Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 843178, 13 pages

doi:10.1155/2012/843178

Research Article

Positive Periodic Solutions of Nicholson-Type Delay Systems with Nonlinear Density-Dependent Mortality Terms

Wei Chen¹ and Lijuan Wang²

¹School of Mathematics and Information, Shanghai Lixin University of Commerce, Shanghai 201620, China

²College of Mathematics, Physics and Information Engineering, Jiaxing University, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314001, China

Received 3 October 2012; Revised 9 November 2012; Accepted 9 November 2012

Academic Editor: Allan Peterson

Copyright © 2012 Wei Chen and Lijuan Wang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper is concerned with the periodic solutions for a class of Nicholson-type delay systems with nonlinear density-dependent mortality terms. By using coincidence degree theory, some criteria are obtained to guarantee the existence of positive periodic solutions of the model. Moreover, an example and a numerical simulation are given to illustrate our main results.

1. Introduction

In the last twenty years, the delay differential equations have been widely studied both in a theoretical context and in that of related applications [1–4]. As a famous and common delay dynamic system, Nicholson’s blowflies model and its modifications have made remarkable progress that has been collected in [5] and the references cited there in. Recently, to describe the dynamics for the models of marine protected areas and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia dynamics which belong to the Nicholson-type delay differential systems, Berezansky et al. [6], Wang et al. [7], and Liu [8] studied the problems on the permanence, stability, and periodic solution of the following Nicholson-type delay systems:

where , and , .

In [5], Berezansky et al. also pointed out that a new study indicates that a linear model of density-dependent mortality will be most accurate for populations at low densities and marine ecologists are currently in the process of constructing new fishery models with nonlinear density-dependent mortality rates. Consequently, Berezansky et al. [5] presented an open problem: to reveal the dynamics of the following Nicholson’s blowflies model with a nonlinear density-dependent mortality term:

where is a positive constant and function might have one of the following forms: or with positive constants .

Most recently, based upon the ideas in [5–8], Liu and Gong [9] established the results on the permanence for the Nicholson-type delay system with nonlinear density-dependent mortality terms. Consequently, the problem on periodic solutions of Nicholson-type system with has been studied extensively in [10–13]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there exist few results on the existence of the positive periodic solutions of Nicholson-type delay system with . Motivated by this, the main purpose of this paper is to give the conditions to guarantee the existence of positive periodic solutions of the following Nicholson-type delay system with nonlinear density-dependent mortality terms:

under the admissible initial conditions

where , and are all bounded continuous functions, and , , .

For convenience, we introduce some notations. Throughout this paper, given a bounded continuous function defined on , let and be defined as

We also assume that and are all -periodic functions, , and , .

Set

Let be the set of all (nonnegative) real vectors; we will use to denote a column vector, in which the symbol denotes the transpose of a vector. We let denote the absolute-value vector given by and define . For matrix , denotes the transpose of . A matrix or vector means that all entries of are greater than or equal to zero. can be defined similarly. For matrices or vectors and , (resp. ) means that (resp. ). We also define the derivative and integral of vector function as and .

The organization of this paper is as follows. In the next section, some sufficient conditions for the existence of the positive periodic solutions of model (1.3) are given by using the method of coincidence degree. In Section 3, an example and numerical simulation are given to illustrate our results obtained in the previous section.

2. Existence of Positive Periodic Solutions

In order to study the existence of positive periodic solutions, we first introduce the continuation theorem as follows.

Lemma 2.1 (continuation theorem [14]). Let and be two Banach spaces. Suppose that is a Fredholm operator with index zero and is L -compact on , where is an open subset of . Moreover, assume that all the following conditions are satisfied:

(1), for all , ;(2), for all ;(3)the Brouwer degree

Then equation has at least one solution in .

Our main result is given in the following theorem.

Theorem 2.2. Suppose

Then (1.3) has a positive -periodic solution.

Proof. Set and . Then (1.3) can be rewritten as

As usual, let for all be Banach spaces equipped with the supremum norm . For any , because of periodicity, it is easy to see that is -periodic. Let

It is easy to see that

Thus, the operator is a Fredholm operator with index zero. Furthermore, denoting by the inverse of , we have

It follows that

Obviously, and are continuous. It is not difficult to show that is compact for any open bounded set by using the Arzela-Ascoli theorem. Moreover, is clearly bounded. Thus is -compact on with any open bounded set .

Considering the operator equation , we have

Suppose that is a solution of (2.10) for some .

Firstly, we claim that there exists a positive number such that . Integrating the first equation of (2.10) and in view of , it results that

which together with (2.4) implies that

Similarly, we have

It follows from (2.12) and (2.13) that

Since , there exist such that

It follows from (2.12) and (2.14) that

which implies that

Using (2.14) yields

In particular,

It follows that

Again from (2.14), we have

Similarly, we can obtain

Since , from (2.10), we have

Hence, from (2.24) and the fact that , we have

Noting that is strictly monotone increasing on and

it is clear that there exists a constant such that

In view of (2.25) and (2.27), we get

In the same way, there exists a constant such that

Again from (2.14), (2.15), (2.28), and (2.29), we get

Then, we can choose two sufficiently large positive constants and such that

Let be a fix constant such that

Then (2.22), (2.23), and (2.31) imply that , if is solution of (2.10). So we can define an open bounded set as such that there is no and such that . That is to say for all .

Secondly, we prove that for all . That is for all .

If , then is a constant vector in , and there exists some such that . Assume , so that . Then, we claim

If for , it follows from (2.2) and (2.8) that

Hence,

which implies

This is a contradiction and implies that for .

If for , it follows from (2.2) and (2.8) that

Consequently,

a contradiction to the choice of . Thus, for .

Similarly, if , we obtain

Consequently, (2.33) and (2.39) imply that for all .

Furthermore, let and define continuous function by setting

For all , then there exists some such that . There are two cases: or . When or , from (2.33) and (2.39), it is obvious that or . Similarly, if or , it results that or . Hence for all .

Finally, using the homotopy invariance theorem, we obtain

It then follows from the continuation theorem that has a solution

which is an -periodic solution to (2.4). Therefore is a positive -periodic solution of (1.3) and the proof is complete.

3. An Example

In this section, we give an example to demonstrate the results obtained in the previous section.

Example 3.1. Consider the following Nicholson-type delay system with nonlinear density-dependent mortality terms:

Obviously, , , ,   , , , , , then

which means the conditions in Theorem 2.2 hold. Hence, the model (3.1) has a positive -periodic solution in , where . The fact is verified by the numerical simulation in Figure 1.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Numerical solution of systems (3.1) for initial value .

Remark 3.2. Equation (3.1) is a form of Nicholson’s blowflies delayed systems with nonlinear density-dependent mortality terms, but as far as we know there are no that results can be applicable to (3.1) to obtain the existence of positive -periodic solutions. This implies the results of this paper are essentially new.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express the sincere appreciation to the reviewers for their helpful comments in improving the presentation and quality of the paper. In particular, the authors expresses the sincere gratitude to Prof. Bingwen Liu for the helpful discussion when this work is carried out. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 11201184 and 11101283), Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (Grant no. 13YZ127), the Natural Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial of China (Grant nos. Y6110436, LY12A01018), and the Natural Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department of China (Grant no. Z201122436).

References

M. de la Sen and N. Luo, “On the uniform exponential stability of a wide class of linear time-delay systems,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 289, no. 2, pp. 456–476, 2004.

M. de la Sen, “Stability of impulsive time-varying systems and compactness of the operators mapping the input space into the state and output spaces,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 321, no. 2, pp. 621–650, 2006.

H. Lu and W. Wang, “Dynamics of a nonautonomous Leslie-Gower type food chain model with delays,” Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, vol. 2011, Article ID 380279, 19 pages, 2011.

X. Fan, Z. Wang, and F. Jiang, “Dynamics of mutualism-competition-predator system with Beddington-DeAngelis functional responses and impulsive perturbations,” Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2012, Article ID 963486, 33 pages, 2012.

L. Berezansky, E. Braverman, and L. Idels, “Nicholson's blowflies differential equations revisited: main results and open problems,” Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1405–1417, 2010.

L. Berezansky, L. Idels, and L. Troib, “Global dynamics of Nicholson-type delay systems with applications,” Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 436–445, 2011.

W. Wang, L. Wang, and W. Chen, “Existence and exponential stability of positive almost periodic solution for Nicholson-type delay systems,” Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1938–1949, 2011.

B. Liu, “The existence and uniqueness of positive periodic solutions of Nicholson-type delay systems,” Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 3145–3151, 2011.

B. Liu and S. Gong, “Permanence for Nicholson-type delay systems with nonlinear density-dependent mortality terms,” Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1931–1937, 2011.

W. Wang, “Positive periodic solutions of delayed Nicholson's blowflies models with a nonlinear density-dependent mortality term,” Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 4708–4713, 2012.

X. Hou and L. Duan, “New results on periodic solutions of delayed Nicholson's blowflies models,” Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, no. 24, pp. 1–11, 2012.

X. Hou, L. Duan, and Z. Huang, “Permanence and periodic solutions for a class of delay Nicholson's blowflies models,” Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. 37, pp. 1537–1544, 2013.

Z. Chen, “Periodic solutions for Nicholson-type delay system with nonlinear density-dependent mortalityterms,” Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, vol. 56, pp. 1–9, 2012.

R. E. Gaines and J. L. Mawhin, Coincidence Degree, and Nonlinear Differential Equations, vol. 568 of Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1977.