Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 128363, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/128363

Research Article

About the Nature of the Spectrum of the Periodic Problem for the Heat Equation with a Deviating Argument

I. Orazov, A. Shaldanbayev, and M. Shomanbayeva

M. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, 5 Tauke Khan Avenue, Shymkent 160012, Kazakhstan

Received 17 May 2013; Revised 24 July 2013; Accepted 3 September 2013

Academic Editor: Valery Covachev

Copyright © 2013 I. Orazov et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We study the nature of the spectrum of the periodic problem for the heat equation with a lower-order term and with a deviating argument. A significant influence of the lower-order term on the correct solvability of this problem is found. We obtain a criterion for the strong solvability of the above-mentioned problem.

1. Introduction

In paper [1] we constructed a spectral theory of a model differential equation of first order with a deviating argument. The main idea of the article [1] has been further developed in [2, 3].

The equation that we studied belongs to a class of functional-differential equations. These equations have only recently become a subject of research of individual authors; particularly, such equations are studied in [4–6]. Functional-differential equations have been actively studied recently by some authors in papers [7, 8].

In this paper using the methods of paper [1] we have found a solution of the mixed problem for the heat equation with a deviating argument. As a result we got that the classical solvability of the boundary value problem requires a certain smoothness of the right-hand side of the equation (see (11) of Theorem 4) and the strong solvability of the problem is provided by the properties of the coefficient of the lower-order term of the equation (Theorem 11).

Let be a rectangle bounded by the following segments:

We denote by the set of functions that are twice continuously differentiable with respect to the variable and once continuously differentiable with respect to the variable . The boundary of the area is a set of segments .

Periodic Problem. Find a solution of the equation

satisfying the conditions

where and is constant.

Further the coefficient will be called the coefficient of influence.

Definition 1. The function is called a strong solution of (2)–(4) if there exists a sequence of functions , , that satisfies the boundary conditions of the problem and such that and , , converge, respectively, to and .

Definition 2. The boundary value problem (2)–(4) is called strongly solvable if a strong solution of the problem exists for any right-hand side and this solution is unique.

The aim of this study is to investigate the nature of the spectrum and the influence of the lower-order term on the strong solvability of the problem (2)–(4) in the space .

Using Fourier method we obtained the conditions of the existence of a strong solution of the boundary value problem (2)–(4) in the space in the form of Theorem 4. With the help of the spectral theory of linear operators we have established criteria of strong solvability of this problem, presented in the form of Theorem 11, which is the main result of this paper.

2. Results

Problem about Spectrum. Examine the nature of the spectrum of the functional-differential operator

Theorem 3. The spectral problem

has an infinite number of eigenvalues​ ​:

and the corresponding eigenfunctions

which form an orthonormal basis of the space , where .

Proof. By method of separation of variables we get two spectral problems. The first problem is the Sturm-Liouville problem with Dirichlet condition. The second problem is the Cauchy problem for the first-order equation with deviating arguments, which is studied in detail in [1]. The rest is elementary.

Theorem 4. For the existence and uniqueness of a strong solution of the boundary problem (2)–(4), it is necessary and sufficient to fulfill the condition

When this condition is fulfilled a strong solution of the problem exists and has the form

for all satisfying

where the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions are given by (7) and (8).

The proof is omitted since this theorem is a simple consequence of the preceding theorem.

Theorem 5. If , then the differential operator (5) is essentially self-adjoint in the space , where is a rectangle, lying in the upper half-plane .

Proof. It easily follows from the symmetry of the operator and the completeness of its eigenvectors.

From Theorems 4 and 5 there follows the Theorem 6.

Theorem 6. If

(a),(b),

then the inverse operator exists, which is also self-adjoint.

Proof. From Theorem 4 there follows the existence of the operator ; the rest follows from the series of equalities , in which Theorem 5 and the known equality were used.

Definition 7. A linear operator (not necessarily bounded) in space is called normal if it is densely defined and closed and satisfies the condition .

Lemma 8 (see [9]). Let be a densely defined operator in a Hilbert space . Then

(a) is closed;(b) allows a closure if and only if is dense, and in this case ;(c)if allows a closure, then .

Lemma 9 (see [10]). Let be a normal operator in the space . Then

(a);(b) for ;(c) is the maximum normal operator.

Using these lemmas we obtain the next theorem.

Theorem 10. If , then the closure of the operator is a normal operator; that is, the equality is satisfied.

Proof. This formula can be verified directly.

3. About the Nature of the Spectrum of the Operator

Theorem 11. (a) If , then there exists an inverse operator , which is normal and compact. We have the estimate

The spectrum of the operator is discrete, that is, has no limit points in the finite part of the plane.

(b) If , , , and both values of and are rational, then the inverse operator exists and is bounded but not compact. The operator is self-adjoint; its spectrum consists of an infinite number of eigenvalues, among which there are an infinite number of infinite multiple eigenvalues.

(c) If , , , and at least one of the values of ​ ​ and is irrational, then the inverse operator exists, but is not bounded. The operator is self-adjoint and its spectrum consists of an infinite number of eigenvalues ​ ​and continuous spectrum filling the entire real axis . The points of the continuous spectrum are the limit points of eigenvalues.

(d) If and for some values ; , the inverse operator does not exist. The operator is self-adjoint. If both values of ​ ​ and are rational, the spectrum consists of an infinite number of eigenvalues, among which there are an infinite number of infinite multiple eigenvalues. If at least one of the values of is irrational, then the spectrum of the operator fills the entire real line .

Proof. In the work [11] Weyl introduced the concept of a sequence uniformly distributed modulo 1 and also proved a criterion of uniform distribution. In the same paper he gave examples of sequences distributed uniformly modulo 1. The simplest of these sequences is the sequence with some irrational number .

Weyl’s First Theorem. If is a polynomial with a constant term and not all coefficients of are rational, then the sequence of numbers is distributed uniformly dense everywhere.

In particular:

Weyl’s Second Theorem. If is some irrational number, the sequence of points when winding of a real axis around a circle of length 1 covers it evenly dense everywhere. The same will hold if the squares of numbers are replaced by their cubes or fourth degrees, and so forth.

Next, we show that the set of eigenvalues is compacted with an increase in the indices and .

The eigenvalues that we found are of the form

Let us consider the neighborhood of the origin. If it was a limit point of the set of eigenvalues, then the inverse operator would be unbounded.

If for some subsequence, then

This is impossible when . If , then

Hence,

Thus, when the inverse operator exists and is bounded. If a subsequence of the sequence converges to a point in the complex plane, then the sequence is bounded; therefore, the second index takes only a finite number of values. Then the first index takes a finite number of values too. We have a contradiction, since assumption on is an infinite convergent sequence. Therefore, the sequence has no limit points in the finite part of the complex plane , which means that the spectrum of the operator is discrete.

Now we will investigate whether the operator is compact. Any subsequence of the sequence , tends to infinity. In fact, let be an arbitrary infinite subsequence of the sequence . Then two situations are possible:

(1)either the first index takes an infinite number of values, then

(2)or the first index takes a finite number of values, while the second index takes an infinite number of values; therefore

Due to the fact that , the second and third terms are the bounded quantities.

Lemma 12 (see [12]). For the complete continuity of the operator of the normal type it is necessary and sufficient to fulfill the condition

On the basis of Lemma 12 and (17) and (18) it follows that the inverse operator is completely continuous. Therefore its spectrum is discrete.

Now consider the case .

In this case, the eigenvalues have the form

Suppose that , that is,

If and , then

at ; therefore this subsequence has no limit points.

If , , then

Transform this expression to a form convenient for us

For convenience we introduce the following notation:

where is the integer part and is the fractional part. Suppose that , then

Now we use the Weyl’s theorem [11], for this we assume that at least one of the values of

is irrational. Then by Weyl's theorem the fractional part , that is, , fills the interval uniformly dense when . Then the subsequence , is dense everywhere in the interval .

Assuming , then , , and so on; we obtain that the sequence is uniformly dense everywhere; that is, the continuous spectrum of the operator fills the entire real axis from to . Let now both values of

be rational; then is always rational. To be specific let

Then

The fractional part takes only a finite number of values; they are the remainders of the division by ; that is

When is changing from to , these values will repeat infinitely many times, at least one or all of them. For us it is important that they do not coincide with .

Assuming , we see that

This infinite sequence is contained in a segment and consists of a finite number of fractions of the form

so at least one of them, or all, or some of them are repeated infinitely many times. This suggests that some numbers in the segment are the infinitely multiple eigenvalues​ ​.

Continuing this reasoning as in the irrational case, we see that the spectrum of the operator consists of an infinite set of eigenvalues and among the eigenvalues there are the infinite set of the infinitely multiple eigenvalues. By our assumption

therefore the inverse operator exists and is bounded but is not compact in view of the existence of eigenvalues of infinite multiplicity, as the spectrum of the compact operator has a finite multiplicity. If and

for some values , the inverse operator does not exist and zero is an eigenvalue, perhaps, of the infinite multiplicity. In this case, if at least one of the values of

is irrational, then the spectrum of the operator fills the entire real axis. If both of these values are rational, then the spectrum of the operator consists of an infinite number of eigenvalues, among which there are an infinite number of infinite multiple eigenvalues.

Finally, we note that the boundary value problem (2)–(4) is strongly solvable in the cases of (a) and (b) of Theorem 11 but in cases (c) and (d) is not.

4. Conclusions

By means of Fourier method, a criterion for strong solvability of the mixed Cauchy problem for the heat equation with a deviating argument was found. The nature of the spectrum of the periodic problem for the heat equation with a deviating argument was studied in detail, and the norm of the inverse operator was estimated through the influence coefficient. The dependence between the coefficient of influence and the nature of the spectrum of the heat operator with a deviating argument was found.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the referees for their critical comments which helped in improving the content of this paper. The work is carried out under the auspices of the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan (1100/SF, 0754/SF).

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