Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 125089, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/125089

Research Article

Persistence and Nonpersistence of a Food Chain Model with Stochastic Perturbation

Haihong Li,1,2 Fuzhong Cong,1,2 Daqing Jiang,³ and Hongtu Hua²

¹School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China

²Department of Basic Courses, Air Force Aviation University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China

³School of Mathematics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China

Received 3 June 2013; Accepted 21 September 2013

Academic Editor: Mark McKibben

Copyright © 2013 Haihong Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We analyze a three species predator-prey chain model with stochastic perturbation. First, we show that this system has a unique positive solution and its th moment is bounded. Then, we deduce conditions that the system is persistent in time average. After that, conditions for the system going to be extinction in probability are established. At last, numerical simulations are carried out to support our results.

1. Introduction

Recently, the dynamical relationship between predator-prey has been one of the dominant themes in both ecology and mathematical ecology due to its universal importance. Especially, the predator-prey chain model is the typical representative. Thereby it significantly changed the biology, the understanding of the existence, and development of the basic law and has made the model become a research hot spot. One of the most famous models for population dynamics is the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey system which has received plenty of attention and has been studied extensively; see [1–4]. Specially persistence and extinction of this model are interesting topics.

The three species predator-prey chain model is described as follows:

where    denotes the population densities of the species at time . The parameters are positive constants that stand for intrinsic growth rate, predator death rate of the second species, predator death rate of the third species, coefficient of internal competition, respectively. , represent saturated rate of the second and the third predator and , represent the decrement rate of predator to prey.

System (1) describes a three species predator-prey chain model in which the latter preys on the former. From a biological viewpoint, we not only require the positive solution of the system but also require its unexploded property in any finite time and stability.

We know that the global asymptotic stability of a positive equilibrium holds and is global stability if the following condition holds:

which could refer to [5]. However, population dynamics in the real world is inevitably affected by environmental noise (see, e.g., [6, 7]). Parameters involved in the system are not absolute constants, they always fluctuate around some average values. The deterministic models assume that parameters in the systems are deterministic irrespective of environmental fluctuations which impose some limitations in mathematical modeling of ecological systems. So we cannot omit the influence of the noise on the system. Recently many authors have discussed population systems subject to white noise (see, e.g., [8–15]). May (see, e.g., [16]) pointed out that due to continuous fluctuation in the environment, the birth rates, death rates, saturated rate, competition coefficients, and all other parameters involved in the model exhibit random fluctuation to some extent, and as a result the equilibrium population distribution never attains a steady value but fluctuates randomly around some average value. Sometimes, large amplitude fluctuation in population will lead to the extinction of certain species, which does not happen in deterministic models.

Therefore, Lotka-Volterra predator-prey chain models in random environments are becoming more and more popular. Ji et al. [14, 15] investigated the asymptotic behavior of the stochastic predator-prey system with perturbation. Liu and Chen introduced periodic constant impulsive immigration of predator into predator-prey system and gave conditions for the system to be extinct and permanence. Polansky [17] and Barra et al. [18] have given some special systems of their invariant distribution. After that, Gard [5] analysed that under some conditions the stochastic food chain model exists an invariant distribution. However, seldom people study the persistent and nonpersistent of the food chain model with stochastic perturbation.

In this paper, we introduce the white noise into the intrinsic growth rate of system (1), and suppose   ; then we obtain the following stochastic system:

where are independent white noises with , representing the intensities of the noise.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the long time behavior of system (3). We have mentioned that is the positive equilibrium of system (1). But, when it suffers stochastic perturbations, there is no positive equilibrium. Hence, it is impossible that the solution of system (3) will tend to a fixed point. In this paper, we show that system (3) is persistent in time average. Furthermore, under certain conditions, we prove that the population of system (3) will die out in probability which will not happen in deterministic system and could reveal that large white noise may lead to extinction.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we show that there is a unique nonnegative solution of system (3), and its th moment is bounded. In Section 3, we show that system (3) is persistent in time average. While in Section 4, we consider three situations when the population of the system will be extinction. In Section 5, numerical simulations are carried out to support our results.

Throughout this paper, unless otherwise specified, let be a complete probability space with a filtration satisfying the usual conditions (i.e., it is right continuous and contains all -null sets). Let denote the positive cone of ; namely, , .

2. Existence and Uniqueness of the Nonnegative Solution

To investigate the dynamical behavior, the first concern thing is whether the solution is global existence. Moreover, for a population model, whether the solution is nonnegative is also considered. Hence, in this section, we show that the solution of system (3) is global and nonnegative. As we have known, in order for a stochastic differential equation to have a unique global (i.e., no explosion at a finite time) solution with any given initial value, the coefficients of the equation are generally required to satisfy the linear growth condition and local Lipschitz condition (see, e.g., [19]). It is easy to see that the coefficients of system (3) are locally Lipschitz continuous, so system (3) has a local solution. By Lyapunov analysis method, we show the global existence of this solution.

Theorem 1. For any given initial value , system (3) has a unique global positive solution for all with probability one.

Proof. It is clear that the coefficients of system (3) are locally Lipschitz continuous for the given initial value . So there is a unique local solution on , where is the explosion time (see, e.g., [19]). To show that this solution is global, we need to show that a.s. Let be sufficiently large so that each component of all lies within the interval . For each integer , define the stopping time:

Throughout this paper, we set (as usual denotes the empty set). Clearly, is increasing as . Set ; then a.s. If we can show that a.s., then and a.s. for all . In other words, to complete the proof all we need to show is that a.s. For if this statement is false, then there is a pair of constants and such that

Hence there is an integer such that

Define a -function by

the nonnegativity of this function can be seen from , for all . Using Itô's formula, we get

where

where is a constant. Therefore

which implies that

Set for . By (6), we know . Notice that for every , there is at least one of equals either or ; then

It then follows from (11) that

where is the indicator function of . Letting leads to the contradiction that . So we must have a.s.

Theorem 2. Let , and let be the solution of system (3) with any given initial value , then there exists a positive constant such that

Proof. Let ; then

and so

Note that

Then

Hence

Therefore, by comparison theorem, we get

Besides, note that is continuous; then there is a positive constant such that

3. Persistent in Time Average

There is no equilibrium of system (3). Hence we cannot show the permanence of the system by proving the stability of the positive equilibrium as the deterministic system. In this section we first show that this system is persistent in mean. Before we give the result, we should do some prepared work.

L. S. Chen and J. Chen in [20] proposed the definition of persistence in mean for the deterministic system. Here, we also use this definition for the stochastic system.

Definition 3. System (3) is said to be persistent in mean, if

Lemma 4 (see [21, Lemma 17]). Let and . If there exist positive constants , , such that

and ., then

From Lemma 4, it is easy to see that we could get Lemmas 5 and 6 with the same method.

Lemma 5. Let and . If there exist positive constants , , such that

and ., then

Lemma 6. Let and . If there exist positive constants , , such that

and ., then

From the stochastic comparison theorem [11], it is easy to get the following result.

Lemma 7. Let be a solution of system (3) with . Then one has

that is,

where

is solutions of the following stochastic differential equations:

Assumption 8. Consider

Lemma 9. If Assumption 8 is satisfied, the solution of system (32) with any initial value has the following property:

where

Proof. From the result in [14] and Assumption 8 being satisfied, we know

Besides, according to Itô's formula, the second population of system (32) is changed into

It then follows

With Lemma 6 and Assumption 8, we could get

Let (38) divide , and , together with (36) and (39), consequently

Similarly, according to Itô's formula, the third population of system (25) is changed into

it then follows

From this, together with Lemmas 7 and 9, the following result is obviously true.

Theorem 10. If Assumption 8 is satisfied, the solution of system (3) with any initial value has the following property:

Above all, we could get.

Theorem 11. If Assumption 8 is satisfied, the the solution of system (3) with any initial value has the following property:

where is the only nonnegative solution of the following equation:

Proof. From system (3), such that

Let , , and , together with Assumption 8, we know

hence

According to Theorem 10, where

and , ,

where is the only nonnegative solution of the following equation when Assumption 8 is satisfied:

4. Nonpersistence

In this section, we show the situation when the population of system (3) will be extinction in three cases.

Case 1 (). According to Itô's formula, the first population of system (25) is changed into

If , we could get

From the stochastic comparison theorem, we have

hence

From the second population of system (25), we have

similarly

Case 2 (). It is clear that from the proof section of Case 1, we get

hence

Similarly

thus,

Above all, and from the conclusion in [22], we could easily know that the distribution of converges weekly to the probability measure with density:

where and

Case 3 (). It is clear that

Since , , , we get

Moreover,

And , , implies

then

Therefore, by the above arguments, we get the following conclusion.

Theorem 12. Let be the solution of system (3) with any initial value . Then

(1) if , then

(2) if , , then

and the distribution of converges weekly to the probability measure with density:

where and

(3) if , then

where , , and .

5. Numerical Simulation

In this section, we give out the numerical experiment to support our results. Consider

By the Milstein method in [23], we have the difference equation:

where , , and , , are the Gaussian random variables , , and , . Choosing , and suitable parameters, by Matlab, we get Figures 1, 2, and 3.

Figure 1: The solution of system (1) and system (3) with , , , , , , , , , , and . The red lines represent the solution of system (1), while the blue lines represent the solution of system (3) with , , and .

Figure 2: Two of the species will die out in probability. The red lines represent the solution of system (1), while the blue lines represent the solution of system (3) with , , , , , , , , , , and . The red lines represent the solution of system (1), while the blue lines represent the solution of system (3) with , , and .

Figure 3: One of the species or both species will die out in probability. The red lines represent the solution of system (1), while the blue lines represent the solution of system (3) with , , , , , , , , , , and . The red lines represent the solution of system (1), while the blue lines represent the solution of system (3) with , , and .

In Figure 1, when the noise is small, choosing parameters satisfying the condition of Theorem 10, the solution of system (3) will persist in time average.

In Figure 2, we observe case (3) in Theorem 12 and choose parameters , . As Theorem 12 indicated that two predators will die out in probability. The prey solution of system (3) will persist in time average.

In Figure 3, we observe case (1) in Theorem 12 and choose parameters . As Theorem 12 indicated that not only predators but also prey will die out in probability when the noise of the prey is large, and it does not happen in the deterministic system.

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by the Ministry of Education of China (no. 109051), the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of China (no. 200918), and NSFC of China (no. 11371085), Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province of China (no. 201115133).

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