Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 876298, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/876298

Research Article

0-1 Test for Chaos in a Fractional Order Financial System with Investment Incentive

Baogui Xin1,2 and Yuting Li¹

¹Nonlinear Science Center, School of Economics and Management, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China

²Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos Group, School of Management, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

Received 5 September 2013; Accepted 25 September 2013

Academic Editor: Luca Guerrini

Copyright © 2013 Baogui Xin and Yuting Li. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A new integer-order chaotic financial system is extended by introducing a simple investment incentive into a three-dimensional chaotic financial system. A four-dimensional fractional-order chaotic financial system is presented by bringing fractional calculus into the new integer-order financial system. By using weighted integral thought, the fractional order derivative's economics meaning is given. The 0-1 test algorithm and the improved Adams-Bashforth-Moulton predictor-corrector scheme are employed to detect numerically the chaos in the proposed fractional order financial system.

1. Introduction

In recent years there has been a high level of interest in the study of chaotic economic systems [1, 2]. Chaotic systems refer to nonlinear dynamical systems which are very sensitive to initial conditions, in a such way that a small perturbation of these could have unpredictable consequences on the evolution equations. As a complex system, the financial system shows a lot of nonlinear dynamical phenomena, such as chaos, fractals, and bifurcation. Reference [3] firstly presented a nonlinear financial model as follows:

where denotes the interest rate, denotes the investment demand, denotes the price index, is the saving amount, is the cost per investment, is the demand elasticity of commercial markets, and all three constants .

References [4–7] analyzed some complex behavior of system (1), such as bifurcation and chaos. Reference [8] introduced fractional calculus into system (1) and studied its complex dynamics [9]. References [10, 11] studied chaos control of the fractional-order form of system (1). Reference [12] proposed an uncertain fractal-order form of system (1) and studied its chaos control via adaptive sliding mode. Reference [13] proposed an uncertain and stochastic form of system (1) with multiple delays. Reference [14] proposed a discrete form of system (1) and studied its Neimark-Sacker bifurcation. References [15, 16] presented a form of system (1) with time-delayed feedback and studied its dynamics and control. Reference [17] studied Hopf-pitchfork bifurcation and periodic phenomena in the system (1) with time delays. Reference [18] extended system (1) with the average profit margin.

Investment is an important economic activity [19]. In order to cope with high unemployment or backwardness, in many cases a government would use their policies to stimulate investment which will raise employment, exports, tax revenue, and so on. These incentives may take the form of investment grants or investment credit that reduces capital costs for investors. But these various forms of investment incentives also will arouse the investment demand of the financial system (1). In other words, there may be a positive feedback mechanism between investment command and investment incentive. Thus we can describe the above mechanism by using the following four-dimensional financial system with a simple investment incentive:

where , , , , , and have the same meanings as those defined in the system (1), denotes the investment incentive, and is the coefficient of investment incentive intensity.

Researchers’ ever-growing interests in fractional calculus have led the ever-broadening applications in a lot of fields [20–25]. When fractional calculus is introduced into the system (2), its fractional-order form can be described with fractional derivative as follows:

in which is subject to .

Remark 1. When , the system (3) degenerates into the system (2).

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we give some preliminaries, such as Caputo fractional derivative’s economics meaning, numerical solutions of the system (3), and the 0-1 test algorithm. In Section 3, we numerically illustrate the chaos existence of the proposed financial system by using the improved Adams-Bashforth-Moulton predictor-corrector scheme and 0-1 test algorithm. Finally conclusions in Section 4 close the paper.

2. Preliminaries

2.1. Caputo Fractional Derivative and Its Economics Meaning

2.1.1. Weighted Integral

The integer integral and derivative are very helpful to understand fractional integral and derivative. An integral can be thought of as an area or a generalization of area.

Definition 2. Given a weighted factor and a function for , the definite weighted integral is a real number whose geometrical interpretation is the signed area under the graph of weighted function for .

The Riemann integral is a simple and well-understood integral definition. If the continuous function is defined on interval and a partition of can be divided into a collection of subintervals , for each , a point in , and its weighted factor , weighted Riemann integral can be rewritten as

for any choice of the in with and .

When , the weighted integral completely degenerates into a common integral.

2.1.2. Caputo Fractional Derivative

Loosely speaking, a derivative can be interpreted as a kind of change ratio. More specifically it is the measure of infinitesimal change ratio of the output over the infinitesimal change of the input. For example, consider the following.

Definition 3. The first order derivative of function with respect to is given by

Definition 4. The 2nd order derivative of function with respect to is given by

Definition 5. The th order derivative of function with respect to is given by

And there are several definitions of fractional derivatives, roughly speaking, which can be thought of as generalized above derivatives. The Caputo definition is a common notation of fractional derivative. Briefly the Caputo fractional derivative is a kind of weighted change ratio in a time interval. More specifically, the Caputo fractional derivative can be considered as a kind of weighted integral of the integer order derivative of a function on an interval. In this paper, we will adopt the following Caputo definition.

Definition 6. The th order fractional derivative of function with respect to is given by

where , , , is an integer and .

The functions in Definitions 5 and 6 are the same. When is regarded as a kind of weight, then can be regarded as a kind of weighted integral with respect to . What is more, can be regarded as th order change ratio of the function at ; that is, there is no memory effect in . However, can be regarded as a weighted integral of the th order derivative of the function on the whole interval , and the weight depends on the specific time; that is, there are memory effects in .

2.1.3. Caputo Fractional Derivative’s Economics Meaning

In economics, let me illustrate a concrete example like the system (3), for the investment demand function , its integer order derivative , and its fractional order derivative , can be regarded as th order change ratio of the investment demand at the time ; that is, it is unrelated to any time before the time ; that is, there is no memory effect in . However, can be regarded as a weighted integral of all th order derivative of the investment demand on the whole time interval ; that is, does not only depend on the time , but also depends on any time before the time ; that is, there are memory effects in . In the system (3), and its memory effects are easier to be understood, so we will not repeat them here. In fact, a lot of economics variables have memory effects; for example, our past economic behavior may affect our present and future ones. In other research fields, there are also a lot of memory effects, such as psychological shadow, escalation of commitment, sunk cost effect, lazy battery effect, and shape memory effect. As mentioned above, there are some memory effects in financial systems, so the fractional derivative may be more suitable to study them.

2.2. Numerical Solutions of Fractional Order System

Based on the improved Adams-Bashforth-Moulton predictor-corrector scheme [26–29], one can solve fractional-order ordinary differential equations. The numerical calculation formula of fractional-order system (3) can be described as follows.

With the initial value , , and the fractional-order system (3) is equivalent to the Volterra integral equations as follows:

Let , , , and the fractional-order system (3) can be approximated to the following difference equations:

where

Errors of the above method are

where .

2.3. The 0-1 Test Algorithm

There are many approaches to detect chaos, but 0-1 test is one of the simplest and most effective ones, which was proposed by Gottwald and Melbourne [30] and also has already been successfully tested for various discrete or continuous systems, such as [31–45].

In this section, we introduce the detailed steps of the 0-1 test algorithm to robustly distinguish regular from chaotic dynamics in deterministic continuous dynamical systems. In fact, one can directly implement the 0-1 test algorithm if the given time series is generated from a discrete time system. But if the given time series is generated from a continuous time system, there may be a well-known oversampling issue that must overcome it. So the oversampling issue should be considered when we distinguish regular from chaotic dynamic system (3).

Consider a set of measurement data obtained from a continuous time system, where ,, and is the amount of the data, the 0-1 test algorithm can be described as follows.

Step 1. Rearrange the initial measurement data with an optimal sampling time.

The average mutual information [46] between and is defined as

where is the time delay, that is, sampling time.

The value corresponding to the first local minimum of the mutual information is the optimal sampling time. Thus we can rearrange the initial measurement data into the finely sampled measurement data in the following way:

where  , and  .

Step 2. Choose a random number and define the following new coordinates :

where

Step 3. Define the mean square displacement as follows:

Step 4. Define the modified mean square displacement as follows:

Step 5. Define the median value of correlation coefficient as follows:

where

in which , , , and the covariance and variance are defined with vectors of length as follows:

Step 6. Interpret outputs as follows.

(1) indicates the underlying dynamics is regular (i.e., periodic or quasiperiodic), whereas indicates the underlying dynamics is chaotic.(2)Bounded trajectories in the plane imply the underlying dynamics is regular (i.e., periodic or quasiperiodic), whereas Brownian-like (unbounded) trajectories imply the underlying dynamics is chaotic.

3. Some Basic Properties of the System (3)

3.1. Symmetry and Invariance

Obviously, the four-dimensional system (3) has a natural symmetry about the coordinate plane since the coordinate transformation satisfies the system is invariant for all values of the system parameters.

3.2. Dissipativity and the Existence of Attractor

From system (3), we obtain

that is, the system (3) is dissipative with an exponential contraction rate when . In other words, the volume element for the initial volume means the trajectories of chaotic system (3) would converge ultimately onto an attractor as with an exponential rate .

3.3. Equilibrium and Stability

Theorem 7 (see [47]). Consider a nonlinear autonomous fractional order system as follows:

where , , , and (). If is the jacobian matrix at its equilibrium , then the point is asymptotically stable when , where .

The equilibrium of the system (3) satisfies the following equations:

By simple computation, one can obtain that system (3) has only one equilibrium point .

Proposition 8. The equilibrium point is unstable.

Proof. For the equilibrium point , the Jacobian matrix is

It is easy to get its eigenvalues corresponding to the equilibrium as follows: , , , and .

Obviously , that is, , thus the equilibrium point is unstable based on Theorem 7.

This proposition is proved.

4. 0-1 Test for Chaos in the System (3)

In the next two subsections, some properties of the system (3) will be, respectively, discussed by varying investment incentive intensity and investment demand derivative . The abovementioned Adams-Bashforth-Moulton predictor-corrector scheme and 0-1 test algorithm can be employed to get the desired numerical solutions of system (3).

4.1. Varying and Fixing , , ,, , , and

To simplify representation, one can fix , , , , , , and in this subsection. When the investment incentive intensity varies, the corresponding values are shown in Figure 1(a). The bifurcation diagram of interest rate with increasing the investment incentive intensity is presented in Figure 1(b). Obviously the bifurcation diagram well coincides with the diagram. The two abovementioned figures both show that system (3) changes gradually from chaos to stability as the investment incentive intensity grows larger.

(a) 0-1 test with versus

(b) Bifurcation with versus

Figure 1: The evolvement of and versus with , , , , , , and .

From Figure 1, the complex dynamical behavior of the system (3) can be clearly understood. When the investment incentive intensity is determined by its corresponding , the system (3) is chaotic. Whereas the investment incentive intensity is determined by its corresponding , the system (3) is regular.

Let me take two specific examples as illustrations in the system (3). When the investment incentive intensity , its corresponding phase portraits are strange attractors as shown in Figure 2 and its trajectories in the new -plane are Brownian-like as shown in Figure 3(a); that is, the system (3) is chaotic. Whereas the investment incentive intensity , its corresponding phase portraits are quasiperiodic as shown in Figure 4 and its trajectories in the new plane are bounded as shown in Figure 3(b); that is, the system (3) is regular (quasiperiodic).

(a) Attractor in -- space

(b) -- space

Figure 2: Phase portraits of system (3) with , , , , , , , and .

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Plots in new coordinates space with , , , , , , and .

(a) -- space 

(b) -- space

Figure 4: Phase portraits of system (3) for , , , , , , , and .

4.2. Varying and Fixing , , , , , ,

In the following subsection, , , , , , , are fixed. When varies, the corresponding values are shown in Figure 5(a). The bifurcation diagram of interest rate with increasing the investment demand derivative is given in Figure 5(b). Obviously the bifurcation diagram well coincides with the diagram, too. Figure 5 shows that the system (3) changes gradually from stability to chaos as the investment demand derivative grows larger.

(a) 0-1 test with versus

(b) Bifurcation with versus

Figure 5: The evolvement of and versus with , , , , , , and .

From Figure 5 of the system (3), when the investment demand derivative is determined by its corresponding , the system (3) is chaotic. Whereas the investment demand derivative is determined by its corresponding , the system (3) is regular.

For example, in the system (3), when the investment demand derivative , its corresponding phase portraits are quasiperiodic as shown in Figure 7 and its trajectories in the plane are bounded as shown in Figure 6(a); that is, the system (3) is regular (quasiperiodic). Whereas the investment demand derivative , its corresponding phase portraits are strange attractors as shown in Figure 8 and its trajectories in the plane are Brownian-like as shown in Figure 6(b); that is, the system (3) is chaotic.

(a)  

(b)

Figure 6: Plots in new coordinates space with , , , , , , and .

(a) -- space 

(b) -- space

Figure 7: Phase portraits of system (3) for , , , , , , , and .

(a) -- space 

(b) -- space

Figure 8: Phase portraits of system (3) for , , , , , , , and .

5. Conclusion

A government is used to employing investment incentive to regulate financial systems. In this paper, a simple investment incentive is introduced into the classical chaotic financial system, and a 4-D chaotic financial system is obtained. What is more, there are some memory effects in the financial systems, so the 4-D fractional-order chaotic financial system is proposed by introducing the fractional calculus into the mentioned 4-D integer-order financial system. With the improved Adams-Bashforth-Moulton predictor-corrector scheme, phase portraits and bifurcation diagrams are illustrated, and then value diagram and Plots in new coordinates space are given by using the 0-1 test algorithm. Thus chaotic dynamics is distinguished from regular dynamics in the 4-D fractional-order chaotic financial system by the abovementioned methods.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work is supported partly by Excellent Young Scientist Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant no. BS2011SF018), National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 12BJY103), Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (Grant no. 11YJCZH200), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 71272148).

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