Euler Type Half-Linear Differential Equation with Periodic Coefficients Ond l

and Applied Analysis 3 Proposition 1. Suppose that there exists k ∈ {1, . . . , n} such that β j + (p − 1) γ p α j = μ p , μ p = 1 2 ( p − 1 p ) p−1

In particular, the equation is said to be conditionally oscillatory if there exists  0 > 0 such that (3) is oscillatory for  >  0 and nonoscillatory for  <  0 ; see [3].From this point of view, (1) can be regarded as a good comparative equation in the sense that if () ≡ 1 in (2), the first natural test of (non)oscillation of this equation is to compare the potential  with the function    − .More precisely, (2) with () ≡ 1 is oscillatory provided that lim inf  → ∞    () >   (4) and nonoscillatory if lim sup A natural question is what happens when lim  → ∞   () =   .This led recently to the investigation of various perturbations of (1).As a first step, the attention was focused on the half-linear Riemann-Weber differential equation and its perturbations: Here, the notation is used.It was shown in [5] (see also [6]) that the crucial role in ( 6) is played by the constant   := (1/2)(( − 1)/) −1 .In particular, if  = 1 in (6), that is, this equation reduces to the so-called Riemann-Weber half-linear differential equation, then this equation is oscillatory if  1 >   and nonoscillatory in the opposite case.In general, if   =   for  = 1, . . .,  − 1, then ( 6) is oscillatory if and only if   >   .One of the typical problems in the qualitative theory of various differential equations is to study what happens when constants in an equation are replaced by periodic functions.Our investigation follows this line and it is mainly motivated by the papers [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].In [14,15], linear second-order differential equations with periodic coefficients were considered which with using a transformation of dependent variable can be transformed into the equation of the following form: with -periodic functions , , .It was shown that (8) behaves essentially in the same way as the classical Riemann-Weber equation where the functions  −1 , ,  are replaced by their mean values More precisely, (8)  This result was extended in [13], where a perturbation was also allowed in the term involving derivative.More precisely, first, the differential equation  (10) is nonoscillatory.Then, using an averaging argument, it was shown in [13] that the above result remains essentially to hold when the constants   ,   ,  = 1, . . ., , in (10) are replaced by periodic functions.The role of constants is taken in this result by the mean values of periodic functions   (),   ().
As a next step, the effort was concentrated to extend the previous linear results to half-linear equations.In [12], the equation with -periodic , , was considered.Similarly to the linear case, it was shown that ( 11) is oscillatory provided that   −1 >   and nonoscillatory when   −1 <   , = /( − 1) being the conjugate exponent of ; the limiting case   −1 =   remained undecided in [12].This problem was resolved in the later paper [8]; we will mention this result later in our paper.
Here, we deal with perturbations of the Euler halflinear differential equation in full generality.We consider the following equation: with -periodic functions , ,   ,   , () > 0. One of the reasons why we consider the coefficient of Φ(  ) in the power 1− is that then this equation can be written as the first order system and perturbation terms in both equations of this system have essentially the same form.
Our main statement is based on the result of [11], where the case when () ≡ 1, () ≡   , and   ,   are constants was considered.An explicit formula for the relationship between constants   ,   which implies (non)oscillation of (13) was found.This result is recalled in the next section.In our paper, we show, similarly to the above mentioned papers, that constants   ,   can be replaced by periodic functions and the resulting oscillation formula is essentially the same as that one in [11]; only constants are replaced by mean values of periodic functions appearing in perturbation terms.

Preliminaries
We start this section with a slight modification of [11,Theorem 4.1] which characterizes oscillatory properties of the following equation: Proposition 1. Suppose that there exists  ∈ {1, . . ., } such that Note that Proposition 1 is proved in [11] for the half-linear differential equation where the term by Φ(  ) has no power, taking the form (1 + ∑  =1   Log −2  ()).However, using the following binomial expansion: ) it is not difficult to see that Theorem 4.1 of [11] can be reformulated as stated in Proposition 1.
Next, we recall the concept of half-linear trigonometric functions, see [2] or [4, Section 1.3].Consider the following special equation of the form (2): We denote the solution of this equation satisfying the initial condition (0) = 0,   (0) = 1 by sin  , and its derivative (sin  )  =: cos  .The functions sin  , cos  are 2  -periodic,   := 2/( sin(/)), and satisfy the Pythagorean identity: Every solution of ( 18) is of the form () = sin  (+), where ,  are real constants; that is, it is bounded together with its derivative and periodic with the period 2  .The function  = Φ(cos  ) is a solution of the following reciprocal equation to (18): which is an equation of the same form as (18), so the functions  and   are also bounded.
Let  be a nontrivial solution of (2) and consider the modified half-linear Prüfer transformation: Then, the angular variable  satisfies the following differential equation: see [8].
The proof of our main result relies on the following averaging lemma, which can be found in [8]; see also [ with bounded functions () and (), () > 0, and let  > 0.
Denote the following: Then,  is a solution of the following equation:

Main Result
The formulation of Lemma 2 from the previous section shows why we consider the perturbations of Euler equation (1) in the form as appears in (13) and nonoscillatory if Proof.First of all, let us note that the statement (i) is given for completeness; it is proved in [12].The statement (ii) for  = 1,  1 = 0, is the main result of [8].It remains to prove the statement (ii) in full generality.
Let  be a nontrivial solution of ( 13) and let  be its Prüfer angle; that is, the solution  of ( 13) and its quasiderivative are given by the following formulas: that is, in differential equation (25) we have (cf.(26)) Let  be a continuous -periodic function and  = (1/) ∫  0 () its mean value over the period; then integration by parts yields Since the function  is bounded, there exists a constant  > 0 such that and hence we can estimate the last term in the previous computation as follows: as  → ∞,  ∈ (,  + ).Here, we have used that as can be verified by a direct computation.The same argument shows that also the term in brackets in (35) has the same asymptotic behavior as  → ∞.Altogether, we have This implies that the functions  and  in (34) are Hence, substituting into (27), we obtain +  ( This equation is a "Prüfer angle" equation for the following second-order half-linear differential equation: which is the same as the following equation: Suppose that assumptions (ii) of Theorem 3 are satisfied and that (29) holds for  ∈ {1, . . ., −1}.Then, (45) is oscillatory as a direct consequence of Proposition 1.If (29) holds for  = , let  > 0 be so small that still and consider the following equation: This equation is a Sturmian minorant for  sufficiently large (when the (1) term in (45) is less than ) of ( 45) and (46) implies by Proposition 1 that this minorant equation is oscillatory, and hence (45) (which is the same as (44)) is oscillatory as well.This means that the Prüfer angle  of a solution of (44) is unbounded, and by Lemma 2 the Prüfer angle  of a solution of ( 13) is unbounded as well.This means that ( 13) is oscillatory.A slightly modified argument implies that ( 13) is nonoscillatory provided that (30) holds.

Remarks and Comments
(i) In Lemma 2, the constant  is any positive real constant.
In the original version of this Lemma in [15], this number is the period of periodic functions in (25).As observed in [13], the statement of lemma 1 can be extended so that it applies to equations with bounded coefficients; see [13,Section 5] for details.This opens a space for a more general treatment of perturbations of the Euler type differential equation when perturbation functions are of larger class than periodic ones.A first step along this line has been made in [16] where a half-linear differential equation with asymptotically almost periodic coefficients is investigated.
(ii) In [17], a power comparison theorem (with respect to the power  in the function Φ() = || −2 ) for perturbed Euler type differential equation is established.This result is extended to the Riemann-Weber half-linear differential equation in [18].A natural research problem is to deal with power comparison theory for general perturbations suggested by (13).
(iii) Another research problem is associated with the concept of Karamata regularly varying functions; see [19][20][21][22][23].In these papers, half-linear equations with coefficients which are regularly varying functions are considered, and it is shown that then solutions of these equations also behave regularly, in a certain sense.Since the idea of the proofs of results of those papers consists in comparing the investigated equation with the Euler or Riemann-Weber equation, a natural idea is to investigate asymptotic properties of (15) with regularly varying functions , ,   , and   .