Numerical Analysis of Occupant Head Injuries in Impacts with Dump Truck Panel

The human head will inevitably impact on the panel causing injury due to the inertia during dump truck collisions or emergency braking. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the effects of panel design parameters on occupant head injuries via simulations using finite element (FE) models of a human head and a dump truck cockpit. Special focus was applied to understand how panel type (soft and hard), elastic modulus of the filling and frame, and the fixing distance for the soft panel could affect head injuries in head-to-panel impacts under different impact conditions (impact speed and location). Simulation results show that a soft panel is beneficial for head protection in impacts with the truck instrument panel, and a soft panel using a lower filling elastic modulus, lower frame elastic modulus, and longer fixing distance is helpful for head injury prevention. The findings also indicate that the head peak acceleration and maximum skull stress are more sensitive to the fixing distance and elastic modulus of frame than elastic modulus of the filling of the panel. Moreover, these trends are not affected by changing the impact speed and impact location. The findings of this study suggest that a safer panel design for head injury prevention should firstly have a long fixing distance and then followed by using softer filling and frame materials.


Introduction
The dump truck is widely used for transportation of largescale metal mines, coal mines, water resources, and so on with high efficiency and loading capability. However, the safety of dump truck is particularly an important issue due to the complex workplace. Impacts between the head and instrument panel in a condition of truck collision or emergency braking generally lead to greater threat to the lives of the occupant of a dump truck. Therefore, the safety of the panel has become important for vehicle design.
At present, the study of the panel is mainly based on the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Regulation number 21 (ECE R21 [1]). In this regulation, the head is simplified to a solid model with a rigid material body and a vinyl nonlinear material skin, and then they are bonded together as the impactor. In the tests, the diameter of the head form is 165 mm, the mass for the impactor is 6.8 kg, and the impact speed is 24.1 km/h. The ECE R21 requires that the measured acceleration response of the head form under the prescribed test condition should not exceed 80 g continuously for more than 3 ms. Physical impact test using head form is an important method for study of panel safety design. Liu et al. obtained spherical head model acceleration changes based on impact tests of head form and gravity impactor with a panel [2]. However, physical impact test is not the optimal approach for study of panel design since it is difficult to control the factors around the period of the tests and the parameters about the impact test are inconvenient to change. Moreover, the circle of the physical impact test is long and the cost is high. Therefore, numerical simulations using the head form and car models were widely used for panel safety design. Haniffah et al. ascertained the appropriate material of the panel according to the rules of the head form stress changing predicted from simulations [3]. Zhao and Zhao [4] and Bao and Qi-ming [5] optimized the panel by changing panel attribute parameters to reduce head acceleration based on simulations. However, previous studies on panel safety design were mainly based on head form as mentioned above, which cannot predict the biomechanical response of human head in the collisions.
The purpose of this study is therefore to analyze the effects of different panel design parameters on occupant head injury using a more accurate human head model via finite element (FE) simulations. In particular, the design parameters of the panel type, filling elastic modulus, frame elastic modulus, and length of panel were considered. This work will provide important data for the design of truck panel with the purpose of reducing occupant head injuries in the complex workplace [16][17][18].     [13], see Figure 1. The validation study mainly focused on evaluating the biomechanical response of the head model under loading conditions of drop and blunt impact at different speeds comparing with cadaver test data from Yoganandan et al. [14,15], and the validation results show good agreement with the experiments [13]. Thus, the head FE model is reliable for analysis in the current study. The brain is a soft biological organ with high water content (close to 80%). It shows incompressibility, nonlinearity, anisotropy, and viscoelasticity. Thus, the * MAT_VISCOE-LASTIC (6# material in LS-DNYA) was selected. Plenty of brain tissue experiments show that the deformation of the brain tissue depends on its shear modulus, so its formula is as follows: where G 0 is short-term shear modulus, G ∞ is long-term shear modulus, and β is decay coefficient. The material parameters used for the head model components are given in Tables 1 and 2 Table 3 shows the materials for the truck framework and the panel, where the DC01 low carbon steel was selected to model the frame of dump truck and the material models for the soft and hard panel were defined, respectively. The data in Table 3 were extracted from a previous study of head-to-panel impacts [4].   According to this principle, the impact locations in the panel were chosen as shown in Figure 3. The selection of the impact location is also to consider the potential contact locations of the occupant during operation. The working speed of the dump truck usually does not exceed 40 km/h due to the terrible working environment. Therefore, the speeds of 10 km/h, 24.1 km/h, 32 km/h, and 40 km/h were used in this study with a combining consideration of the impact speed required by ECE R21 (24.1 km/h). Table 4 shows the information for different parametric studies. Firstly, a parametric study was carried out on the influence of the panel type (soft versus hard) on head injuries by comparing the results from the impact simulation of a soft instrument board with that from a hard panel. Then the effects of filling elastic modulus (filling E: 200 versus 20 MPa), frame elastic modulus (frame E: 0.34 versus 3.4 GPa), and fixing distance (L: 450 versus 550 versus 650 mm, see Figure 3) in the soft panel on head injuries were analyzed, respectively.

Parametric Study.
For the parametric study of softer panel design parameters, either different impact speeds (10 km/h, 24.1 km/h, 32 km/h, and 40 km/h) or different impact locations (A, B, and C) were used to consider the working environment of the dump truck. For the impact speed changing case impact, location B was selected to cover the main impact area (front of the occupant). While for the impact location changing case, impact speed of 24.1 km/h was used to take the requirement of ECE R21 (the only regulation for panel safety design) into consideration. The combinations of impact speed and location were not considered to reduce the computational time, and the increase of impact speed generally leads to a worse situation.

Effects of Panel
Type on Head Injury. The simulation results for different panel type are shown in Figure 4, including the time-acceleration curve and skull stress nephogram. The results show that the maximum acceleration of the head is 97 g (near 9.5 ms) for the hard panel, and the time range for head acceleration above 80 g in the hear panel case is from 7.6 ms to 13 ms (the peak width = 5.4 ms), see Figure 4(a). Both the peak value and duration time exceed the requirements in the ECE R21, where a maximum head acceleration of 80 g and a duration time of 3 ms are limited. However, for the soft panel, the maximum acceleration of the head is 72 g (at 7.4 ms), which meets the requirement of ECE R21. Similarly, the maximum stress of the skull for the impact with the hard panel (100 MPa) is significantly higher than that for the soft panel (75 MPa), and the peak stress area for the hard panel case is also obviously wider than that for the impact with the soft panel.

Effects of Soft Panel Design Parameters on Head Injury at
Different Impact Speeds. Figure 5 shows the head acceleration curves for simulations of head-to-soft panel impact using different design parameters at different speeds. As shown in this figure, the peak acceleration values of head for the cases of filling elastic modules of 20 MPa are significantly lower than those for the cases of using a filling elastic modules of 200 MPa (#1 versus #4: 50 g versus 52 g, 64 g versus 71 g, 70 g versus 74 g, and 75 g versus 78 g for 10 km/h, 24.1 km/ h, 32 km/h, and 40 km/h, resp.), when keeping other design parameters at the same level. The maximum head acceleration for the impacts with a panel using a frame elastic modules of 0.34 GPa (#2: 63 g, 48 g, 67 g, and 69 g) are also obviously lower than those for a stiffer frame with elastic modules of 3.4 GPa (#2 versus #3: 48 g versus 53 g, 63 g versus   Figure 6 shows an example for the distribution of skull stress at the time point where the maximum stress occurred. These results show that the maximum stress value of the skull for the case using a filling elastic modulus of 20 MPa is slightly lower than that for the case with a filling elastic modulus of 200 MPa when controlling other parameters. The peak skull stress area for the 20 MPa filling elastic modulus case is also smaller than the 200 MPa case. However, significant differences in maximum skull stress and its area were observed between the cases using a frame elastic modulus of 0.34 GPa and 3.4 GPa, where the maximum skull stress for the former is 15 MPa (Figure 6(b)) and 65 MPa (Figure 6(c)) for the latter. The maximum skull stress for the fixing distance of 450 mm, 550 mm, and 650 mm are 20 MPa (Figure 6(d)), 15 MPa (Figure 6(b)), and 3 MPa    Figure 6(e)), respectively. The case of 650 mm has the smallest peak stress area in the skull comparing to another two cases. The stress distributions for the speeds of 10 km/h, 32 km/h, and 40 km/h are not shown here, but the similar (to the 24.1 km/h case) trend of the maximum stress as a function of changing the magnitude of a given design parameter was observed for other impact speeds (Figure 7). The data in Figure 7 also show that the maximum skull stress increases with increasing impact speed.     maximum skull stress are lower in the cases with a relatively softer panel and longer fixing distances. This trend is constant for all impact locations, which is similar to that observed from changing impact speed. The simulation results also show that the peak head acceleration values and maximum skull fractures in locations A and C (Figures 8 and 9) are larger than those for the location B (Figures 5(b) and 9).

Discussion and Conclusions
The effects of different panel type and design parameters of the soft panel on head injury index of peak acceleration and maximum skull stress in head-to-truck panel impacts were predicted using FE simulations. Comparisons of head acceleration and skull stress between hard and soft panel impacts indicate that the soft panel is beneficial for head protection when impacting with a truck instrument panel. This effect is mainly from the generally lower stiffness of the soft panel.
For the detailed analysis of how different design parameters of the soft panel affect head injuries in the head-to-panel impact, the results indicate that a lower filling elastic modulus, lower frame elastic modulus, and longer fixing distance are helpful for head injury prevention in head-to-panel impacts. Moreover, the above trends are not affected by changing the impact location and speed to some extent.