Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 242410, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/242410

Research Article

Global Hopf Bifurcation Analysis for an Avian Influenza Virus Propagation Model with Nonlinear Incidence Rate and Delay

Yanhui Zhai, Ying Xiong, Xiaona Ma, and Haiyun Bai

School of Science, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China

Received 1 January 2014; Accepted 14 June 2014; Published 14 July 2014

Academic Editor: Zhichun Yang

Copyright © 2014 Yanhui Zhai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The paper investigated an avian influenza virus propagation model with nonlinear incidence rate and delay based on SIR epidemic model. We regard delay as bifurcating parameter to study the dynamical behaviors. At first, local asymptotical stability and existence of Hopf bifurcation are studied; Hopf bifurcation occurs when time delay passes through a sequence of critical values. An explicit algorithm for determining the direction of the Hopf bifurcations and stability of the bifurcation periodic solutions is derived by applying the normal form theory and center manifold theorem. What is more, the global existence of periodic solutions is established by using a global Hopf bifurcation result.

1. Introduction

In March 2013, new avian-origin influenza virus broke out in Shanghai and the surrounding provinces of China [1]. During the first week of April, this virus had been detected in six provinces and municipal cities; this virus has caused global concern as a potential pandemic threat [2]. The virus fast took people’s life without timely treatment. Therefore, strong measures should be taken to control the spread of H7N9 viruses.

is an infectious disease caused by influenza A virus. Moreover, it is essential to study and to dominate the spread of . Mathematical models become important instruments in the analysis and control of infectious diseases. The present study evaluates the possible application of SIR model for spreading.

Let , , and be the population densities of susceptible, infective, and recovered, respectively. Recruitment of new individuals is into the susceptible class at a constant rate [3]. Parameters , , and are positive constants which represent the death rate of the classes, respectively. is the length of the infectious period; is the average time spent in class before recovery [3].

In 1979, Cooke [4] used mass action incidence . In 2009, Xu and Ma [5] developed the model with the force of infection given by , where determines the level at which the force of infection saturates and is a contract [5]. Then, the avian influenza virus propagation model based on SIR model has the following form:

Since does not appear in the first two equations, and avoid excessive use of parentheses in some of the latter calculations, the avian influenza virus propagation model is transformed into the following form

with the following initial condition:

which was presented and studied in [3].

The steady state of the model and the stability of epidemic models have been studied in many papers. Zhang and Li [6] studied the global stability of an SIR epidemic model with constant infectious periods. Xu and Ma [5] showed the global stability of the endemic equilibrium for the case of the reproduction number . McCluskey [3] shown that the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable whenever it exists. In this paper, we investigated the Hopf bifurcation and the global existence of periodic solutions of model (2), which have not been reported yet.

The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we will investigate the local asymptotical stability and existence of Hopf bifurcation by analyzing the associated characteristic equation. In Section 3, an explicit algorithm for determining the direction of the Hopf bifurcations and stability of the bifurcation periodic solutions will be derived by applying the normal form theory and center manifold theorem. In Section 4, existence of global periodic solutions will be established by using a global Hopf bifurcation result. In Section 5, a brief discussion is offered to conclude this work.

2. Local Stability and Hopf Bifurcation

Some results can be directly obtained from [3, 5]. The basic reproduction number for the model is . System (2) always has a disease-free equilibrium . If , system (2) has a unique endemic equilibrium [3]. The characteristic equation of system (2) at the endemic equilibrium is

where , , , and . If

hold, when , the endemic equilibrium of system (2) is locally stable [5].

If () is a solution of system (2), separating real and imaginary parts, we obtain the following:

Then, we get

It follows that

Letting , we get

It is easy to show that

The case of

has been discussed in [5]. We obtain global asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium when . If

hold, that is, , we have . Following the theorem given by Ruan [7], there exists critical value

with

where , . If and are satisfied, (6) has a pair of purely imaginary roots when . Additionally, all roots of (6) have negative real parts when and when (5) has at least a pair of roots with positive real part. In order to give the main results, it is necessary to prove the transversality condition holds. Denote as the root of (5) with ,. Differentiating (5) with respect to yields

For the sake of simplicity denoting and by ,, respectively,

in the following:

From (10), we know ; then, hold. Under this condition, we have the following theorem.

Theorem 1. (i) If and holds, the equilibrium of system (2) is asymptotically stable for any .

(ii) If and holds, is asymptotically stable for and unstable for . System (2) exhibits the Hopf bifurcation at the equilibrium for , .

3. Direction and Stability of the Bifurcating Periodic Solutions

In Section 2, we obtain the conditions under which a family of periodic solutions bifurcate from the steady state at the critical value of . In this section, we investigate the direction of the Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solution at critical values , using techniques of the normal form theory and center manifold theorem.

Let and let . The Taylor expansion of system (2) at is

where , , , , , , , , and for . System (2) is transformed into FDE as

with

where

By Riesz representation theorem, there exists a function of bounded variation, for , such that

In fact, we can choose

where is a delta function.

For , the operators and are defined as follows:

The adjoint operator corresponding to is defined as follows:

and an adjoint bilinear is as follows:

where .

From the preceding discussion, we know that and be the eigenvectors of and corresponding to and , respectively. Next, we calculate and to determine the normal form of operator .

Proposition 2. Let and be eigenvectors of and corresponding to and , respectively, satisfying and .

Then,

where

Proof . Without loss of generality, we just consider the eigenvector . By the definition of and with , we get (here, is a parameter). In what follows, notice that and ; we have . Using a proof procedure similar to that in [8], by direct computation, we get and . Bring and into ; it is not hard to obtain the parameter . The detailed procedure of proof refers to [9]. The proof is completed.

Then, we construct the coordinates of the center manifold at . Let

On the center manifold , we have

where

and and are local coordinates for the center manifold in the direction of and , respectively. Since , we have

where

We rewrite this as

with

where

Comparing the coefficients of the above equation with (22), we obtain

where

Expanding the above series and comparing the coefficients, we get

Comparing the coefficients with (38), we obtain

It follows from (39), (40), and the definition of that we have

So,

where

According to the discussion above, we can compute the following parameters:

where determines the directions of the Hopf bifurcations, determines the stability of the bifurcation periodic solutions, and determines the period of the bifurcating periodic solutions [9]. By lemma (5), we know that ; we have the following theorem.

Theorem 3. If , the direction of the Hopf bifurcation of the system (1) at the equilibrium when is supercritical (subcritical) and the bifurcating periodic solutions are orbitally asymptotically stable (unstable).

4. Global Existence of Periodic Solution

From the above discussion, we know that system (2) undergoes a local Hopf bifurcation at when . A natural question is that if the bifurcating periodic solutions of system (2) exist when is far away from critical values? In this section, we will study the global existence of periodic solutions of system (2). Through use of a global Hopf bifurcation theorem given by Wu [10], we obtain the global continuation of periodic solutions bifurcating from the points . First of all, we define

Let denote the connected component of in and its projection on component. From theorem (5), we know that is nonempty. and are defined in (10) and (11).

Lemma 4. All periodic solutions of system (2) are uniformly bounded.

Proof . Let be a nonconstant periodic solution of system (2), and let , and , be the maximum and minimum of and , respectively. Using a proof procedure similar to that in [8], we can obtain

It is shown that all periodic solutions of system (2) are uniformly bounded. This completes the proof.

Lemma 5. System (2) has no nonconstant periodic solution of period .

Proof . For a contradiction, if system (5) has a -periodic solution, say , then it satisfies the ODES as follows:

We can get

By Bendixson’s criterion, we know that system (2) has no nonconstant periodic solutions, which prove the lemma.

Theorem 6. Suppose that the condition and is satisfied. Then, for each ,, system (2) has at least periodic solutions.

Proof. The characteristic matrix of system (2) at the equilibrium is in the following form:

that is,

Using a proof procedure similar to that in [9], it is easy to obtain that , , is an isolated center.

From the proof procedure of Lemmas 4 and 5, it is easy to know that there exist , , smooth curve such that

for all , and

Define , and let . Obviously, if and such that , if and only if , set

We obtain the crossing number as follows:

We conclude that

Since the first crossing number of each center is always , by [10, Theorem ], we conclude that is unbounded. By the definition of given in (10), we know that, for , automatically hold.

Again, the population densities of susceptible and infective are ultimately uniformly bounded, implying that the projection of onto the -space is bounded. Meanwhile, system (2) with has no nonconstant periodic solutions; if there exits such that the projection of onto the -space ins with , then, the projection of onto the -space is bounded. Since and from Lemma 5, we can obtain for with ; that is to say, onto -space is also bounded. Because is unbounded, must be unbounded. Consequently, include for . That is to say, for each , system (2) at least has nonconstant period solutions. The proof is complete.

5. Conclusion

In this paper we have analytically studied an avian influenza virus propagation model with nonlinear incidence rate and time delay depending on SIR epidemic model. Some previous efforts in epidemic models have been mainly concerned with the global stability and asymptotical stability. However, it is a new idea to study the bifurcation periodic solutions and global existence of periodic solutions. The theoretical analysis for the avian influenza virus propagation models is given. Then, Hopf bifurcation occurs when time delay passes through a sequence of critical values. Furthermore, bifurcations and stability of the bifurcation periodic solutions are derived. Finally, global existence of periodic solutions is established.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence their work; there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, in this paper.

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