Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 514103, 10 pages

doi:10.1155/2012/514103

Research Article

Reproducing Kernel Method for Solving Nonlinear Differential-Difference Equations

Reza Mokhtari, Fereshteh Toutian Isfahani, and Maryam Mohammadi

Department of Mathematical Sciences, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran

Received 19 March 2012; Accepted 19 May 2012

Academic Editor: Ferhan M. Atici

Copyright © 2012 Reza Mokhtari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

On the basis of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces theory, an iterative algorithm for solving some nonlinear differential-difference equations (NDDEs) is presented. The analytical solution is shown in a series form in a reproducing kernel space, and the approximate solution is constructed by truncating the series to terms. The convergence of to the analytical solution is also proved. Results obtained by the proposed method imply that it can be considered as a simple and accurate method for solving such differential-difference problems.

1. Introduction

Differential-difference equations play a crucial role in modelling of much physical phenomena such as particle vibrations in lattices, currents in electrical networks, pulses in biological chains, discretization in solid state, quantum physics, textile engineering, stratified hydrostatic flows, and so on. See, for example [1–14].

Recently, there have been lots of efforts in giving exact or approximate solutions of NDDEs. For instance, Zhu [4] extended the Exp-function method for solving NDDEs. In this method, exact solutions are sought in the form of an exponential type rational function in which both the numerator and denominator are polynomials of exponential functions. Mokhtari [5] applied the variational iteration method in which a correction functional is established by a general Lagrange multiplier, which can be identified optimally via the variational theory. The method gives rapidly convergent successive approximations of the exact solution. Qian et al. [6] extended the multilinear variable separation approach to a special differential-difference equation. Baldwin et al. [7] presented an algorithm to find exact travelling wave solutions of differential-difference equations in terms of the tanh function and found kink-type solutions in many spatially discrete nonlinear models. Wu et al. [8] and Wang et al. [9] extended the Adomian decomposition method to solve NDDEs. The technique is based on a decomposition of the solution of NDDE in a series of functions. Each term of the series is obtained from a polynomial generated from an expansion of an analytic function into a power series. Many authors [10–14] applied the homotopy perturbation method to solve NDDEs. The method, which is based on homotopy, constructs a continuous mapping of an initial guess through an auxiliary linear operator, and an auxiliary parameter is used to ensure the convergence of solution series.

The theory of reproducing kernels [15] was used for the first time at the beginning of the th century by S. Zaremba in his work on boundary value problems for harmonic and biharmonic functions. This theory has been successfully applied to fractal interpolation [16], solving ordinary differential equations [17–20] and partial differential equations [21, 22]. The book [23] provides excellent overviews of the existing reproducing kernel methods for solving various model problems such as integral and integrodifferential equations.

In this study, a general technique is proposed for solving some NDDEs in the reproducing kernel space. The main idea is to construct the reproducing kernel space satisfying the conditions for determining solution of the NDDEs. The analytical solution is represented in the form of series through the function value at the right side of the equation. For illustration, we apply this method to the Volterra lattice equation, the discretized mKdV lattice equation and the discrete sine-Gordon equation. The advantages of the approach lie in the following facts. The approximate solution converges uniformly to the analytical solution . The method is mesh-free, easily implemented and capable in treating various boundary conditions. Since the method needs no time discretization, there is no matter, in which time the approximate solution is computed, from the both elapsed time and stability problem, point of views. Also we can evaluate the approximate solution for fixed once and use it over and over.

In the next section we describe how to solve a NDDE through the reproducing kernel method and verify convergence of the approximate solution to the exact solution. Several numerical results are presented in Section 3. The last section is a brief conclusion.

2. Construction of the Method

Consider the following NDDE

where is a linear differential operator of one-order derivative in , is a nonlinear differential operator and . Since nonhomogeneous initial condition can be reduced readily to the homogeneous one, we only consider the following homogeneous initial condition

We assume that (2.1)-(2.2) has a unique solution.

Definition 2.1. are absolutely continuous in , . The inner product and norm in are defined, respectively, by

Remark 2.2. The space is a reproducing kernel space, and its reproducing kernel is given by

Definition 2.3. is absolutely continuous in . The inner product and norm in are defined, respectively, by

Remark 2.4. The space is a reproducing kernel space and its reproducing kernel is given by

Remark 2.5. The definition of the spaces and is suitable for our numerical examples and in general is defined on the basis of the operator , and must be defined based on the operator .

In order to represent the analytical solution of the model problem, we can assume that is an invertible bounded linear operator, choose a countable dense subset in and define

where is the adjoint operator of . The orthonormal system of can be derived from the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process of as

Theorem 2.6. Suppose that is dense in , then is a complete system in and .

Proof. See [22].

Theorem 2.7. If is dense in , then the analytical solution of (2.1)-(2.2) will be

Proof. Since is a complete system in , we have

Now the approximate solution can be obtained by the -term intercept of the analytical solution , that is,

Obviously,

In the sequel, for evaluating (2.11), we choose nonnegative integer and put the initial function . Then the approximate solution is defined by

where

Lemma 2.8. If , is bounded in (2.13), and is continuous, then .

Proof. Note that

On the other hand, we have

From and former statements, it follows that

Therefore,

because of the boundedness of . The continuity of implies that

Theorem 2.9. Suppose that is bounded in (2.13), and (2.1)-(2.2) has a unique solution. If is dense in , then the -term approximate solution derived from the above method converges to the analytical solution of (2.1)-(2.2) and

where is given by (2.14).

Proof. At first, we prove the convergence of . From (2.13), we infer that

The orthonormality of yields that

In terms of (2.22), it holds that . Due to the condition that is bounded, is convergent and there exists a constant such that . If , and then

On account of , consequently, we have

The completeness of shows that as . Now, we prove that is the solution of (2.1)-(2.2). Taking limits in (2.13), we get

Note that

Therefore, consider

In view of (2.14), we have

Since is dense in , for each , there exist a subsequence such that

We have known that

Let , by Lemma 2.8 and the continuity of , we have

which indicates that satisfies (2.1)-(2.2).

3. Numerical Results

To test the accuracy of the proposed method, three examples are treated in this section. The results are compared with the exact solutions. All experiments are done by taking .

Example 3.1. Consider the Volterra equation of the form

With the initial condition , it is easy to check that the exact solution will be

Taking , relative error (RE) of numerical results for , , and are reported in Table 1. Accuracy of approximate solutions is getting better as increases.

Table 1: Relative errors of , for Example 3.1.

RE ()
RE ()
RE ()

0.1
3.33333

0.2
2.85714

0.3
2.50000

0.4
2.22222

0.5
2.00000

0.6
1.81818

0.7
1.66667

0.8
1.53846

0.9
1.42857

1
1.33333

Example 3.2. Consider the discrete mKdV equation

With the initial condition , where and are arbitrary constants, the exact solution will be

Taking , and and choosing and , we have listed relative error of approximate solutions at some nodal points in Table 2. Numerical results are in good agreement with the exact solutions.

Table 2: Relative errors of , for Example 3.2.

RE ()
RE ()

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Example 3.3. Consider the discrete sine-Gordon equation of the form

With the initial condition where and are arbitrary constants, the exact solution will be

Taking , and and choosing and , we have given relative error of approximate solutions at some nodal points in Table 3. Numerical results are in good agreement with the exact solutions.

Table 3: Relative errors of , for Example 3.3.

RE ()
RE ()

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

4. Conclusion

In this work, we proposed an algorithm for solving a class of nonlinear differential-difference equations on the basis of reproducing kernel spaces. Results of numerical examples show that the present method is an accurate and reliable analytical-numerical technique for solving such differential-difference equations. The method is shown to be of good convergence, simple in principle, and easy to program.

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