Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 697565, 15 pages

doi:10.1155/2012/697565

Research Article

Entire Blow-Up Solutions of Semilinear Elliptic Systems with Quadratic Gradient Terms

Yongju Yang¹ and Xinguang Zhang²

¹School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanyang Normal University, Henan, Nanyang 473061, China

²School of Mathematical and Informational Sciences, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai 264005, China

Received 1 September 2012; Accepted 8 November 2012

Academic Editor: Yong Hong Wu

Copyright © 2012 Yongju Yang and Xinguang Zhang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We study the existence of entire positive solutions for the semilinear elliptic system with quadratic gradient terms, for on and . We establish the conditions on that ensure the existence of nonnegative radial solutions blowing up at infinity and also the conditions for bounded solutions on the entire space. The condition on is simple and different to the Keller-Osserman condition.

1. Introduction

We study the existence of entire blow-up positive solutions of the following elliptic system with quadratic gradient terms:

where , ,    are -positive functions and are nonnegative, continuous, and nondecreasing functions for each variable.

For convenience we recall the definitions about -positive functions and entire blow-up positive solutions.

(i)A function is -positive (or circumferentially positive) in a domain if is nonnegative on and satisfies the following condition: if and , then there exists a domain such that and for all . (ii)A solution of the system (1.1) is called an entire blow-up solution (or explosive solution) if it is a classical solution of the above problem on and as .

Existence and nonexistence of blow-up solutions of semilinear elliptic equations and systems have received much attention worldwide. Bieberbach [1] is the first to study blow-up solutions to the semilinear elliptic problem

where . Following Bieberbach’s work, many authors have studied related problems for single equations and systems. In 1957, Keller [2] and Osserman [3] established the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions to (1.2) on bounded domains in . They showed that blow-up solutions exist on if and only if satisfies the following Keller-Osserman condition:

Bandle and Marcus [4] later examined the equation

with is nondecreasing on and proved the existence of positive blow-up solutions under the condition that the function satisfies the Keller-Osserman condition (1.3) and is continuous and strictly positive on . Lair [5] showed that the results also hold for (1.4) when is allowed to vanish on a large part of , including its boundary. In addition, many authors have examined some more specific forms of (1.4). The equation

has been of particular interest. Cheng and Ni [6] considered the superlinear case and proved that for this case (1.5) has blow-up solutions on bounded domains provided is strictly positive on . Lair and Wood [7] generalized this to allow to vanish on some portions of including its boundary and also showed the existence of an entire blow-up solution to (1.5) provided that

Obviously, condition (1.6) is weaker than the requirements in [6].

In [8], Lair and Wood proved that (1.5) has entire blow-up radial solutions if and only if

They also demonstrated that for a bounded domain , (1.5) has no positive blow-up solution when is continuous in . In addition, they proved that nonnegative, entire bounded solutions do not exist for (1.5) if

Although semilinear elliptic systems are the natural extension of single equations in many areas of applications, the results and methods for the study of single equations are often not applicable to the systems of equations. Recently, Lair and Wood [9] studied the existence of entire positive solutions of the system

In the sublinear case , the authors proved that provided that the nonnegative functions and are continuous, -positive, and satisfy the fast decay conditions

then the entire positive solutions are bounded, while if and satisfy the slow decay conditions

then the entire positive solutions blow up. For the superlinear case , the fast decay conditions are required to hold. Later, Cîrstea and Rădulescu [10] improved the results of Lair and Wood [9] and proved that for , the following semilinear elliptic system

has entire solutions if and satisfy

for all and has solutions that are bounded when holds. Further, entire solutions exist and are blow-up when holds. An analogous condition was also employed by Ghergu and Rădulescu [11] to study the following elliptic system with gradient terms:

where is a bounded domain or the whole space. Peng and Song [12] also studied the existence of entire blow-up positive solutions of system (1.10) when the -positive functions , satisfy the decay conditions . Peng and Song [12] also imposed on and the following Keller-Osserman conditions:

and the convexity conditions

Both papers [6, 12] considered system (1.10) where the nonnegative functions satisfy and the functions are nondecreasing and satisfy the Keller-Osserman condition (1.13), and

Recently, Zhang and Liu [13] studied the following semilinear elliptic system with the magnitude of the gradient

The results of nonexistence of entire positive solutions have been established if and are sublinear and and have fast decay at infinity, while if and satisfy some growth conditions at infinity, and , are of slow decay or fast decay at infinity, then the system has infinitely many entire solutions, which are large or bounded. In [14], Covei studied the existence of solution of the following semilinear elliptic system:

Under some conditions on , , the system (1.17) has a bounded positive entire solution based on successive approximation. Furthermore, a nonradially symmetric solution also was obtained by using a lower and upper solution method. For more complicated Schrödinger systems, some nice work had been done by Covei in [15–17] with single equations or a system with -Laplacian in . For further results on relevant work on single equations and/or systems as well as methods for the study of blow-up solutions of differential equations, see [8, 18–32] and the references therein.

The authors in [13, 14] only studied the semilinear elliptic system with the magnitude of the gradient term or without the gradient term. For elliptic systems involving nonlinear quadratic gradient terms, no result has been obtained. Thus, motivated by [11–17], we study the more general systems case with indefinite number of equations involving a nonlinear quadratic gradient term. In our results, a simple condition (2.5) has been used instead of the Keller-Osserman condition (1.13) commonly used in previous results. The main results obtained are presented in Section 2 by Theorems 2.3 to 2.6, while the proofs of the theorems are given in Section 3.

2. Main Results

For convenience in presenting the results, we here define

Remark 2.1. For any , since

admits the inverse function on .

Lemma 2.2 (see [8, 23]). The slow decay condition

holds if and only if .

The first result we obtained is the condition for nonexistence of entire positive blow-up solution, which asserts that if both , are bounded, then problem (1.1) does not have positive entire blow-up solution as detailed by the following theorem.

Theorem 2.3. Suppose , satisfy

and each , satisfy the decay conditions . Then problem (1.1) does not have positive entire blow-up solution.

The other main results we obtained are the conditions, respectively, for the existence of infinitely many positive entire blow-up solutions and infinitely many positive entire bounded solutions, which are summarized in the following three theorems.

Theorem 2.4. If there exists a constant such that

then the system (1.1) has infinitely many classical positive entire solutions . If, in addition, , satisfy the decay conditions , then all the positive entire solutions of (1.1) are blow-up. Moreover, if , satisfy the decay conditions , then all the positive entire solutions of (1.1) are bounded.

Theorem 2.5. If there exists a constant such that

and , satisfy the decay conditions and, in addition, there exist , such that

then the system (1.1) has a positive radial bounded solution satisfying

Theorem 2.6.

(i)If , satisfy the decay conditions and

then the system (1.1) has infinitely many positive entire blow-up solutions.(ii)If , satisfy the decay conditions and

then the system (1.1) has infinitely many positive entire bounded solutions.

3. Proofs of the Theorems

Firstly, via the change of variables , , we turn the system (1.1) to the following equivalent system with no gradient terms

Thus we only need to consider system (3.1).

Proof of Theorem 2.3. We use proof by contradiction to testify. We suppose that the system (3.1) has the positive entire blow-up solution . Consider the spherical average of defined by

where is the surface area of the unit sphere in . Since are positive entire blow-up solutions, it follows that are positive and . By the change of variable , we have

Then

Thus by the divergence theorem and (3.4), we have

From [33], it follows from (3.5) that

Set

Then, obviously, are positive and nondecreasing functions. Moreover and as . Note from (2.4) that there exists such that

Now (3.6) and (3.8) lead to

for all . It follows that

So, for all , we have

Note that because of , we can choose sufficiently large such that

Since , it follows that we can find such that

Thus (3.11) and (3.13) yield

By (3.12), we have

that is,

where , which implies

The inequality (3.17) means that are bounded and so are bounded which is a contradiction. It follows that (1.1) has no positive entire blow-up solutions, and the proof is completed.

Proof of Theorem 2.4. We start by showing that (1.1) has positive radial solutions. Towards this end we fix , and we show that the system

has a solution . Thus are positive solutions of (3.1). Integrating (3.18), for any and , we have

Let be sequences of positive continuous functions defined on for by

Obviously, for all , we have , . The monotonicity of yields , . Repeating the argument, we deduce that

which means are nondecreasing sequences on . Since

we have

Let which implies

So, we have

that is

As increases on , from (3.26), we have that

It follows from that . By (3.27), the sequences are bounded and increasing on for any . Thus, have subsequences converging uniformly to on . Consequently, is a positive solution of (3.18); that is, is a entire positive solution of (3.1). By noticing and that was chosen arbitrarily, it follows that (1.1) has infinitely many positive entire solutions.

(i)If , since

we have

which means that are positive entire blow-up solutions of (1.1).(ii)If , then

which implies that are positive entire bounded solutions of (1.1). Proof of the theorem is now completed.

Proof of Theorem 2.5. If condition (2.7) holds, then we have

Since is strictly increasing on , we have

The last part of the proof is clear from that of Theorem 2.4. Thus we omit it.

Proof of Theorem 2.6. (i)  It follows from (3.20) that

Let be arbitrary. From (3.33) we get, for ,

This implies

Taking into account the monotonicity of , there exists

We claim that is finite. Indeed, if not, we let in (3.35), and the assumption (2.9) leads us to a contradiction. Thus is finite. Since are increasing functions, it follows that the map is nondecreasing and

Thus the sequences are bounded from above on bounded sets. Let

Then is a positive solution of (3.18).

In order to conclude the proof, it is sufficient to show that is a blow-up solution of (3.18). Let us remark that (3.19) implies

Since are positive functions and

we can conclude that is a blow-up solution of (3.18), and so is a positive entire blow-up solution of (3.1). Thus any blow-up solution of (3.1) provides a positive entire blow-up solution of (1.1). Since was chosen arbitrarily, it follows that (1.1) has infinitely many positive entire blow-up solutions.

(ii) If

holds, then by (3.35), we have

Thus

So the sequences are bounded from above on bounded sets. Let

Then is a positive solution of (3.18).

It follows from (3.33) and (3.35) that is bounded, which implies that (1.1) has infinitely many positive entire bounded solutions.

In the end of this work we also remark on a system with different gradient exponent

where , , are nonnegative, continuous, and nondecreasing functions for each variable. For these cases, the problem is far more complex, and no analogous results have been established [9, 10, 13, 18, 21]. We also anticipate that the methods and concepts here can be extended to the systems with -Laplacian as considered by Covei [14–17].

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