequality [2, Theorem  4.14]). Let , , and be such that (), (), (), and () are satisfied. For , let . Assume and, if , If , or if and , then This inequality is reversed if and .

Theorem 11.2 (Diaz-Metcalf's inequality). Let be as in Theorem 3.7. For , let . Assume are -integrable on and, if , If , or if and at least one of the two integrals on the left-hand side of the following inequality is positive, then This inequality is reversed if and at least one of the two integrals on the left-hand side is positive.

Proof. Just apply Theorems 11.1 and 3.7.

The last two results in this section follow from [2, Theorem  4.16 and Theorem  4.18] in the same way as Theorem 11.2 follows from Theorem 11.1.

Theorem 11.3. Let be as in Theorem 11.2. If , then This inequality is reversed if or , provided at least one of the two integrals on the right-hand side is positive.

Proof. Just apply [2, Theorem  4.16] and Theorem 3.7.

Theorem 11.4. Let be as in Theorem 11.2 and assume where and . Let denote the constant on the right-hand side of the inequality in Theorem 11.3. If , then This inequality is reversed if , or if and the integral on the left-hand side is positive.

Proof. Just apply [2, Theorem  4.18] and Theorem 3.7.

12. Further Converses of Jensen's Inequality

Several results from the previous sections are sometimes also called converses of Jensen's inequality. This section is concerned with some further converses of Jensen's inequality. The five results presented follow from the specified results in [2] in the same way as Theorem 5.2 follows from Theorem 5.1.

Theorem 12.1. (a) Assume is convex, where with such that with equality for at most isolated points of . Assume further that either (i) for all , (i′) for all with either , , or , , (ii) for all ,(ii′) for all with precisely one of , . Let be as in Theorem 3.7, and suppose is -integrable on such that . Moreover, let be -integrable such that . Then holds for some in cases (i), (i'), or in cases (ii), (ii'). More precisely, a value of , depending only on , may be determined as follows: define . If , let be the unique solution of the equation ; then . If , let be the unique solution of the equation ; then . Moreover, one has in the cases (i), (ii). (b) Let all the hypotheses of (a) hold except that is concave on with with equality for at most isolated points of . Then where is determined as in (a). Furthermore, holds if for all , and holds if for all .

Proof. Just apply [2, Theorem  3.39] and Theorem 3.8.

Theorem 12.2. (a) Let be as in Theorem 12.1, and let be differentiable such that is strictly increasing on . Then for , where is the unique solution of the equation . (b) Let all the hypotheses of (a) hold except that is strictly decreasing on . Then for with given in (a).

Proof. Just apply [2, Theorem  3.41] and Theorem 3.8.

Theorem 12.3. In addition to the assumptions of Theorem 5.2, let be an interval such that and assume that is increasing in the first variable. Then and the right-hand side of the inequality is an increasing function of and a decreasing function of .

Proof. Just apply [2, Theorem  3.42] and Theorem 3.8.

Theorem 12.4. Under the same hypotheses as in Theorem 12.3 except that is decreasing in its first variable, one has and the right-hand side of the inequality is a decreasing function of and an increasing function of .

Proof. Just apply [2, Theorem  3.42′] and Theorem 3.8.

Theorem 12.5. Assume is convex, where is an interval. Let be as in Theorem 3.7. Let be -integrable on such that for some . If and are -integrable on and is such that then

Proof. Just apply [2, Lemma  4.25] and Theorem 3.7.

Acknowledgment

The research of the J. Pečarić is supported by the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sports under the Research Grants 117-1170889-0888.

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