Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 531046, 5 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/531046

Research Article

Blowup of Smooth Solutions for an Aggregation Equation

Wenxin Yu¹ and Yigang He²

¹College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China

²School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China

Received 30 July 2013; Accepted 9 October 2013

Academic Editor: Changxing Miao

Copyright © 2013 Wenxin Yu and Yigang He. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We study the blowup criterion of smooth solutions for an inviscid aggregation equation in . By means of the losing estimates and the logarithmic Sobolev inequality, we establish an improved blowup criterion of smooth solutions.

1. Introduction

In this paper, we consider the following aggregation equation in :

with a given kernel . The unknown function is either the population density of a species or the density of particles in a granular medium. Aggregation equations of form (1) arise in many problems in biology, chemistry, and population dynamics and describe a collective motion and aggregation phenomena in biology and in mechanics of continuous media. From the mathematical point of view, (1) can be considered as a nonlinear, nonlocal transport equation, and its character depends strongly on properties of a given kernel .

Laurent [1] has studied problem (1) in detail and proved several local and global existence results for a class of kernels with different regularity. Then, Bertozzi et al. [2–5] have proved finite-time blowup of solutions corresponding to compactly supported radial initial data. Those results can be summarized as follow. Kernels that are smooth (not singular) at origin lead to the global in time existence of solutions (see e.g., [1, 4]). Nonsmooth kernels (and off the origin, like ) may lead to blowup of solutions either in finite or infinite time [1–4, 6, 7].

Equation (1) has been also intensively considered in the viscous case, namely, with the dissipative term . The authors of [6–10] studied the problem (1) with fractional dissipation and proved finite blowup of solutions or their global well-posedness for certain class of kernels. Recently, Karch and Suzuki [11] have classified kernels, which lead either to the blowup or global existence of solutions to (1) with the classical dissipation .

Typical approaches to prove a finite-time aggregation include an extension of the method of characteristics [4, 12], the energy method (e.g., [2, 3, 6, 7]) and the moment (or virial) method. The latter has been first applied to mean field models for self-gravitating particles and chemotaxis system [13] and recently in [8, 9, 11].

Our aim in this paper is to present another method showing finite time blowup of a large class of solutions of (1). In the mixed time-space Besov spaces, using the losing estimates and the logarithmic Sobolev inequality, we can set up the blowup criterion at some which is the frequency localization operator in the Littlewood-Paley decomposition. The blowup result we obtained for (1) had been proved under the assumptions much relaxed compared to [6, 7, 12]. In addition, it allows us to consider potentials which are more general than those considered in previous papers, namely, we require which contains the case . Here, we follow the ideas introduced in [2, 14–18]. Our main result reads as follows.

Theorem 1. Let , , , , . Suppose that is a smooth solution to (1). If there exists an absolute constant such that if

then and the solution can be extended past time . In other words, if

then the solution blows up at . Here, is a frequency localization on ; see Section 2.

Note that is a Banach algebra for . One can easily prove that there exists a unique smooth solution to (1) by standard method; see [19] for details.

Notation. Throughout the paper, stands for a generic constant. We will use the notation to denote the relation and the notation to denote the relations and .

2. Preliminaries

In this preparatory section, we provide the definition of some function spaces based on the so-called Littlewood-Paley decomposition and we review some important lemmas that will be used constantly in the sequel.

We start with the dyadic decomposition. Let be supported in the ring and such that

We define also the function . Now for we set

The following low-frequency cut-off will be also used:

Let us now recall the definition of Besov spaces through dyadic decomposition.

Let and ; then the inhomogeneous space is the set of tempered distributions such that

To define the homogeneous Besov spaces we first denote by the space of tempered distributions modulo polynomials. Thus, we define the space as the set of distribution such that

We point out that if , then we have and

In our next study, we require two kinds of coupled space-time Besov spaces. The first one is defined in the following manner: for and , we denote by the set of all tempered distributions satisfying

The second mixed space is which is the set of tempered distribution satisfying

We can define by the same way the spaces and .

The following embeddings are a direct consequence of Minkowski’s inequality.

Let , , and ; then we have

Now we give two useful lemmas.

Lemma 2 (Bernstein’s inequalities [20]). Let . Assume that ; then there exists a constant independent of , such that

Lemma 3 (logarithmic Sobolev inequality). Let , , and . Assume that . Then, the following inequality holds:

where , for , , for , and is an absolute constant independent of .

The proof is rather standard and can be found in [14].

3. Proof of Theorem 1

Applying to (1), we have

Multiplying (15) by and integrating the obtained equation in with respect to the space variable give

Let us now turn to estimate the right-hand term of the previous equation by Bony’s decomposition [21]. We decompose as a paraproduct

For , integrating by parts together with the Hölder inequality yields

We have similar estimates for using twice integration by parts:

For , we have

Adding (18)–(20), we infer that

where we use the inequalities and . Thus, we deduce

which implies that

Set

Integrating (23) over with respect to time variable and then multiplying by the both obtained inequality, we get

Let

Taking the supremum over on both sides of inequality (25), we deduce that

By the definition of , we know

then we have

Taking the sum over of (27) then using (29) and the Young inequality lead to

Now if we choose large enough such that

then

Next we estimate . It is easy to obtain that

Multiplying by , both sides of the inequality yields

from which and (29) we have

If , then

Let us define

This together with (32) and (36) implies that

In particular, we have

Applying Lemma 3 with and the embedding , we have

For the sake of convenience, we denote

noting that

Plugging (40) into (39) then taking supremum over with respect to , we have

We should point out that the previous inequality still holds if the time interval is replaced with . Thanks to the assumption (2) of Theorem 1, we deduce that

Setting , we finally have

If we choose , condition (2) ensures the term   when , which implies that

Hence, we have the regularity for the solution at and the solution can be continued after . This completes the proof of Theorem 1.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Funds of China for Distinguished Young Scholar under Grant no. 50925727, the National Defense Advanced Research Project Grants nos. C1120110004, 9140A27020211DZ5102 the Key Grant Project of Chinese Ministry of Education under Grant no. 313018, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2012HGCX0003).

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