Advances in Civil Engineering
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 1501860, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1501860

Research Article

Rational Boreholes Arrangement of Gas Extraction from Unloaded Coal Seam

Chaojun Fan,1,2,3,4 Sheng Li,1,2 Haohao Zhang,¹ and Zhenhua Yang¹

¹College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning Province, China
²State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
³State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan Province, China
⁴Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Chaojun Fan; chaojunfan@139.com and Sheng Li; lisheng76@139.com

Received 30 June 2018; Accepted 10 September 2018; Published 8 November 2018

Guest Editor: Yan Peng

Copyright © 2018 Chaojun Fan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In order to enhance gas extraction from unloaded coal seam by drilling borehole in the floor roadway, the mechanism of stress relief improving permeability by protective coal seam mining was analyzed. Based on the multiphysics field theory, the hydraulic-mechanical coupling model of gas extraction in the unloading coal seam was established, and the gas extraction process by drilling borehole in the floor roadway in the overburden of Panyi Coal Mine 1551 (1) panel was simulated. The influence of different drilling arrangements on the gas extraction effect was analyzed. The results show that the permeability of protected coal seams is characterized by zoning and can be divided into the permeability-enhanced zone, the permeability-reduced zone, and the original permeability zone according to the stress state of coal seam. Under the condition of uniform borehole distribution, the gas pressure decreased slowly in the permeability-reduced zone and is still greater than 0.74 MPa after 180 days of extraction, and there is a large extraction blind area in the protected panel. Under the condition of nonuniform borehole distribution arrangement according to the characteristics of permeability zoning, the effective extraction area can almost cover the protected panel, and the blind extraction area is reduced by 91.22% when compared to uniform borehole distribution. These can provide a reference for unloading gas extraction under similar conditions.

1. Introduction

For coal seams with low gas permeability and high gas, gas extraction measures must be taken before mining to reduce the coal seam gas content. However, in many cases, although a large number of projects have been taken, the gas extraction effect is not ideal. Protective layer mining can effectively reduce the stress and increase the permeability, and the permeability coefficient is hundreds to thousands of times [1, 2]. Drilling borehole in the floor roadway is one of the most commonly used methods in the protected coal seam gas extraction. And reasonable arrangement of boreholes is key to the efficient gas extraction of coal seam [3, 4].

Since 1960s, scholars at home and abroad have carried out various research studies on the technology of protective layer mining and pressure relief gas extraction. Li et al. [5] simulated stress distribution and deformation law of the protected layer in lower protective layer mining and determined protection scopes of the trend and tendency of the protective layer. Zhang et al. [6] made a similar material physical model and analyzed the movement law of overlying strata and effect of the expansion and deformation of the protected layer. Wang et al. [7] studied the evolution law of fracture of coal and rock strata in the upper protective layer and considered that gas extraction should consider the factors of spatial and temporal effects of the evolution of the mining fracture. Wang et al [8] and Liu [9] tested the permeability change of the protected coal seam after protective layer mining and established the coupling dynamic model of the coal rock mass deformation and gas flow. Zhang et al. [10–13] combined with field practice, respectively, used drilling borehole in the floor roadway, high-level drilling, and ground drilling and combined the method to extract the released gas from the protected layer and achieved good gas control effect. Wang et al. [14] and Hu et al. [15] studied the gas emission and the pressure relief law of the protected layer in the mining face of the close and steep inclined and steep slope protection layer. On this basis, the parameters of pressure relief gas extraction were optimized. Ma et al. [16, 17] investigated the influence of stress rate and grain size on gas seepage characteristics in crushed coal particles.

Based on the multiphysics field theory, the hydraulic-mechanical coupling model of gas extraction in the unloading coal seam was established, and the gas extraction process by drilling borehole in the floor roadway in the overburden of Panyi Coal Mine 1551 (1) panel was simulated. The influence of different drilling arrangements on the gas extraction effect was analyzed.

2. Hydraulic-Mechanical Coupling Model for Unloaded Gas Extraction

2.1. Basic Hypothesis

After mining the protective layer, the overlying strata will form the caving zone, fracture zone, and subsidence zone (vertical three zones) in the vertical direction, which will cause the pressure relief of the protected coal seam, as shown in Figure 1 [18]. The subsidence and deformation of the protected coal seam make the fracture expand and perforate, and the permeability along the bedding direction is increased, and the gas flowability is obviously enhanced. Meanwhile, the changed gas pressure gradient will break the original gas adsorption/desorption equilibrium state and transfer partially adsorbed gas into free gas. Under the action of the gas pressure gradient and extraction negative pressure of borehole, gas flows from high-pressure area to low-pressure area. As gas is pumped out, the pressure and content of coal seam gas are gradually reduced. And the outburst danger is eliminated.

Figure 1: Gas extraction in the unloaded coal seam after protective layer mining.

According to the law of gas occurrence and migration in the pressure-unloading coal seam, the following hypothesis is given [18–23]: (a) the coal seam is a porous elastic continuous medium. (b) Gas is transported to the pores and fractures of coal seams by adsorption and free state. (c) The gas migration process of pressure-unloading coal seam is as follows: firstly, gas is desorbed from the pore surface of the coal seam. Secondly, gas diffuses into fissures. Thirdly, the gas flows from the crack to the borehole (Figure 2). (d) Gas is ideal, neglecting the action of gravity. (e) The tensile stress is positive, and the compressive stress is negative.

Figure 2: Gas migration during borehole extraction.

2.2. Governing Equation of the Hydraulic Field

The gas in the coal seam is composed of adsorption and free state. And the gas content per unit volume of coal is defined as follows [19]:

where is the coal seam porosity, is the gas density (kg/m³), is the coal seam density (kg/m³), and is the gas density under standard condition (kg/m³).

According to the equation of state of ideal gas, the gas density is defined as follows:

where is the molar mass of gas (kg/mol), is the gas mole constant (J/(mol·K)), is the gas pressure (MPa), and is the temperature of the coal seam (K).

The volume of adsorbed gas can be expressed by the Langmuir equation [19]:

where is the volume constant of Langmuir (m³/kg), is the pressure constant of Langmuir (Pa), and is the gas pressure (MPa).

According to the conservation of mass, the sum of the change amount of the adsorbed gas and the free gas in the coal seam is equal to the amount of gas flowing into the borehole. Considering the effect of gas and gas slipping, combined with Darcy’s law, it can be obtained as follows:

where is the time (s), is the temperature under standard condition (K), is the permeability (m²), is the dynamic viscosity of gas (Pa·s), and is the Klingberg coefficient (Pa).

Substituting Equations (1)–(3) into Equation (4), the governing equation of the gas seepage field in coal seam is obtained as follows [20]:

2.3. Governing Equation of the Mechanical Field

Coal is an elastic porous continuous medium. And its total strain is the sum of the solid stress, gas pressure, and the strain caused by gas adsorption/desorption. Therefore, we can obtain the following equation [21]:

where is the Kronecker symbol; is the coal shear modulus (Pa), ; is the bulk modulus of coal (Pa), ; is Young’s modulus of coal (Pa); is Poisson’s ratio of coal; is the Biot coefficient; and is the gas adsorption strain.

Through experimental research, Levine [24] has found that the coal strain caused by gas adsorption accords with the equation of Langmuir form, which can be expressed as follows:

where is the maximum adsorption strain and is the adsorption pressure constant, which refers to the gas pressure when strain is 50% of the maximum adsorption strain (Pa).

The geometric and static equilibrium relations of coal are as follows:

where is the volume force (MPa) and is the displacement in the i direction (m). . Combining Equations (6) and (8), the modified Navier equation considering pore pressure and adsorption can be obtained:

The Mohr–Coulomb criterion is used as the criterion for judging the strength failure of coal rock:

where is the maximum principle stress (MPa), is the minimum principle stress (MPa), is the fractural angle (°), and is the uniaxial compressive strength (Pa).

2.4. Porosity and Permeability of the Unloading Coal Seam

The permeability of coal seam is closely related to the stress state, mechanical property, and adsorption property of coal. And it can be expressed as follows [25, 26]:

where is the initial permeability of coal seam (m²), is the compression coefficient of coal seam (Pa⁻¹), and is the adsorption strain coefficient. The subscript “0” is the initial value.

The relation between permeability and porosity is described by the cubic law, which can be expressed as follows [27–29]:

where is the initial porosity of coal seam (m²).

Substituting Equation (10) into Equation (11), the dynamic evolution equation of coal seam porosity is obtained as follows:

The fluid-solid coupling model of coal seam gas extraction is obtained by the combination of Equations (5), (9), (11), and (13). We can use Comsol Multiphysics to carry out numerical simulation, to study the law of gas extraction in the unloading coal seam of protective layer mining, and to determine the reasonable drilling arrangement scheme.

3. Numerical Simulation of Rational Holes Arrangement in Gas Extraction

3.1. Geometric Model and Fixed Solution Condition

The Panyi Coal Mine in the Huainan mining area is an outburst mine, and coal and gas outburst accidents have occurred many times, which seriously restricts the safe and efficient production of the mine [9]. C13 coal seam is the main mining seam in coal mine; the average thickness of the coal seam is 5 m, the gas pressure is 4.2 MPa, and the permeability is 2.25 × 10⁻¹⁷ m², which belongs to the high-gas, low-permeability, and dangerous coal seam. B11 coal seam is located at the bottom of C13 coal seam; the thickness of the coal seam is 2 m, the average distance between the two layers of coal is 64 m, and the risk of B11 coal seam outburst is relatively small. Therefore, B11 coal seam is used as the lower protection layer to shield the mining of C13 coal seam.

The tilt width of 1551 (1) working face in B11 coal seam is 220 m, the strike length is 1460 m, and the average seam inclination angle is 5°. The tilt width of 1551 (3) working face in C13 coal seam is 200 m and the strike length is 1400 m. Limited by the memory performance of the computer, we only simulate the gas extraction in unloading coal seam when the 1551 (1) working face is mined to 800 m, and the geometric model size is 1000 m × 400 m × 95 m (Figure 3). For the physical model, the bottom boundary is fixed and a slip boundary was applied for other sides. The load from the weight of overlying strata with an average pressure of 10 MPa is applied to the top boundary. All the external boundaries for gas are adiabatic and impermeable boundary. Under the initial condition, the coal seam is in the free stress state, and the mechanical parameters of overlying strata are shown in Table 1 [11]. The diameter of gas extraction borehole is 113 mm, and the suction negative pressure is 25 kPa. And other related parameters are shown in Table 2.

Figure 3: Geometric model for numerical simulation.

Table 1: Mechanical properties of overlying strata.

No.
Lithology
Elastic modulus (GPa)
Compressive strength (MPa)
Poisson’s ratio
Friction angle (°)
Density (kg·m⁻³)
Thickness (m)

1
Sandy mudstone
38
63
0.4
29
2400
10

2
Coal seam C13
10
15
0.4
30
1400
5

3
Sandy mudstone
26
33
0.3
32
2400
8.5

4
Medium-grained sandstone
28
76
012
30
2600
11

5
Speckled mudstone
57
50
0.12
26
2600
7

6
Fine sandstone
47
50
0.4
21
2500
13

7
Sandy mudstone
38
37
0.38
26
2400
16

8
Fine sandstone
20
48
0.4
24
2500
2.5

9
Sandy mudstone
38
37
0.26
37
2400
6

10
Coal seam B11
10
20
0.4
30
1400
2

11
Sandy mudstone
38
70
0.26
26
2400
14

Table 2: Parameters of gas extraction in the coal seam.

Parameter
Value
Remark

Porosity Φ₀
0.055
Experiments

Gas dynamic viscosity μg (Pa·s)
1.03 × 10⁻⁵
Reference [19]

Langmuir pressure constant PL (MPa)
2.45
Experiments

Langmuir volume constant VL (m³·kg⁻¹)
0.032
Experiments

Compression coefficient of the coal seam Cp (Pa⁻¹)
2.39 × 10⁷
Experiments

Maximum adsorption strain εmax
0.01266
Reference [20]

Poisson’s ratio ν
0.28
Experiments

Klingberg coefficient b₁ (MPa)
0.76
Reference [21]

Coal seam temperature T (K)
315.15
Reference [21]

Strain constant εL
0.0083
Reference [24]

Adsorption strain coefficient γ
52.8
Reference [24]

Adsorption pressure constant P₅₀ (MPa)
5.17
Reference [24]

3.2. Simulation Result Analysis

Vertical stress distribution of the protected-layer C13 coal seam is shown in Figure 4 after the protective-layer B11 coal seam is mined to 800 m. The stress concentration is formed on both sides of the gob in B11 coal seam, and stress transfer results in stress concentration in the corresponding area of C13 coal seam. The maximum vertical stress is 15 MPa, and the stress concentration coefficient is 1.5. The C13 coal seam area corresponding to the B11 coal seam gob produces pressure relief, the minimum vertical stress is 7 MPa, and the pressure-unloading ratio is 0.32.

Figure 4: Vertical stress distribution of the protected coal seam.

According to Equation (10), permeability of the coal seam relief zone rises and permeability of the coal seam stress concentration zone is reduced. As shown in Figure 5, the permeability of the protected coal seam is divided into the enhanced zone, the reduced zone, and the original zone. The maximum permeability is 2.85 × 10⁻¹⁴ m², which is 1266 times as high as 2.25 × 10⁻¹⁷ m² of the initial permeability in coal seam, while the minimum permeability is 3.65 × 10⁻¹⁸ m², which is 0.162 times the initial permeability in coal seam.

Figure 5: Permeability distribution of the protected coal seam.

In order to determine the reasonable spacing of boreholes, two types of gas extraction drilling layouts are studied, as shown in Figure 6.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: Drilling arrangement schemes for gas extraction. (a) Original arrangement. (b) Optimized arrangement.

Original arrangement: the boreholes are evenly distributed in the coal seam. Borehole spacing is 20 × 20 m.

Optimized arrangement: the boreholes are nonuniformly distributed in the coal seam. Borehole spacing of the core enhancement zone is 40 × 40 m, that of the general penetration zone is 20 × 20 m, and that of the permeability reduction zone is 5 × 20 m.

From Figure 6, we can see that the layout of boreholes near the open-off cut and working face is relatively dense. If we increase the strike length of the working face, there will be a small difference in the number of boreholes in the two layout types.

By using the fluid-solid coupling model of coal seam gas extraction, the law of gas extraction under the above two types is simulated so as to determine the reasonable way of borehole distribution. Figure 7 is the distribution map of gas pressure in the unloaded coal seam with gas extraction up to 180 days. Obviously, the initial gas pressure of the coal seam is 4.2 MPa; when it is reduced to 0.74 MPa, the coal seam gas extraction rate is more than 30%. Therefore, the reduction of gas pressure to 0.74 MPa can be considered to be the standard.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7: Gas pressure in the coal seam after 180 days of extraction. (a) Original arrangement. (b) Optimized arrangement.

As shown in Figure 7(a), under the uniform distribution mode (original arrangement), the gas pressure is reduced rapidly in the core enhancement zone, and it can be lower than 0.74 MPa after the extraction of 30 days. In the permeability reduction zone, the gas pressure is reduced slowly, the extraction of 180 days is still greater than 0.74 MPa, and the extraction blind area is 4.1 × 104 m². However, as shown in Figure 7(b), under the optimized nonuniform hole layout mode (optimized arrangement), the coal seam gas pressure decreases rapidly. After 180 days of extraction, the effective extraction area basically covers the working face of the protected seam, and the blind area is only 0.36 × 10⁴ m², which is 0.0878 times that of the original arrangement.

Figure 8 displays the gas pressure of the cutoff line CD in the middle coal seam after 180 days of extraction. Generally, in the middle area of coal seam 150–250 m, gas pressure of original arrangement is almost equal to that of optimized arrangement. In the areas of 100–150 m and 250–300 m, the gas pressure of original arrangement is larger than that of optimized arrangement. It can be found that an extraction blind area at both sides of the researched coal seam will occur if we use the original arrangement. The range of blind area at each side is about 25 m.

Figure 8: Gas pressure of the cutoff line CD after 180 days of extraction.

Gas extraction capacity of two types of borehole layouts is compared and analyzed, as shown in Figure 9. In the early stage of extraction, gas extraction capacity is increased rapidly by the promotion of high gas pressure gradient. In 30 days of extraction, gas extraction capacity of the two kinds of cloth hole schemes reached 4.77 × 10⁶ m³ and 5.84 × 10⁶ m³, respectively. With the increase of extraction time, gas pressure of the coal seam decreases, the gas pressure gradient decreases, the extraction rate decreases, and extraction capacity increases slowly. When the extraction time is 180 days, gas extraction capacity is 7.47 × 10⁶ m³ and 8.95 × 10⁶ m³, respectively. Gas extraction capacity of optimized arrangement is greater than that of original arrangement. According to the distribution of gas pressure, it is found that optimized arrangement makes full use of the zoning characteristics of the permeability of the protected coal seam and improves the efficiency of gas extraction.

Figure 9: Different drilling arrangement schemes for gas extraction.

4. Conclusions

(1)The fluid-solid coupling model of gas extraction in the unloading coal seam and the dynamic evolution equation of permeability and porosity of the coal seam are constructed. Numerical simulation of the gas extraction process in the unloading coal seam of the floor roadway is carried out.(2)The stress on both sides of the gob of the protective layer is higher than that of the protected coal seam zone, and the permeability of coal seam decreases. In the middle of the gob, the stress of the coal seam zone is reduced and the permeability is increased. The protected coal seam has the characteristics of permeability zoning, which can be divided into the permeability-enhanced zone, the permeability-reduced zone, and the original permeability zone.(3)In the 1551 (3) working face of C13 coal seam, when the uniform borehole distribution method is adopted, the gas pressure in the permeability reduction zone is lower than 0.74 MPa after 180 days of extraction, and the extraction blind area is 4.1 × 10⁴ m². The effective extraction area after 180 days of extraction is basically covered with the protected layer when the nonuniform distribution method is used for the permeability zoning.

Data Availability

The data used in the article are from the simulation results by Comsol Multiphysics. And we wrote the equations as Comsol codes independently to conduct these simulations. Therefore, you can contact Chaojun Fan (chaojunfan@139.com) if you want to learn more about our work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by the State Key Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFC0801407-2), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51674132 and 51874159), the Open Projects of State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, CUMT (Grant No. SKLCRSM15KF04), the Research Fund of State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Gas Drainage and Ground Control of Deep Mines (Grant No. G201602), the Research Fund of State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control (Henan Polytechnic University) (Grant No. WS2018B05), the Basic Research Project of Key Laboratory of Liaoning Provincial Education Department (Grant No. LJZS004), and the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (Grant No. 2015020614). The first author of this research was also supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC No. 201708210251).

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