Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 756896, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/756896

Research Article

Exact Solutions for Nonlinear Differential Difference Equations in Mathematical Physics

Khaled A. Gepreel,1,2 Taher A. Nofal,2,3 and Fawziah M. Alotaibi²

¹Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt

²Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Saudi Arabia

³Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Egypt

Received 24 July 2012; Revised 13 October 2012; Accepted 20 November 2012

Academic Editor: Patricia J. Y. Wong

Copyright © 2013 Khaled A. Gepreel et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We modified the truncated expansion method to construct the exact solutions for some nonlinear differential difference equations in mathematical physics via the general lattice equation, the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger with a saturable nonlinearity, the quintic discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation, and the relativistic Toda lattice system. Also, we put a rational solitary wave function method to find the rational solitary wave solutions for some nonlinear differential difference equations. The proposed methods are more effective and powerful to obtain the exact solutions for nonlinear difference differential equations.

1. Introduction

Nonlinear differential difference equations (NDDEs) play a crucial role in many branches of applied physical sciences such as condensed matter physics, biophysics, atomic chains, molecular crystals, and discretization in solid-state and quantum physics. They also play an important role in numerical simulation of soliton dynamics in high-energy physics because of their rich structures. Therefore, researchers have shown a wide interest in studying NDDEs since the original work of Fermi et al. [1] in the 1950s. Contrary to difference equations that are being fully discretized, NDDEs are semidiscretized, with some (or all) of their space variables being discretized, while time is usually kept continuous. As far as we could verify, little work has been done to search for exact solutions of NDDEs. Hence, it would make sense to do more research on solving NDDEs.

The study of discrete nonlinear system governed by differential difference equations (DDEs) has drawn much attention in recent years particularly from the point of view of complete integrability. There is a vast body of work on nonlinear DDEs, including investigation of integrability criteria, the computation of densities, Backlund transformation, and recursion operator [2–17]. Xie [18] and Zayed et al. [19] have put the rational solitary wave solutions for nonlinear partial differential equations.

In the recent years, there have been a lot of papers devoted to obtain the solitary wave or periodic solutions for a variety of nonlinear differential difference equations by using the symbolic computations. Among these methods Liu [20] used the exponential function rational expansion method to some NDDEs. Zhang et al. [21] have modified the expansion method form solving the nonlinear partial differential equations to solve the nonlinear differential difference equations. Aslan [22, 23] has applied the expansion method for solving the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equations with a saturable nonlinearity, discrete Burgers equation, and the relativistic Toda lattice system. More recently Gepreel et al. [24–26] have used the modified rational Jacobi elliptic functions method to construct some types of Jacobi elliptic solutions of the lattice equation, the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a saturable nonlinearity, and the quintic discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation.

In this paper, we use a modified truncated expansion method to construct the exact solutions of the following nonlinear difference differential equations in mathematical physics:

(i)the general lattice equation [21, 25, 27]:

(ii)the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a saturable nonlinearity [23, 25]:

(iii)the quintic discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation [26, 28]:

(iv)the relativistic Toda lattice system [21]:

where , and  are arbitrary constants. Also, we put a rational solitary wave method to the nonlinear differential difference equations. We use the proposed method to find the rational solitary wave solutions for the nonlinear differential difference equations via the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a saturable nonlinearity, the quintic discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation, and the relativistic Toda lattice equation.

2. Description of the Modified Truncated Expansion Method to Nonlinear DDEs

In this section, we would like to outline the algorithm for using the modified truncated expansion method to solve the nonlinear DDEs. Consider a given system of polynomial nonlinear DDEs:

where the dependent variable has components , the continuous variable has components , the discrete variable has components , the shift vectors , and denotes the collection of mixed derivative terms of order .

The main steps of the algorithm for the modified truncated expansion method to solve NDDEs are outlined as follows.

Step 1. We seek the traveling wave transformation in the following form:

where the coefficients , and the phase are constants. The transformations (6) lead to write (5) into the following form:

Step 2. We suppose the following series expansion as a solution of (7):

where are arbitrary constants to be determined later, has the following form:

and is a nonzero arbitrary constant.

Further, using the properties of expansion functions the iterative relations can be written in the following form:

where

Step 3. Determine the degree of (8) by balancing the highest order nonlinear term(s) and the highest order derivative of in (7).

Step 4. Substituting (8)–(10) and given the value of determined in (7). Collecting all terms with the same power of , the left-hand side of (7) is converted into polynomial in . Setting each coefficient of this polynomial to be zero, we will derive a set of algebraic equations for , .

Step 5. Solving the overdetermined system of nonlinear algebraic equations by using Mathematica or Maple, we end up with explicit expressions of , .

Step 6. Using the results obtained in above steps, we can finally obtain exact solutions of (5).

3. Applications of the Modified Truncated Expansion Method

In this section, we apply the proposed modified truncated expansion method to construct the exact solutions for the nonlinear DDEs via the lattice equation, the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a saturable nonlinearity, the quintic discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation, and the relativistic Toda lattice system which are very important in the mathematical physics and have been paid attention by many researchers.

3.1. Example  1: The General Lattice Equation

In this subsection, we use the modified truncated expansion method to find the exact solutions of the general lattice equation. The traveling wave variable (6) permits us converting (1) into the following form:

where . Considering the homogeneous balance between the highest order derivatives and nonlinear term in (12), we get . So we look for the solution of (12) in the following form:

where and are arbitrary constants to be determined later and satisfies (9) and (10). We substitute (13), (9), and (10) into (12) and collect all terms with the same power in , . Setting each coefficient of this polynomial to zero, we derive a set of algebraic equations for , , and . Solving the set of algebraic equations by using Maple or Mathematica, we have the following results:

where , , , , and are arbitrary constants. In this case the exact wave solution takes the following form:

where .

3.2. Example  2: The Discrete Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation with a Saturable Nonlinearity

If we take the transformation

where , , , and are arbitrary constants to be determined later.

The transformation (16) leads to write (2) into the following form:

We suppose the solution of (17) takes the form

where and are arbitrary constants to be determined later and satisfies (9) and (10).

We substitute (18), (9), and (10) into (17) and collect all terms with the same power in , . Setting each coefficient of this polynomial to zero, we derive a set of algebraic equations for , , , and . Solving the set of algebraic equations by using Maple or Mathematica, we have the following results:

where , , , and are arbitrary constants. In this case the exact wave solution of (2) takes the following form:

where .

3.3. Example  3: The Quintic Discrete Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation

In this subsection, we study the quintic discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation (3) by using the modified truncated expansion method.

If we take the transformation

where is arbitrary constant to be determined later.

The transformation (21) leads to write (3) into the following form:

If we suppose

Equation (23) leads to write (22) into the following form:

We suppose that the solution of (24) takes the form

where and are arbitrary constants to be determined later and satisfies (9) and (10). We substitute (25), (9), and (10) into (24) and collect all terms with the same power in , . Setting each coefficient of this polynomial to zero, we derive a set of algebraic equations for , , , and . Solving the set of algebraic equations by using Maple or Mathematica, we have the following results:

where , , , , and are arbitrary constants. In this case the solitary wave solution takes the following form:

Consequently the exact solution of (3) is given by

where .

3.4. Example  4: The Relativistic Toda Lattice System

In this subsection, we use the modified truncated expansion method to study the relativistic Toda lattice system (4). The traveling wave variables , , and permit us to reduce (4) to the following nonlinear difference differential equations:

Considering the homogeneous balance between the highest order derivatives and nonlinear terms in (30), we get . So we look for the solutions of (30) in the form

where , and are arbitrary constants to be determined later and satisfies (9), and (10). We substitute (31), (9) and (10) into (30) and collect all terms with the same power in , . Setting each coefficient of this polynomial to zero, we derive a set of algebraic equations for , , , and . Solving the set of algebraic equations by using Maple or Mathematica, we have the following results:

where , , , and are arbitrary constants. In this case the solitary wave solutions take the following form:

where .

4. Description of the Rational Solitary Wave Functions Method

In this section, we would like to outline the algorithm for using the rational solitary wave functions method to solve nonlinear DDEs. Consider a given system of polynomial NDDEs:

where the dependent variable has components , the continuous variable has components , the discrete variable has components , the shift vectors , and denotes the collection of mixed derivative terms of order .

The main steps of the algorithm for the rational solitary wave functions method to solve nonlinear DDEs are outlined as follows.

Step 1. We suppose the wave transformation in the following form:

where the coefficients , and the phase are constants. The transformations (34) lead to write (33) into the following form:

Step 2. We suppose the rational solitary wave series expansion solutions of (35) in the following form:

with

which satisfy

where , , , and are arbitrary constants to be determined later and

Also, we can assume that

which satisfy

Equations (38) and (40) can be written into unified form:

where .

Step 3. Determine the degree of (35) by balancing the highest order nonlinear term(s) and the highest order derivatives of in (35).

Step 4. Substituting (36)–(41) and given the value of determined in Step 3 into (35) and collecting all terms with the same degree of and together, the left-hand side of (35) is converted into polynomial in and . Then setting each coefficient , of this polynomial to zero, we derive a set of algebraic equations for , , , , .

Step 5. Solving the overdetermined system of nonlinear algebraic equations by using Maple or Mathematica software package, we end up with explicit expressions for , , , , and .

Step 6. Substituting , , , , and into (36) along with (37) and (39), we can finally obtain the rational solitary wave solutions for nonlinear difference differential equations (33).

5. Applications

In this section, we apply the proposed rational solitary wave functions method to construct the rational solitary wave solutions for some nonlinear DDEs via the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a saturable nonlinearity, the quintic discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation, and the relativistic Toda lattice system, which are very important in the mathematical physics and modern physics.

5.1. Example 1: The Discrete Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation with a Saturable Nonlinearity

We suppose that the solution of (17) takes the form

where , , and are arbitrary constants to be determined later. With the aid of Maple, we substitute (43), (41) into (17) and collect all terms with the same power in, . Setting each coefficient of these terms , to zero yields a set of algebraic equations which have the following solutions.

Case 1 ().

where , , and are arbitrary constants and . In this case the rational hyperbolic solitary wave solution of (17) takes the following form:

Consequently the rational hyperbolic solitary wave solution of (2) has the following form:

where .

Case 2 ().

where , , and are arbitrary constants and . In this case the rational trigonometric solitary wave solution of (17) takes the following form:

Consequently the rational trigonometric solitary wave solution of (2) has the following form:

where .

5.2. Example 2: The Quintic Discrete Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation

In this subsection, we study the quintic discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation (3) by using the rational solitary wave functions method.

We suppose that the solution of (24) takes the form

where , , and are arbitrary constants to be determined later. With the aid of Maple, we substitute (50) and (41) into (24), collect all terms with the same power in , , and setting each coefficient of these terms , to zero yields a set of algebraic equations which have the following solutions.

Case 1 ().

where , , , , and are arbitrary constants. In this case the rational hyperbolic solitary wave solution of (24) takes the following form:

Consequently the rational hyperbolic solitary wave solution of (3) has the following form:

where .

Case 2 ().

where , , , , and are arbitrary constants. In this case the rational trigonometric solitary wave solution of (24) takes the following form:

Consequently the rational trigonometric solitary wave solution of (3) has the following form:

where .

5.3. Example 3: The Relativistic Toda Lattice System

In this subsection, we study the relativistic Toda lattice system (4) by using the rational solitary wave functions method.

If we take the transformation

the transformation (57) reduced the relativistic Toda lattice system (4) into the following difference differential equation:

According to the main steps of rational solitary wave functions method, we seek traveling wave solutions of (58) in the following form:

where , , and are constants. The transformation (59) permits us converting (58) into the following form:

Considering the homogeneous balance between the highest order derivatives and nonlinear terms in (60), we get . Thus, the solution of (60) has the following form:

where , , , and are arbitrary constants to be determined later. With the aid of Maple, we substitute (61) and (41) into (60) and collect all terms with the same power in , . Setting each coefficient of these terms , to be zero yields a set of algebraic equations which have the following solutions.

Case 1 ().

where , , , and are arbitrary constants. In this case the rational hyperbolic solitary wave solution of (58) has the following form:

where

Case 2 ().

In this case the rational trigonometric solitary wave solution of (58) has the following form:

where

6. Discussion

When we compare between the results which obtained in this paper and other exact solutions we get the following.

The solutions obtained in the modified truncated expansion functions method are equivalent to the solution obtained by the exp-functions method, but the modified truncated expansion is simple and allowed us to solve more complicated nonlinear difference differential equations such as the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a saturable nonlinearity, the quintic discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation, and the relativistic Toda lattice system. For example, the solution (15) equivalent is to the solution in [20].

In the special case when in the rational solitary wave function method, we get this method which is equivalent to the tanh-function method which discussed in [29]. The rational solitary wave function method is extended to the new rational formal solution which is discussed by [30] when in (36).

Remarks. These methods which are discussed in this paper allowed us to obtain some new rational solitary wave solutions for some complicated nonlinear differential difference equations.

These methods prefer to another methods to convert the complicated rational methods into a direct nonrational method.

7. Conclusions

In this paper, we use the modified truncated expansion method to obtain the exact solutions for some nonlinear differential difference equations in the mathematical physics. Also, we calculate the rational solitary wave solutions for the nonlinear differential difference equations. As a result, many new and more rational solitary wave solutions are obtained, from the hyperbolic function solutions and trigonometric function.

Acknowledgment

The authors wish to thank the referees for their suggestions and very useful comments.

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