Implementation on Electronic Circuits and RTR Pragmatical Adaptive Synchronization: Time-Reversed Uncertain Dynamical Systems’ Analysis and Applications

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Whilst many researchers analyze complicated, physically motivated configurations, there is also a need to investigate simple equations in a complete different sight view, which may capture the essence of chaos in a less involved setting, thereby aiding the understanding of essential characteristics.The most well-famous and classical nonlinear chaotic system should be "Lorenz system, " which is an extraordinary threedimensional nonlinear system originally investigated by the mathematical meteorologist Lorenz [22], who discovered chaos in a simple system of three autonomous ordinary differential equations in order to describe the simplified Rayleigh-Benard problem in 1963.After that, the nonlinear behaviors of Lorentz system are regarded as an important research topic, and plenty of articles are focusing on Lorentz system and its extensive system (which is called family of Lorentz systems or Lorentz-like system) studying [23][24][25][26].
Although Lorentz-related systems have been made a thorough study, most of the existing articles are studying these kinds of systems via changing the parameters, adding an alternative nonlinear terms (feedback control), or inputting additional signals to the parameter or feedback terms.Besides, there are some articles [27][28][29] in studying changing time scale to find out if there exist different phenomena in nonlinear systems.The researches in [27][28][29] are only concentrating on different time scales, and the nonlinear systems differential with respect to negative time are not touched in such articles.As a result, in this paper, we follow the art of Ge and Li [30] to widen a new field of vision in Lorentz system with negative time and express the fruitful dynamics in this time-reversed Lorentz system.The proposing and the thorough understanding of the physical essence for time-reversed chaotic systems are quite beneficial for further studies of dynamically rich chaotic systems.Most importantly, the proposing time-reversed Lorentz system still satisfies the condition  12  21 > 0, which is defined via Liu and Barbosa [31].On the other hand, for further applying the chaotic signal to secure communication and file encryption, we construct the circuit to show the similar chaotic signal of time-reversed Lorentz system.The same initial conditions and parameters are given for comparison between MATLAB and circuits, which shows high similarity.
Synchronization of chaotic systems is essential in variety of applications, including secure communication, physiology, and nonlinear optics.Accordingly, following the initial work of Pecora and Carroll [32] in synchronization of identical chaotic systems with different initial conditions, many approaches have been proposed for the synchronization of chaotic and hyperchaotic systems.However, most of the methods are used to synchronize only two systems with exactly known structures and parameters, but in practical situations, some or all of the systems' parameters cannot be exactly known in priori.As a result, more and more applications of chaos synchronization in secure communication have made it much more important to synchronize two different dynamics systems with uncertain parameters in recent years.In this regard, some works on synchronization of two different dynamical systems with uncertain parameters have been performed [33][34][35][36][37].In current scheme of adaptive synchronization, traditional Lyapunov stability theorem and Barbalat lemma are used to prove that the error vector approaches zero, as time approaches infinity, but the question that why those estimated parameters also approach the uncertain values remains without answer.In this paper, pragmatical asymptotically stability theorem and an assumption of equal probability for ergodic initial conditions [38][39][40] are used to prove strictly that those estimated parameters approach the uncertain values.By the new stability theory, those estimated parameters can be proved approaching the uncertain values strictly, and the simulation results are shown in this paper.
The layout of the rest of the paper is as follows.In Section 2, classical and time-reversed Lorentz systems are introduced, given complete information of comparison.In Section 3, pragmatical adaptive synchronization scheme is presented.In Section 4, adaptive RTR synchronization of master and slave systems through pragmatical asymptotically  stability is operated, and the well-performed simulation results are provided.In Section 5, conclusions are given.

Lorentz System and Time-Reversed Lorentz System
First of all, let us review the classical Lorentz system [21], which is an extraordinary three-dimensional nonlinear system proposed by the mathematical meteorologist Lorenz.The well-known equation is shown as follow: Given initial condition ( 10 ,  20 ,  30 ) = (−0.1,0.2, 0.3) and parameters  = 10,  = 8/3, and  = 28, chaos of (1) appears, where the parameters  and  are satisfying the condition:  > 0. The chaotic behavior of (1) is shown in Figure 1.Time-reversed Lorentz equations are provided as follows [30]: It is clear that in the left hand sides of (2), the derivatives are taken with the back time.We will aims to express the fruitful nonlinear behaviors of the time-reversed Lorentz system and to comprehend the relation with classical one.The simulation results are arranged in Table 1.
In order to verify the circuit, we have implemented it using an electronics simulation package Multisim (previously called Electronic Workbench, EWB).The electric circuit is presented in Figure 3 to compare with the simulation result in Figure 2. The configuration of electronic circuit for chaotic time-reversed Lorentz system is also given in Figure 4.The voltage outputs have been normalized to 0.1 V, and the operational amplifiers are considered to be ideal.Hence the default initial conditions are (−0.01V, 0.02 V, and 0.03 V).Most of the phase diagrams are plotted within the time interval 300-400 s.The time step is 0.001 s.The phase diagrams of the two simulation results given below show that the chaotic signals generated by the electronic circuits can perform high similarity with the original one generated by the ideal simulation tools.Accordingly, the chaotic signals produced by electronic circuits have high controllability and can be applied to encryption of signals or files.
The different and similar dynamics information between classical and time-reversed Lorentz systems are reported in detail through bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, and tables.The complete simulation results about the dynamic systems are divided into three parts.

Adaptive Synchronization Scheme.
There are two identical nonlinear dynamical systems, and the master system controls the slave system.The master system is given by where  = [ 1 ,  2 , . . .,   ]  ∈   denotes a state vector,  is an  ×  uncertain constant coefficient matrix,  is a nonlinear vector function, and  is a vector of uncertain constant coefficients in .
Our goal is to design a controller (), so that the state vector of the chaotic system (3) asymptotically approaches the state vector of the master system (4).
The chaos synchronization can be accomplished in the sense that the limit of the error vector () = [ 1 ,  2 , . . .,   ]  approaches zero as follows: where From ( 6) we have A Lyapunov function (, Ã , B ) is chosen as a positive definite function where Ã =  − Â, B =  − B, and Ã and B are two column matrices whose elements are all the elements of matrix Â and of matrix B, respectively.Its derivative along any solution of the differential equation system consisting of (8) and update parameter differential equations for Ã and B is where (), Ȧ , and Ḃ  are chosen so that V =   ,  is a diagonal negative definite matrix, and V is a negative semidefinite function of  and parameter differences Ã and B .In current scheme of adaptive control of chaotic motion [33][34][35][36][37], traditional Lyapunov stability theorem and Barbalat lemma are used to prove that the error vector approaches zero, as time approaches infinity.But the question, why the estimated or given parameters also approach to the uncertain or goal parameters, remains without answer.By pragmatical asymptotical stability theorem, the question can be answered strictly.

Pragmatical Asymptotical Stability
Theory.The stability for many problems in real dynamical systems is actual asymptotical stability, although it may not be mathematical asymptotical stability.The mathematical asymptotical stability demands that trajectories from all initial states in the neighborhood of zero solution must approach the origin as  → ∞.If there are only a small part or even a few of the initial states from which the trajectories do not approach the origin as  → ∞, the zero solution is not mathematically asymptotically stable.However, when the probability of occurrence of an event is zero, it means that the event does not occur actually.If the probability of occurrence of the event that the trajectories from the initial states are that they do not approach zero when  → ∞ is zero, the stability of zero solution is actual asymptotical stability, though it is not mathematical asymptotical stability.In order to analyze the asymptotical stability of the equilibrium point of such systems, the pragmatical asymptotical stability theorem is used.
Let  and  be two manifolds of dimensions  and  ( < ), respectively, and let  be a differentiable map from  to , then () is subset of Lebesque measure 0 of  [40].For an autonomous system where  = [ 1 , . . .,   ]  is a state vector, the function  = [ 1 , . . .,   ]  is defined on  ⊂   and ‖‖ ≤  > 0. Let  = 0 be an equilibrium point for the system (11).Then Definition 1.The equilibrium point for the system ( 11) is pragmatically asymptotically stable provided that with initial points on  which is a subset of Lebesque measure 0 of , the behaviors of the corresponding trajectories cannot be determined, while with initial points on  − , the corresponding trajectories behave as that agree with traditional asymptotical stability [33][34][35][36][37].
Theorem 2. Let  = [ 1 , . . .,   ]  :  →  + be positive definite and analytic on D, such that the derivative of  through (11), V, is negative semidefinite.Let  be the mmanifold consisted of point set for which ∀ ̸ = 0, V() = 0, and  is a n-manifold.If  + 1 < , then the equilibrium point of the system is pragmatically asymptotically stable.
Proof.Since every point of  can be passed by a trajectory of (11), which is one-dimensional, the collection of these trajectories, , is a ( + 1)-manifold [38,39].
If  + 1 < , then the collection  is a subset of Lebesque measure 0 of .By the previous definition, the equilibrium point of the system is pragmatically asymptotically stable.
If an initial point is ergodicity chosen in , the probability of that the initial point falls on the collection  is zero.Here, equal probability is assumed for every point chosen as an initial point in the neighborhood of the equilibrium point.Hence, the event that the initial point is chosen from collection  does not occur actually.Therefore, under the equal probability assumption, pragmatical asymptotical stability becomes actual asymptotical stability.When the initial point falls on  − , V() < 0, the corresponding trajectories behave as that agree with traditional asymptotical stability because by the existence and uniqueness of the solution of initial-value problem, these trajectories never meet .
In ( 9)  is a positive definite function of  variables, that is,  error state variables and  −  =  differences between unknown and estimated parameters, while V =    is a negative semidefinite function of  variables.Since the number of error state variables is always more than one,  > 1,  + 1 <  is always satisfied, and by pragmatical asymptotical stability theorem we have lim and the estimated parameters approach the uncertain parameters.The pragmatical adaptive control theorem is obtained.Therefore, the equilibrium point of the system is pragmatically asymptotically stable.Under the equal probability assumption, it is actually asymptotically stable for both error state variables and parameter variables.

Pragmatical Adaptive RTR Synchronization of Master Lorentz System and Slave Time-Reversed Lorentz System
In this section, adaptive regular and time-reversed (RTR) synchronization from time-reversed Lorentz system (with respect to negative time) to regular Lorentz system (with respect to positive time) is proposed.The time-reversed Lorentz system is considered as slave system, and the regular Lorenz system is regarded as master system.These two equations are shown as follows.
Master system-contemporary Lorenz system: Slave system-historical Lorenz system: where   () stands for states variables of the master system, and   (−) stands for the slave system, respectively.Parameters, , , and  are uncertain parameters of master system.â, b, and ĉ are estimated parameters. 1 ,  2 , and  3 are nonlinear controller to synchronize the slave Lorenz system to master one; that is, lim where the error vector  = [ 1 ()  2 ()  3 ()] and From ( 17), we have the following error dynamics: The two systems will be synchronized for any initial condition by appropriate controllers and update laws for those estimated parameters.As a result, the following controllers and update laws are designed by pragmatical asymptotical stability theorem as follows.
Choosing Lyapunov function as where ã =  − â, b =  − b, and c =  − ĉ.Its time derivative is We choose the update laws for those uncertain parameters as  Through ( 21) and ( 22), the appropriate controllers can be designed as We obtain   which is negative semidefinite function of  1 ,  2 ,  3 , â, b, and ĉ.The Lyapunov asymptotical stability theorem is not satisfied.We cannot obtain that common origin of error dynamics (18) and parameter dynamics ( 21) is asymptotically stable.By pragmatical asymptotically stability theorem,  is a 6manifold,  = 6, and the number of error state variables  = 3.When  1 =  2 =  3 = 0 and â, b, and ĉ take arbitrary values, V = 0,  is of 3 dimensions,  =  −  = 6 − 3 = 3, and  + 1 <  is satisfied.According to the pragmatical asymptotically stability theorem, error vector  approaches zero, and the estimated parameters also approach the uncertain parameters.The equilibrium point is pragmatically asymptotically stable.Under the assumption of equal probability, it is actually asymptotically stable.The simulation results are shown in Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11.

Conclusions
In this paper, three main contributions are proposed.The first one is exposing the complete information of time-reversed nonlinear system, which providing the range of parameters in detail for researchers to follow and reference; the second one is to realize the chaotic behavior of the time-reversed nonlinear system on electronic circuit, which shows the high corrections between the results by MATLAB and electronic circuits; the third one is to solve the existing problem in nonlinear science, applying the pragmatical asymptotically stability theory to strictly prove that the adaptive synchronization of given master and slave systems with uncertain parameters can be achieved.This paper gives a complete novel sight view to investigate the chaotic attractors and provides a strict mathematical proof to achieve the adaptive synchronization exactly, and for more practical, the chaotic signal generated via electronic circuits can be applied to the communications security, file encryption, biosignal simulation, and so forth.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Projection of phase portraits outputs in electronic circuit for time-reversed Lorenz system.

Part 1 :
changing , and with ,  fixed, the simulation results are shown in Figure5.Part 2: changing , and with ,  fixed, the simulation results are shown in Figure6.Part 3: changing , and with ,  fixed, the simulation results are shown in Figure7.

Figure 5 :Figure 6 :
Figure 5: (a) Bifurcation diagram and Lyapunov exponents of chaotic classical Lorentz system with  = 8/3 and  = 10.(b) Bifurcation diagram and Lyapunov exponents of chaotic timereversed Lorentz system with  = −8/3 and  = −10.The tables given previously show the different dynamic characters between classical and time-reversed Lorentz.

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: (a) Bifurcation diagram and Lyapunov exponents of chaotic classical Lorentz system with  = 8/3 and  = 28.(b) Bifurcation diagram and Lyapunov exponents of chaotic timereversed Lorentz system with  = −8/3 and  = −28.The tables given previously show the different dynamic characters between classical and time-reversed Lorentz systems with different ranges of parameter .

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: Time histories of errors for master and slave chaotic Lorentz systems.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: Time histories of parametric errors for master and slave chaotic Lorentz systems.

Figure 10 :
Figure 10: Time histories of states of master and slave chaotic Lorenz systems.

Figure 11 :
Figure 11: Phase portraits of synchronization of master and slave chaotic Lorenz systems.