Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 975461, 5 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/975461

Research Article

Controllability of Linear Discrete-Time Systems with Both Delayed States and Delayed Inputs

Hong Shi,¹ Guangming Xie,2,3 and Wenguang Luo⁴

¹Department of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China

²State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

³School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China

⁴School of Electric and Information Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China

Received 29 November 2012; Accepted 31 January 2013

Academic Editor: Valery Y. Glizer

Copyright © 2013 Hong Shi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The controllability issues for discrete-time linear systems with delay in state and control are addressed. By introducing a new concept, the controllability realization index (CRI), the characteristic of controllability is revealed. An easily testable necessary and sufficient condition for the controllability of discrete-time linear systems with state and control delay is established.

1. Introduction

The concept of controllability, first given by Kalman in the 1960s [1], plays a fundamental role in the modern control theory and has close connections with pole assignment, structure decomposition, quadratic control, and so forth [2, 3]. The various aspects of the controllability of linear systems with delay were considered by several authors [4–11]. The discrete cases have been considered by Klamka [7], Watanabe [8], and Phat [9], but the mathematical conditions given for investigating the controllability are not suitable for real verification and application.

In our recent paper [12], a new concept called controllability realization index (CRI) is proposed, which is crucial in determining the controllability of such kind of discrete systems with delays. In that paper, it is proved that the value of CRI is finite for discrete systems with delays, and a general CRI value for planar discrete systems with delays is given. Thus, the judging condition of controllability for planar case is established. In this paper, we will extend our result to the more general case, namely, discrete systems with any order, with time delays both in state and in control.

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, some basic definitions and preliminary results are presented. Section 3 is the main results. An easily testable necessary and sufficient condition for the controllability of discrete-time linear systems with state and control delay is established. A numerical example is given in Section 4. Finally, the conclusion is provided in Section 5.

2. Problem Formulation and Preliminaries

In this paper, we consider the discrete-time case the system model is described as follows:

where is the state, is the input, and are constant matrices, and the positive integers are the lengths of the steps of time delays. The initial states and the initial input are given arbitrarily.

The controllability discussed here refers to the unconstrained controllability or completely controllability.

Definition 1 (controllability). The system (1) is said to be (completely) controllable if, for any initial input , any initial state , and any terminal state , there exist a positive integer and, input such that .

Definition 2 (controllability realization index, CRI). For the system (1), if there exists a positive integer such that for any initial input , initial state , and any terminal state , there exists an input such that , then one calls the controllability realization index (CRI) of the system (1). Obviously, if exists, such is not unique, so the one calls the smallest among them the minimum controllability realization index (MinCRI).

Denote by the nonnegative integer set. The matrices are said to be linearly dependent on , if there exist scalars , not all are zero, such that . In the following statement, will be used to denote the space constructed by the linear combinations of matrices .

3. Main Results

3.1. Delay in State

In this section, we first investigate the controllability of the systems only with delay in state

Now, we introduce a matrix sequence as follows:

Lemma 3. The general solution of the system (2) is given by

where is the part of the solution with zero input.

Proof. See Appendix A.

Lemma 4. The matrix sequence given by (3) satisfies

Proof. See Appendix B.

Theorem 5. The system (2) is controllable if and only if .

Proof. (Necessity) If the system is controllable, then we know that . Thus, by Lemma 4, we have .

(Sufficiency) By Lemma 3, we have

Since , for any initial state and any terminal state , we can select appropriate inputs such that the equation , where is given by the above equation and is arbitrary. Thus, the system is controllable.

Corollary 6. is a CRI of the system (2).

Proof. It is directly followed from Theorem 5.

Remark 7. This work has improved the result in [12]. When the system is second order, that is, , we prove to be a CRI value, which differs from the CRI value in [12]. The difference lies in that the CRI of a system is not unique. For practical applications, obviously the less, the better.

3.2. Delays in Both State and Input

Now we investigate the controllability of the system (1). We only consider the case when , for the case , the discussion is similar (Without loss of generality, we assume that , and let ,  , then we come back to the case.).

Lemma 8. The solution of the system (1) can be expressed as

where

and is the part of the solution corresponding only to the initial state and initial input.

Proof. The proof is similar to that of Lemma 3.

Lemma 9. The matrix sequence given by (8) satisfies

Proof. See Appendix C.

Theorem 10. The system (1) is controllable if and only if .

Proof. The proof is similar to that of Theorem 5.

Corollary 11. is a CRI of the system (1).

Proof. It is directly followed from Theorem 10.

Remark 12. This corollary provides a complete and verifiable method to testify the controllability of a general discrete-time system with delay in state or in control or both. Approximately the computation work for each is , and the entire testing work takes .

4. Example

In this section, we present a numeric example.

Example 13. Consider the system (1) with and

By simple calculation, we get

Thus, by Theorem 10, the system is controllable.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we have investigated the controllability of discrete-time linear systems with time delays. Necessary and sufficient conditions have been established for discrete-time linear systems with state delay or both state and control delays. The proposed conditions are suitable for real verification and can be efficiently computed.

Appendices

A. Proof of Lemma 3

Proof. Now, we prove that (4) holds.

For , we have

For , we have

For , we have

For , we have

B. Proof of Lemma 4

Proof. We introduce a new matrix sequence given by

It is easy to verify that

where

By the well-known Hamilton-Caylay Theorem, for any , we have

It follows that

Hence, we have

C. Proof of Lemma 9

Proof. Consider the matrix sequence given by (B.1), it is easy to verify that

By the proof of Lemma 4, we have

This implies that

Hence, we have

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Associate Editor, Professor Valery Y. Glizer, and the anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments and suggestions, which significantly contributed to improving the quality of the publication. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (NNSF) of China (60774089, 10972003), the Foundation Grant of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automobile Components and Vehicle Technology (13-A-03-01), and the Opening Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automobile Components and Vehicle Technology (2012KFZD03). It is also supported by the Beijing City Board of Education Science and Technology Program: modeling, analysis, and control of swarming behavior of multiple dynamic agent systems.

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