Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 963072, 18 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/963072

Research Article

Geometric Analysis of an Integrated Pest Management Model Including Two State Impulses

Wencai Zhao, Yulin Liu, Tongqian Zhang, and Xinzhu Meng

School of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China

Received 10 December 2013; Accepted 20 January 2014; Published 19 March 2014

Academic Editor: Kaifa Wang

Copyright © 2014 Wencai Zhao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

According to integrated pest management strategies, we construct and investigate the dynamics of a Holling-Tanner predator-prey system with state dependent impulsive effects by releasing natural enemies and spraying pesticide at different thresholds. Applying the Dulacs criterion, the global stability of the positive equilibrium in the system without impulsive effect is discussed. By using impulsive differential equation geometry theory and the method of successor functions, we prove the existence of periodic solution of the system with state dependent impulsive effects. Furthermore, the stability conditions of periodic solutions are obtained. Some simulations are exerted to illustrate the feasibility of our main results.

1. Introduction

In 2012, the main maize area in Northern China embraced the large-scale plant diseases and insect pests [1]. With the good weather condition, Mythimna separata Walker, Ostrinia furnacalis, aphid, and other pests had a mass propagation which brought a large damage to the production of corn. How human beings effectively control the pests has been a significant task. Due to its simple operation and quick effect, spraying pesticide has always been the major way to kill pests for a long time. However, there may be pesticide residues in vegetables and crops threatening people’s good health and damaging the environment. With the increasing awareness of the environment, people are paying more attention to developing green agriculture. Releasing natural enemies and artificial capture are becoming significant means of controlling pests.

Different control strategies will be applied due to different behavior features of pests and their damages for crops in different stages. For instance, in the spawning period of Ostrinia furnacalis, artificial releasing of Trichogramma (the natural enemy of Ostrinia furnacalis) will be applied with the control effect of 70%–80%; if the hatchability is over 30%, pesticide control will be used instantly [2]. In consideration of the rapidity of chemical control and nonpollution of biological control, people control pests integrating with biological, physical, and chemical means under the EIL (economic injury level) to realize environmental, economic, and social profits together. Spraying pesticides and releasing natural enemies are instantaneous; these phenomena can be described as the impulsive differential equations. In recent decades, the theoretical research on the impulsive differential equation has represented a significant development and has been widely used in various mathematical ecological models [3–11] and many scholars made a deep analysis of the impulsive differential ecological system at a fixed time and have got some important products [12–26]. However, in the actual process of pest control, relevant measures will be used according to pest quantity and its damage to crops, which is the state impulsive differential system. Tang et al. [27, 28], Zeng et al. [29], Zhao et al. [30], Nie et al. [31, 32], and literatures [33–37] had a further exploration for the system and made great progress. Based on the study of a Holling-Tanner system, an integrated pest control model with two impulses is established aiming at the specific pest conditions in different threshold.

Let , denote the population densities of pest (prey) and natural enemy (predator) at time , respectively; then the predator-prey system usually can be expressed as [38]

in which denotes the relative growth rate of the prey; is the functional response function of the predator; is the mortality rate of the prey. The literature [39] studied a class of Holling-Tanner system with functional response function . This system was given by

Here, let the prey population be growth in logistic and the environmental capacity is ; the intrinsic growth rate of predator is and the carrying capacity is proportional to the number of prey. Introducing transformation , , , and letting , , , the system (2) is changed into a dimensionless form:

In order to carry out integrated control of pests, we adopt strategies as follows.

When the pest density reached a lower level , we release natural enemies to control pests for low damage of insect pests on crops; that is,

where is amount of natural enemies released one time.

If the pest density reached a higher level , due to the fact that the damage of insect pests on crops is severe at this time, we effectively combine spraying pesticides with releasing natural enemies to control pests; that is,

Here, is the amount of natural enemies released one time, , are mortality rates of pests and natural enemies which die from spraying pesticides, and .

Synthesizing systems (3), (4), and (5), the following integrated pest management model is obtained:

where denotes the population density of pests at time and denotes the population density of natural enemies at time ; , , are positive numbers; , , , are control parameters and positive numbers; the point is the intersection of the isoclinic line and the straight line .

2. Preliminaries

In order to analyze the dynamics of the system (6), we introduce the basic knowledge of the state impulsive differential equations.

Consider the state impulsive differential equation:

where and have order-one continuous partial derivatives.

Definition 1. The dynamic system which is formed by solution mapping of system (7) is called semicontinuous dynamic system, denoted by , where is semicontinuous dynamical system mapping and , , and in which is pulse mapping. Here, and are straight or curved line in the plane. is called impulsive set, and is called corresponding image set.

In the system (6), let , and the image set corresponding to impulsive mapping (4) is . Let , and the image set corresponding to impulsive mapping (5) is .

Definition 2. Assume that impulsive set and image set are straight lines, the orbit of system (7) starting from point on hits at point and then jumps onto point , then the function is defined as a successor function about point , and then point is called successor point of .

Lemma 3 (see [10, 11]). Successor function is continuous.

Definition 4. If there exists a point on the image set , and a constant such that , , then the orbit starting from is called an order-one periodic solution of the system (7).

Lemma 5 (Bendixson theorem of impulsive differential equations [10, 11]). Assume that is a Bendixson region of system (7); if does not contain critical points of system (7), then system (7) contains a closed orbit in .

For the system (6), from Lemma 5, the following conclusion is obtained.

Lemma 6. In system (6), if there exist points and on the image set , such that the successor function satisfies , then there must exist an order-one periodic solution in system (6).

Lemma 7 (Analogue of Poincaré Criterion [3, 4]). Assume that , is the -periodic solution of the following impulsive differential equations:

where and contain order-one continuous partial derivatives and is a sufficiently smooth function with .

If the multiplier satisfies the condition , then the periodic solution of the system (8) is orbitally asymptotically stable, where

with

and , , , , , , , are calculated at the point , , , and is the time of the th jump.

3. The Stability of System (6) without Impulsive Effect

In the system (6), if , that is, the system without impulsive effect, the following system is obtained:

If set is an arbitrary solution of the system (11) satisfying the initial conditions, then the following lemma is obtained.

Lemma 8. The solutions of the system (11) is bounded, which means satisfies and for .

Obviously, the system (11) exhibits prey isocline , predator isocline , nontrivial equilibrium points , and , and here;

Calculating the variational matrix of the equilibrium point in the system (11), we get

Obviously, is saddle point. At ,

The characteristic equation of is

in which , .

Thus,

Let , and then

Based on the above analysis, we can get the following conclusion.

Theorem 9. If , the positive equilibrium point of the system (11) is locally asymptotically stable. Specially,

(1)if , is a locally asymptotically stable focus,(2)if , is a locally asymptotically stable node.

Next, we discuss the global stability of about the system (11).

Theorem 10. If or is true, then the positive equilibrium of the system (11) is globally asymptotically stable.

Proof. From or , we have for , and thus . Structure a Dulac function as follows:

Let , , and thus

By the Bendixson-Dulac theorem, there does not exist closed orbit of the system (11) around . Based on Lemma 8 and Theorem 9, the positive equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable.

Remark 11. If , or , are true, then is a globally asymptotically stable focus.

Remark 12. If , or , are true, then is a globally asymptotically stable node.

Assume that is globally asymptotically stable focal point of the system (11), and then the illustration of vector graph of the system is as follows (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Illustration of vector graph of system (11), where , , .

4. The Geometric Analysis of System (6) with Two State Impulses

In this section, we will discuss the existence and stability of periodic solution of system (6) only at focal point situation. So, we assume that the conditions , or , are true. According to the practical significance of the integrated pest management model, the condition is always given as such. By the analysis of system (6), the curve is -isocline, and the line is -isocline. Let points , , be the intersection of the curve and lines , , , respectively. Obviously is the intersection point of and . From the previous discussion, we know that the first impulsive set is , and the image set corresponding to is ; the second impulsive set is , and the image set corresponding to is . The structure of the system can be shown as in Figure 2.

Figure 2: The structure graph of system (6).

Using successor function and geometric theory of impulsive differential equations and according to different positions of orbit initial points, the existence and stability of periodic solution of system (6) are discussed as follows.

4.1. The Initial Point on

Let be an initial point of the orbit of the system (6); if , point is below point , then ( is impulsive set), and the image point of must be above point with times impulses; therefore, we only need to discuss the cases of .

The orbit starting from hits the impulsive set at point , and then jumps to point . If , continued to jump to point , and after times it reaches the point , where , , , and . The situation of point has three cases as follows.

(a) If (see Figure 3(a)), is coincident with , then the curve is closed orbit, and the system (6) exhibits a 1-periodic solution.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3: The orbit starting from the point on .

(b) If (see Figure 3(b)), is above ; in this time, the successor function of satisfies . In the meantime, choose a point on satisfying . The orbit starting from hits the impulsive set at point , and jumps sometimes to point , where . Thus, the successor function of satisfies .

According to Lemma 6, the system (6) exhibits a periodic solution, and the initial point of the periodic solution is between and .

(c) If (see Figure 3(c)), is below ; in this time, the successor function of is . On the other hand, choose a point on satisfying ( is a sufficiently small positive number). The orbit starting from hits the impulsive set at point , and jumps to point , where . As sufficiently closed to , is sufficiently close to , then . Thus, the successor function of satisfies.

From Lemma 6, system (6) exhibits a 1-periodic solution.

To sum up the above discussed, we get the following.

Theorem 13. If the initial point of the orbit of the system (6) is on with , then the system exhibits a 1-periodic solution.

Next, we will discuss the stability of the above periodic solutions.

Theorem 14. Let be the -periodic solution of the system (6) with the initial point ; the closed orbit corresponding to the periodic solution is the curve , if

where

then the periodic solution is orbitally asymptotically stable.

Proof. Let the orbit with the initial point hit the impulsive set at , and then jumps to the point . The continued to jump to point , and at last, the image point reaches point with times pulses. Here, . For the th time impulse, obviously . For the system (6), let , , , , , and , ; therefore we have

According to Lemma 7, we get

From Lemma 7, if , then the periodic solution of the system (6) is orbitally asymptotically stable. This completes the proof.

Remark 15. If and , then the periodic solution with initial point (where ) is orbitally asymptotically stable.

4.2. The Initial Point on

Based on existence and uniqueness theorem of differential equations, there exists a unique point on such that the orbit starting from is tangent to at point . Assume that is the initial point of the orbit of system (6). Next, we will investigate the existence of periodic solution of the system with different positions of and . Three cases should be discussed.

Case I ( ; see Figure 4). The initial point is exactly .

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 4: The initial point on (Case  I: ).

The orbit starting from is tangent to at the point , and through hit at the point , and then jumps to on . According to (6), the following is obtained:

About the points and , there are the following three positional relations.

(a)If coincides with (see Figure 4(a)), then the curve is closed orbit.(b)If is below (see Figure 4(b)), then the successor function of satisfies . In the meantime, take a point on satisfying ( small enough). The orbit starting from hits the impulsive at the point , and then jumps to the point , where . Obviously, the successor function of is . From Lemma 6, the system (6) has an order one periodic solution, where the initial point of the periodic solution is between and .(c)If is above (see Figure 4(c)), the system (6) does not have closed orbit in the area in this time.

Based on the discussion above, we get the following.

Theorem 16. Assume that the orbit starting from is tangent to at the point and hits the impulsive set at the point , the image point of is on . If , the system (6) has 1-periodic solution in the area .

Case II . The initial point is below .

The isocline intersects with the phase set at the point , and is below . In this case, we discuss the existence of periodic solution of the system (6) with the example (see Figure 5).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure 5: The initial point on (Case  II: ).

The orbit starting from moves to the point on the impulsive set , and jumps onto on the image set , and then

 (a) If coincide with (see Figure 5(a)), the curve is the closed orbit of the system (6). (b) If is between and (see Figure 5(b)), in this case the successor function of is . On the other hand, consider the orbit starting from hits the impulsive set at , and jumps onto on . Based on the existence and uniqueness theorem of differential equations, must be below , and must be below . Thus , and the successor function of is . From Lemma 6, the system (6) has 1-periodic solution, and the initial point of the periodic solution is between and . If is above , in this case the successor function of is . There are two different cases (case (c) and case (d)). (c) If and is below (see Figure 5(c)), , the system (6) has closed orbit. (d) If and is above (see Figure 5(d)), the system (6) does not have closed orbit in the area . (e) If is below (see Figure 5(e)), in this case the successor function of is . On the other hand, take a point from satisfying that is sufficiently small number, which is ( small enough). The orbit starting from moves to on the impulsive set , and jumps onto on , where , . Obviously, the successor function of is . From Lemma 6, the system (6) has closed orbit.

Based on the discussion above, we get the following.

Theorem 17. Assume that the orbit starting from hits the impulsive set at , and jumps onto on . The orbit starting from the point is tangent to at , and hitting the impulsive set at , the image point of is . Then one has the following.

(1)If , the system (6) has 1-periodic solution.(2)If and , the system (6) has 1-periodic solution.

Case III ( ; see Figure 6). The initial point is above .

Figure 6: The initial point on (Case  III: ).

In this case, the orbit starting from goes through the isocline from the left of the line , hitting the impulsive set at . The same conclusion can be made as in Section 4.1.

Next, we discuss the stability of the periodic solution with the initial point on .

Theorem 18. Assume that is the -periodic solution of the system (6) with initial point ; and if

where

the periodic solution is orbitally asymptotically stable.

Proof. Assume that the periodic orbit starting from the point moves to the point on impulsive set , and jumps onto the point on . Therefore, , , , .

Compared with the system (6), we get

Thus,

From Lemma 7, if , then the periodic solution of system (6) is orbitally asymptotically stable. This completes the proof.

Remark 19. If and , the periodic solution of system (6) with initial point is orbitally asymptotically stable.

5. Example and Numerical Simulation

In this part, we use numerical simulation to confirm the conclusion obtained above. Let , , , , , , , . By calculation, we obtain , , and . Then, we have an example as follows:

Case 1. Let , and the initial point is . From Figure 7 corresponding to Figure 3, the system exhibits a 1-periodic solution.

(a) Phase diagram of system  (30)

(b) Time series of system  (30)

(c) Time series of system  (30)

Figure 7: The periodic solution corresponding to Figure 3.

Case 2. Let , then is the initial point. From Figure 8, which corresponds to Figure 4(b), the system exhibits a 1-periodic solution in the area .

(a) Phase diagram of system  (30)

(b) Time series of system  (30)

(c) Time series of system  (30)

Figure 8: There exists a 1-periodic solution in the area corresponding to Figure 4(b).

Case 3. Let , we get the initial point . It is easy to find that the system has no 1-periodic solution in the area from Figure 9 which corresponds to Figure 4(c).

(a) Phase diagram of system  (30)

(b) Time series of system  (30)

(c) Time series of system  (30)

Figure 9: 1-periodic solution in the area corresponding to Figure 4(c) does not exist.

Case 4. Let , the initial point is obtained. From Figure 10 corresponding to Figure 5(b), in the area , the system exhibits a 1-periodic solution.

(a) Phase diagram of system  (30)

(b) Time series of system  (30)

(c) Time series of system  (30)

Figure 10: There exists a 1-periodic solution in the area corresponding to Figure 5(b).

Case 5. Let , we can easily get the initial point . From Figure 11 corresponding to Figure 5(d), clearly, there is no 1-periodic solution in the area .

(a) Phase diagram of system  (30)

(b) Time series of system  (30)

(c) Time series of system  (30)

Figure 11: 1-periodic solution in the area corresponding to Figure 5(d) does not exist.

Case 6. Let , and the initial point is . Obviously, we can find a 1-periodic solution from Figure 12 which corresponds to Figure 6.

(a) Phase diagram of system  (30)

(b) Time series of system  (30)

(c) Time series of system  (30)

Figure 12: The periodic solution corresponding to Figure 6.

All the simulations above show agreement with the results in Section 4.

6. Conclusion

This paper establishes a class of integrated pest management model based on state impulse control. In the initial stage of the occurrence of crop pests, that is, the pest density satisfies , we use environment protection measures to control pests, such as releasing natural enemies. Once the pest density reaches a higher level , we will adapt a combination of spraying insecticide and releasing natural enemies to control pests. With a short time to finish spraying insecticide and releasing natural enemies which bring out a sharp change in the number of pests and natural enemies, the state impulsive differential system (6) is obtained. Firstly, let the control parameters , , , be zero, we get Holling-Tanner ecosystem without impulsive effects. By constructing Dulac function, we discussed the stability of the positive equilibrium point , and the globally asymptotically stable conditions are given for focal points and nodal point, respectively. If the control parameters , , , are larger than zero, the system (6) is semicontinuous pulse dynamic system. The existence, uniqueness, and stability of the periodic solutions are the research difficulties, and we need to consider all the pulse conditions (the value of , ) and pulse function and its corresponding qualitative properties of the continuous dynamic system. By introducing the successor function, using impulsive differential geometry theory, we have discussed the existence of periodic solutions of the system (6) with a focus. According to the theory of impulsive differential multiplier Analogue of Poincare Criterion, the conditions of periodic solution with orbit asymptotically stable are given. Since (6) is a two-dimensional dynamical system, geometric method is intuitive and effective. How to study high-dimensional ecological dynamic systems by the geometric theory needs to be resolved in the future.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

Wencai Zhao, Tongqian Zhang, and Xinzhu Meng are financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 11371230), the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (no. ZR2012AM012), and a Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program of China (no. J13LI05). Xinzhu Meng is financially supported by the SDUST Research Fund (no. 2011KYTD105).

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