Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 535793, 12 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/535793

Research Article

Numerical Solutions of Nonlinear Fractional Partial Differential Equations Arising in Spatial Diffusion of Biological Populations

Jagdev Singh,¹ Devendra Kumar,² and Adem Kılıçman³

¹Department of Mathematics, Jagannath University, Jaipur-303901, Rajasthan, India

²Department of Mathematics, Jagannath Gupta Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur-302022, Rajasthan, India

³Department of Mathematics and Institute for Mathematical Research University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Received 16 February 2014; Accepted 8 July 2014; Published 5 August 2014

Academic Editor: Hassan Eltayeb

Copyright © 2014 Jagdev Singh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The main aim of this work is to present a user friendly numerical algorithm based on homotopy perturbation Sumudu transform method for nonlinear fractional partial differential arising in spatial diffusion of biological populations in animals. The movements are made generally either by mature animals driven out by invaders or by young animals just reaching maturity moving out of their parental territory to establish breeding territory of their own. The homotopy perturbation Sumudu transform method is a combined form of the Sumudu transform method and homotopy perturbation method. The obtained results are compared with Sumudu decomposition method. The numerical solutions obtained by the proposed method indicate that the approach is easy to implement and accurate. These results reveal that the proposed method is computationally very attractive.

1. Introduction

Nonlinear phenomena have important effects on applied mathematics, biology, and physics and are related to engineering; many such physical phenomena are modeled in terms of nonlinear partial differential equations. For example, the degenerate parabolic nonlinear partial differential equations arising in the spatial diffusion of biological populations are given as

with initial condition , where denotes the population density and represents the population supply due to birth and death. It is worth mentioning that (1) with , where , , arises in the study of flow through porous media [1, 2]. Moreover, the problem (1) leads to Malthusian law [3] for and Verhulst law [3] for , where are positive constants. We consider the model as an example in the population of animals. The movements are made generally either by mature animals driven out by invaders or by young animals just reaching maturity moving out of their parental territory to establish breeding territory of their own. In both cases, it is much more plausible to suppose that they will be directed towards nearby vacant territory. Therefore, movement will take place almost exclusively “down” the population density gradient and will be much more rapid at high population densities than at low ones. In an attempt to model this situation, they considered a walk through a rectangular grid, in which at each step an animal may either stay at its present location or may move in the direction of lowest population density. We consider the more general form of time fractional biological equation by taking as

with initial condition , where denotes the populations density and represents the population supply due to births and deaths. The most important advantage of using fractional differential equations in mathematical modelling is their nonlocal property. It is well known that the integer order differential operator is a local operator, but the fractional order differential operator is nonlocal. This means that the next state of a system depends not only upon its current state but also upon all of its historical states. This is more realistic and it is one reason why fractional calculus has become more and more popular [4–10]. There are several methods to solve the fractional biological equations, such as Adomian’s decomposition method (ADM) [11] and homotopy analysis method (HAM) [12]. The optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM) has been applied for solving nonlinear problems [13–15]. The homotopy perturbation method (HPM) has first proposed by He [16–18] for solving various linear and nonlinear initial and boundary value problems. The HPM was also investigated by many researchers to handle nonlinear equations arising in science and engineering [19–22]. The Laplace transform and Sumudu transform are totally incapable of handling nonlinear equations because of the difficulties that are caused by the nonlinear terms. Various ways have been proposed recently to deal with such nonlinearities such as the Laplace decomposition algorithm [23, 24], the homotopy perturbation transform method (HPTM) [25], Sumudu decomposition method (SDM) [26], and the homotopy perturbation Sumudu transform method (HPSTM) [27] to produce highly effective techniques for solving many nonlinear problems.

In this paper, we implement the homotopy perturbation Sumudu transform method (HPSTM) to find the analytical and numerical solutions of the fractional biological population models. The HPSTM is an elegant combination of the Sumudu transform method, the HPM and Adomian’s polynomials. Moreover, we apply the Sumudu decomposition method (SDM) to the same problems to compare the results. The SDM is a combined form of Sumudu transform method and Adomian’s decomposition method (ADM) which was first introduced by Adomian [28, 29]. Adomian’s polynomials are studied by Jafari et al. [30, 31] for handling nonlinear equations and showed that the Adomian’s polynomials and He’s polynomials are same. The numerical results are depicted through the graphical illustrations. The proposed techniques provide the solution in a rapid convergent series which may lead to the solution in a closed form. The advantage of these methods is their capability of combining two powerful methods for obtaining exact and approximate solutions for nonlinear equations.

2. Basic Definitions of Fractional Calculus

In this section, we mention the following basic definitions of fractional calculus and Sumudu transform.

Definition 1. The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator of order , of a function , is defined as [4]

For the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral we have

Definition 2. The fractional derivative of in the Caputo sense is defined as [5]

for .

Definition 3. The Sumudu transform [32] is defined over the set of functions:

by the following formula:

Some of the important properties of the Sumudu transform were established by Asiru [33]. Further, fundamental properties of this transform were established by Belgacem et al. [34] and Belgacem and Karaballi [35]. In fact it was shown that there is strong relationship between Sumudu and other integral transform; see Kılıçman et al. [36]. In particular the relationship between Sumudu transform and Laplace transforms was presented in Kılıcman and Gadain [37]. The Sumudu transform has scale and unit preserving properties, so it can be used to solve problems without resorting to a new frequency domain.

Definition 4. The Sumudu transform of the Caputo fractional derivative is defined as follows [38]:

3. Homotopy Perturbation Sumudu Transform Method (HPSTM)

To illustrate the basic idea of this method, we consider a general fractional nonlinear nonhomogeneous partial differential equation with the initial condition of the form:

where is the Caputo fractional derivative of the function , is the linear differential operator, represents the general nonlinear differential operator, and , is the source term.

Applying the Sumudu transform (denoted in this paper by ) on both sides of (9), we get

Using the differentiation property of the Sumudu transform, we have

Operating with the Sumudu inverse on both sides of (12) gives

where represents the term arising from the source term and the prescribed initial conditions. Now we apply the HPM

and the nonlinear term can be decomposed as

for some Adomian’s polynomials that are given by

Substituting (14) and (15) in (13), we get

which is the coupling of the Sumudu transform method, the HPM, and Adomian’s polynomials. Comparing the coefficients of like powers of , the following approximations are obtained:

Proceeding in the same manner, the rest of the components can be completely found and the series solution is thus entirely determined. Finally, we approximate the analytical solution by truncated series as

4. Sumudu Decomposition Method (SDM)

We consider a general fractional nonlinear nonhomogeneous partial differential equation with the initial condition of the form:

where is the Caputo fractional derivative of the function is the linear differential operator, represents the general nonlinear differential operator, and is the source term.

Taking the Sumudu transform on both sides of (20), we get

Using the differentiation property of the Sumudu transform and the above initial conditions, we have

Now, applying the inverse Sumudu transform on both sides of (23), we get

where represents the term arising from the source term and the prescribed initial conditions.

The second step in SDM is that we represent solution as an infinite series given below:

and the nonlinear term can be decomposed as

where are Adomian polynomials of and it can be calculated by formula given below:

Using (25) and (26) in (24), we get

On comparing both sides of (28), we get

In general the recursive relation is given by

Now first of all applying the Sumudu transform of the right hand side of (30) then applying the inverse Sumudu transform, we get the values of , respectively.

5. Numerical Examples

In this section, we demonstrate the performance and efficiency of HPSTM by giving three examples of time-fractional biological models and compare the results with the results obtained with help of SDM.

Example 1. We consider the following time-fractional biological population model:

subject to the initial condition

Operating with the Sumudu transform on both sides of (31), we have

The inverse of the Sumudu transform gives that

According to the HPM, we construct the following homotopy:

where are Adomian’s polynomials that represent the nonlinear terms. The first few components of Adomian’s polynomials are given by

Comparing the coefficient of like power of , we have

and so on.

Making use of (37), the series solution is given as

Setting in (38), we reproduce the solution of the problem as follows:

which converge very rapidly to the exact solution .

According to SDM and to (25) and (34), the iteration formula for (31) is given by

where are Adomian’s polynomials that represent the nonlinear terms. The first few components of Adomian’s polynomials are given by

The recursive relation is given below:

The other components of the solution can be easily found by using above recursive relation:

and so on.

Therefore, the decomposition series solutions is given by

which is the same solution as obtained by using HPSTM and setting α = 1, it converge to the exact solution .

The numerical results for the time-fractional biological population model (31) obtained by using the HPSTM, SDM, and the exact solution for various values of , and with and are shown by Figures 1(a)–1(d) and those for various values of at , , and are depicted in Figure 2 and those for different values of and at , and are shown in Figure 3. It is observed from Figure 1 that increases with the increase in both and for , and 1 with and . It is seen from Figure 3 that as the value of α decreases, the numerical value of increases. It can also be seen from Figure 1 that the solution obtained by using the present method is nearly identical with the exact solution. From Figure 2, we can easily observe that the results obtained with help of HPSTM and SDM are in a full agreement with the exact solution. It is to be noted that only the seventh order term of the HPSTM and SDM was used in evaluating the approximate solutions for Figures 1 and 2. It is evident that the efficiency of the present method can be dramatically enhanced by computing further terms of when the HPSTM and SDM are used.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1: The behavior of the with respect to and is obtained with and , when (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) exact solution.

Figure 2: Plots of versus at , , and .

Figure 3: Plots of versus at , , and for different values of .

Example 2. Next, we consider the time-fractional biological population model in the following form:

subject to initial condition

By applying the HPSTM, we have

Equating the like powers of , (47) yields

and so on.

Taking use of (48), the series solution is presented as

Putting in (49), we reproduce the solution of the problem as follows:

which converge very rapidly to the exact solution .

According to SDM, we have

The recursive relation is given below:

The other components of the solution can be easily found by using above recursive relation:

and so on.

Thus, the decomposition series solutions is given by

which is the same solution as obtained by employing HPSTM and setting ; it converses to the exact solution .

The numerical results for the time-fractional biological population model (45) obtained with the help of HPSTM, SDM, and the exact solution for various values of , and with are described through Figures 4(a)–4(d) and those for various values of at , and are given in Figure 5 and those for different values of and α at and are depicted in Figure 6. It is observed from Figure 4 that increases with the increase in both and for , and 1 with . It is to be observed from Figure 6 that as the value of decrease, the value of increases. It can also be seen from Figure 4 that the solution obtained by using the present method is nearly identical with the exact solution. From Figure 5, we can easily observe that the results obtained with help of HPSTM and SDM are in a full agreement with the exact solution. It is to be noted that only the seventh order term of the HPSTM and SDM was used in evaluating the approximate solutions for Figures 4 and 5.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 4: The behavior of the with respect to and with is obtained, when (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) exact solution.

Figure 5: Plots of versus at , , and .

Figure 6: Plots of versus at and for different values of .

Example 3. Finally, we consider the following time-fractional biological population model:

subject to the initial condition

By applying the HPSTM, we have

Equating the terms with identical powers of , we have

and so on.

Using (58), the series solution is

Taking in (59), we reproduce the solution of the problem as follows:

which converge very rapidly to the exact solution .

According to SDM, we have

The recursive relation is given below:

The other components of the solution can be easily found by using above recursive relation:

and so on.

So, the decomposition series solutions is given by

which is the same solution as obtained by the application of HPSTM and setting α = 1; it converges to the exact solution .

The numerical results for the time-fractional biological population model (55) obtained with the help of HPSTM, SDM, and the exact solution for various values of , and with are described through Figures 7(a)–7(d) and those for various values of at , and are depicted in Figure 8 and those for different values of and at and are presented in Figure 9. It is observed from Figure 7 that increases with the increase in and decreases with increase in for , and 1 with . It is to be observed from Figure 9 that as the value of increase, the value of increases, but afterward its nature is opposite. It can also be seen from Figure 7 that the solution obtained by using the present technique is nearly identical with the exact solution. From Figure 8, we can easily observe that the results obtained with help of HPSTM and SDM are in an excellent agreement with the exact solution. It is to be noted that only the seventh order term of the HPSTM and SDM was used in evaluating the approximate solutions for Figures 7 and 8.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 7: The behavior of the with respect to and with is obtained, when (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) exact solution.

Figure 8: Plots of versus at , , and .

Figure 9: Plots of versus at and for different values of .

6. Conclusions

In this paper, the HPSTM and SDM are successfully employed to solve the time-fractional biological population models. The proposed methods provide the solutions in terms of convergent series with easily computable components in a direct way without using linearization, perturbation, or restrictive assumptions. The numerical results obtained with the proposed techniques are in an excellent agreement with the exact solution. It is worth mentioning that both methods are capable of reducing the volume of the computational work as compared to the classical methods while still maintaining the high accuracy of the numerical result; the size reduction amounts to an improvement of the performance of the approach for solving the time-fractional biological population models. Hence, we conclude that the HPSTM and SDM are very powerful and efficient in finding analytical as well as numerical solutions for wide classes of nonlinear fractional partial differential equations arising in science engineering and finance.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors are extending their heartfelt thanks to the reviewers for their valuable suggestions for the improvement of the paper. The authors also gratefully acknowledge that this research was partially supported by the University Putra Malaysia under the GP-IBT Grant Scheme having Project no. GP-IBT/2013/9420100.

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