Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 178718, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/178718

Research Article

State Estimation for Fractional-Order Complex Dynamical Networks with Linear Fractional Parametric Uncertainty

Hongjie Li

College of Mathematics and Information and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Zhejiang, 314001, China

Received 30 October 2012; Revised 8 February 2013; Accepted 13 February 2013

Academic Editor: Juan J. Trujillo

Copyright © 2013 Hongjie Li. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper deals with state estimation problem for a class of fractional-order complex dynamical networks with parametric uncertainty. The parametric uncertainty is assumed to be of linear fractional form. Firstly, based on the properties of Kronecker product and the stability of fractional-order system, a sufficient condition is derived for robust asymptotic stability of linear fractional-order augmented system. Secondly, state estimation problem is then studied for the same fractional-order complex networks, where the purpose is to design a state estimator to estimate the network state through available output measurement, the existence conditions of designing state estimator are derived using matrix's singular value decomposition and LMI techniques. These conditions are in the form of linear matrix inequalities which can be readily solved by applying the LMI toolbox. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the validity of our approach.

1. Introduction

Complex networks have become a focus of research and have been paid much attention from various fields of the science of engineering during the past few years, due to many real-world systems can be described by complex networks, such as the World Wide Web, neural networks, social networks, cooperate networks, and food webs, electrical power grids [1–12]. In particular, stability and synchronization of complex dynamical networks have received great attention and many profound results have been established [13–20].

Owing to the complexity of large-scale networks, state of the node is not often fully available in the network outputs; moreover, in many practical applications, one needs to know the state’s information and then use it to achieve certain objectives; therefore, it becomes necessary to estimate state of the key node through available measurements; state estimation problem of complex dynamical networks became an important topic recently [21–28], which employ the stochastic analysis techniques and the properties of Kronecker product to establish delay-dependent criteria that ensure the existence of desired estimator gains. Particularly, [21] investigates state estimation problem for delayed neural networks and derives some delay-independent sufficient conditions for the existence of an estimator. It is noticed that discrete-time networks have a better position to model digital transmitted signals in a dynamical way than continuous-time networks. Recently, state estimation problem for discrete-time networks has received some research interests, such as synchronization and state estimation being investigated in [22] for discrete-time complex networks with distributed delays, and an LMI approach is developed to design state estimator. In [25], a novel synchronization problem has been discussed for a class of discrete time-varying stochastic complex networks over a finite horizon, and the bounded synchronization criteria have been established in terms of a set of recursive linear matrix inequalities. Although, most of the studies focus on synchronization and state estimation of integer-order complex networks, many phenomena in nature cannot be explained in the framework of integer-order dynamics, for example, the synchronized motion of agents in fractional circumstances, such as molecule fluids and porous media; the stress-strain relationship demonstrates noninteger-order dynamics rather than integer-order dynamics [29]. For the fractional-order dynamical systems [30–32], it is very difficult and inconvenient to construct Lyapunov functions because there exist substantial differences between fractional-order differential systems and integer-order differential ones. As a way of efficiently solving the robust stability and stabilization problem, linear matrix inequality approach is presented [33–36], which provides sufficient condition and designing method of state feedback controllers for fractional-order systems. As an extension of their application, recently, the collective dynamics analysis of fractional-order complex networks has led to a host of interesting effects [37–39]. In [37], the pinning control problem of fractional-order weighted complex dynamical networks is considered for the first time; some local stability properties of such pinned fractional-order networks are derived and the valid stability regions are estimated. Based on the stability theory of fractional-order system, [38] derives the sufficient criteria for outer synchronization by applying the nonlinear control and the bidirectional coupling methods. It is noticed that uncertainty is unavoidable because it is very difficult to obtain an exact mathematical model due to environmental noise. Reference [39] investigates robust synchronization of fractional-order complex dynamical networks with parametric uncertainties, some robust synchronization criteria are derived by applying the nonlinear control, and the above uncertainty is described by the norm bounded uncertainty. Recently, a new type of uncertainty, namely, linear fractional form is considered in [40–42], which can include the norm-bounded uncertainties as a special case. Comparing with norm-bounded uncertainties, the formulation of linear fractional uncertainties can obtain less conservative results. To the best of our knowledge, no result has been reported on state estimation for fractional-order complex dynamical networks with linear fractional parametric uncertainty, which is very important in both theories and applications and is also a very challenging problem. The main purpose of this paper is to address these shortcomings.

Motivated by the above discussion, this paper focuses on state estimation for fractional-order complex dynamical networks with linear fractional parametric uncertainty. Firstly, based on the properties of Kronecker product and stability of the fractional-order system, a sufficient condition is derived for robust asymptotic stability of linear fractional-order augmented system. Secondly, state estimation problem is then studied for the same fractional-order complex networks; the existence condition and method of designing state estimator are derived by using matrix’s singular value decomposition and LMI techniques. These conditions are in the form of linear matrix inequalities, which can be readily solved by applying the LMI toolbox.

The main novelty of this paper can be summarized as follows: state estimation problem for fractional-order complex dynamical networks with parametric uncertainty is considered in this paper, where the parametric uncertainty is assumed to be of linear fractional form. A novel state estimator is constructed, in addition to estimator matrix to be designed; an unknown estimator state matrix is also involved. The existence condition and method of designing state estimator are derived by using matrix’s singular value decomposition and LMI techniques.

Notation. The notation used here is fairly standard. denotes the -dimensional Euclidean space, and is the set of real matrices. The superscript represents the transpose of matrix (or vector). denotes the identity matrix of compatible dimensions. In symmetric block matrices, is used as an ellipsis for terms induced by symmetry. stands for a block-diagonal matrix. The notation () means that is positive semidefinite (positive definite). denotes the expression . The Kronecker product of an matrix and a matrix is defined by an matrix . If they are not explicitly specified, arguments of a function or a matrix will be omitted in the analysis when no confusion can arise.

2. Problem Formulation and Preliminaries

Consider the following fractional-order complex dynamical networks consisting of nodes:

where is the fractional order. is state vector of the th node, and is the output vector, is coupled configuration matrix of the networks with , the diagonal elements of coupling configuration matrix are defined as , and is an inner-coupling matrix. and are system matrices with appropriate dimensions. Further, , where denotes the time-varying, and linear fractional norm-bounded uncertainty is described by

where and are two known constant matrices; the parametric uncertainty satisfies

where is a constant matrix satisfying , and is an uncertain matrix satisfying .

Remark 1. The linear fractional parametric uncertainty has been studied in [40–42]; it can be verified that guarantees that is invertible for all satisfying ; the class of parametric uncertainty has been selected because it is very general and includes other classes of uncertainties studied in the literature. Such as when , the parametric uncertainty of linear fractional form reduces to norm-bounded parametric uncertainty. So, the results can be easily particularized for this kind of uncertainty.

In fractional differential systems, three kinds of fractional derivatives (i.e., the Grnwald-Letnikov fractional derivative, Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, and Caputo fractional derivative) have been often used [43–45]; we briefly introduce these three definitions of fractional derivatives as follows.

Definition 2. The Grünwald-Letnikov fractional derivative with order of function is defined below:

where

and is a real constant, which expresses a limit value. means the integer part of . is a gamma function given by .

Definition 3. The Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative with order of function is defined below:

where is the initial time, .

Definition 4. The Caputo derivative with order of function is defined below:

where .

Remark 5. The Riemann-Liouville derivative and Caputo derivative have been often used in fractional differential systems. But the Laplace transform of Caputo derivative allows utilization of initial values of integer-order derivatives with clear physical interpretations. Moreover, the Caputo definition is more appropriate for describing the initial value problem of fractional differential equations. Therefore, the Caputo derivative definition is adopted in this paper.

Based on output measurement , the following state estimator is constructed as

where is an estimate vector of the network state , and is an estimate vector of the output , is the estimator matrix to be designed, and is a unknown system matrix.

Remark 6. As discussed in [36], in addition to estimator matrix , an unknown matrix is involved in the dynamic of state estimator, which may give a opportunity to better adjust the dynamic characteristics of state estimator.

By using Kronecker product, (1) and (8) can be rewritten in the following compact form:

where

Setting , where , the error dynamics can be obtained from (9) and (10), it follows that

Let , and the following augmented system can be obtained as follows from (10) and (12):

where

The estimation problem can be transformed to the robust stabilization problem of linear fractional-order system with parametric uncertainty.

Remark 7. As we know, the existing result [46] cannot be applied directly to fractional-order uncertain system (13), as it is hard to compute all eigenvalues of in (13); the paper can effectively avoid this difficulty: two unknown matrices and can be obtained by using linear matrix inequality technique.

Before giving the main results, the following Lemmas are important and will be used later.

Lemma 8 (see [47]). Let , and let , and be matrices with appropriate dimensions. By the definition of Kronecker product, the following properties can be proved:

Lemma 9 (see [48]). Let be a deterministic real matrix, and then , where , if and only if there exists such that

where .

Lemma 10 (see [49]). Suppose that is given in (2)-(3), with matrices , , and of appropriate dimensions, the inequality

holds if and only if for some

Similar to [35], for any matrix with full row rank, there exists a singular value decomposition of as follows:

where is a diagonal matrix with positive elements in decreasing order; , , and are unitary matrices, then the following lemma holds.

Lemma 11 (see [35]). Given matrix with , assume that is a symmetric matrix, there exists a matrix satisfying if and only if can be expressed as

where and .

3. Main Results

In this section, firstly, we focus on robust asymptotic stability of uncertain augmented system (13). Secondly, the obtained results will further be extended to design the desired state estimator.

Theorem 12. For given matrices and , the uncertain fractional-order augmented system (13) with is asymptotically stable if there exist positive symmetrical matrices , and a positive scalar such that the following linear matrix inequality holds:

where

Proof. If there exist two positive symmetrical matrices and , such that the following matrix inequality holds:

where , then it can be derived from Lemma 9 that uncertain fractional-order augmented system (13) is asymptotically stable.

By some simple computation, we can obtain

Substituting (24) into (23), it yields

where

According to (25), one has

where

Combining (25) with (27), one has

By applying Lemma 10, we can obtain that (29) holds, if and only if the following matrix inequality holds

that is,

where .

The above LMI (31) is just as LMI (21), that is, if (21) holds, it follows from Lemma 9 that uncertain fractional-order system (13) is asymptotically stable. This completes the proof.

Remark 13. Theorem 12 presents a sufficient condition for asymptotically stable of uncertain fractional-order-augmented system, which is an LMI condition when matrices and are given. If and are variables to be determined, owing to the existence of nonlinear terms such as and , the matrix inequality (21) in Theorem 12 is not an LMI, and thus Theorem 12 cannot be used for the estimator’s design directly. Our objective hereafter is to provide a design method.

Theorem 14. For the fractional-order complex dynamical networks with linear fractional parametric uncertainty (1), assume that the singular value decomposition of output matrix with full row rank is

then uncertain fractional-order augmented system (13) with is asymptotically stable if there exist symmetrical matrices , , and , with appropriate dimensions and a scalar , such that the following linear matrix inequality holds:

where

Moreover, two unknown estimator gain matrices are given as

Proof. Since

From Lemma 11, there exists , such that ; it is easily obtained that . Setting and , then matrix inequality (21) is equivalent to (33). Moreover, estimator gain matrices can be obtained as follows:

In particular, setting in (8), then the state estimator will reduce to

The corresponding augmented system is described as

where

The unknown estimator matrix can be solved from the following corollary.

Corollary 15. For the fractional-order complex dynamical networks with linear fractional parametric uncertainty (1), assume that the singular value decomposition of output matrix with full row rank is

then uncertain fractional-order augmented system (39) with is asymptotically stable if there exist symmetrical matrices , , and with appropriate dimensions and a scalar , such that the following linear matrix inequality holds:

where

The desired estimator gain matrix is given as

Remark 16. The state estimation discussed in this paper is fairly comprehensive; our results can readily specialize to many special cases, such as, when , it implies that with ; that is, the parametric uncertainty of linear fractional form reduces to norm-bounded parametric uncertainty; the corresponding result can be easily derived from Theorem 14. Let and in (2) and (8), respectively, the problem will reduce state estimation for a class of fractional-order complex dynamical networks with norm-bounded parametric uncertainty; the corresponding result can be obtained from Corollary 15. The specialized results are still believed to be new and have not been fully researched yet. For presentation, we omit the corresponding corollaries here.

4. Numerical Examples

In this section, two different fractional-order systems are given as examples to verify the effectiveness of the control scheme described in the preceding section.

Example 17. Consider the fractional-order complex dynamical networks (1) and the state estimator (8), the relevant parameters are given as follows:

It is easy to verify that is full row rank; by using matrix’s singular value decomposition, we can obtain

In Theorem 14, setting fractional-order , a set of feasible solutions can be obtained using the Matlab Control Toolbox as follows:

then two unknown estimator gain matrices are given as

Therefore, it follows from Theorem 14 that uncertain fractional-order augmented system (13) is asymptotically stable. The response of error dynamics converges to zero asymptotically, which is given in Figure 1; it can be seen that the simulation has confirmed that the designed estimators perform very well. Two unknown estimator gain matrices are listed in Table 1 for different fractional orders.

Table 1: Estimator matrices and for different fractional orders .

Figure 1: The curve of error between the state and its estimate .

Example 18. If in estimator (8), the relevant parameters are given in Example 17. Setting fractional-order , using the Matlab LMI toolbox to solve the LMI in Corollary 15, we can obtain the following matrices:

then the estimator gain matrix is given as

It is not difficult to verify that, with the obtained estimator gain , the response of error dynamics converges to zero asymptotically; the corresponding simulation result is shown in Figure 2. The estimator gain matrix is given in Table 2 for different fractional orders.

Table 2: Estimator matrix for different fractional orders .

1.2
1.5

Figure 2: The curve of error between the state and its estimate .

5. Conclusions

State estimation problem is investigated for a class of fractional-order complex dynamical networks with parametric uncertainty. By using matrix’s singular value decomposition and LMI techniques, the existence conditions of designing state estimator derived are in the form of linear matrix inequalities which can be readily solved using the LMI toolbox. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the validity of this approach.

Acknowledgments

This work was jointly supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 61272034, 61074024, and 60874113), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (Grant no. BK2010543), the Education Department Research Project of Zhejiang Province of China (Grant no. Y201019013), and the Outstanding Young Teacher Project of Zhejiang Province of China.

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