An Experimental Study of Horizontal Bearing Capacity of Vertical Steel Floral Tube Micropiles with Double Grouting

Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China Broadvision Engineering Consultants of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650011, China National Engineering Laboratory for Surface Transportation Weather Impacts Prevention, Kunming 650011, China


Background
In practice, micropiles have characteristics of high mechanization, rapid and safe construction, and light equipment loads.As such, micropiles have a broad applicability and have been widely used in engineering for building reinforcement, retaining structures, and slope support.Micropile technology was first proposed in the 1950s [1] and introduced into Germany and the commonwealth countries in the 1960s.Micropile technology was introduced in the United States after the patent removal in the 1970s and rapidly spread internationally in the 1980s and 1990s [2][3][4][5].
Early research focused on the vertical loading mechanism of micropiles."Micropile Design and Construction Guide" preliminarily studied the vertical bearing mechanism of micropiles [6].In addition, ompson and White [7] carried out a pullout test and a compression test to investigate the vertical bearing characteristics of micropiles under the condition of pressure grouting.Mokwa and Duncan [8] studied the functional relationship between pile spacing, pile number, and the bearing performance.
e mechanical behavior of a single pile under cyclic axial loading was examined by Lee [9].Benslimane [10] studied the seismic response of a single micropile and a pile group, under the actions of axial and lateral loading.In 2002, Japan promulgated "Design and Construction Manual of Repairing Existing Pile Foundations for High Bearing Micropiles for Post-Earthquake," which provided a design method for two different types of earthquake [11].ese studies provided theoretical bases for the exploitative usage of micropiles.During the subsequent years, many scholars experimentally studied the mechanism of horizontal carrying capacity.For example, the relationship between lateral load and pile length for a single micropile was investigated by Awad [2].Jensen [4] proposed an inclined layout of micropiles in the direction of slope sliding, to mobilize the axial bearing capacity of micropiles to resist the slope sliding.Also, Richards and Rothbauer [12] experimentally determined that the lateral bearing capacity of micropiles was very sensitive to the type and the shear strength of soil at the location 2-5 m above the pile body, but there was no further explanation for the influence of specific soil type on the micropile.Long et al. [13] experimentally studied the horizontal bearing capacity of micropiles with variable cross sections and a length of 15.2 m, as well as the failure characteristics of a single micropile under a concentrated load.Yalcin and Meyerhof [14] used the model test to study the stress characteristics of an inclined pile under an inclined load.Moreover, the lateral bearing capacity of a topconnected micropile system was studied by Kim et al. [15].Yin et al. [16] proposed a new nonlinear method to evaluate lateral behaviour of a pile located in or nearby a slope, and the study clearly showed that the slope angle has a significant effect on the deflection and lateral capacity of piles.Kahribt and Abbas [17] found that, under combined vertical and cyclic lateral loads, the lateral displacement of piles decreased with an increase in the vertical load, whereas it causes large vertical displacements at all slenderness ratios.
ese model tests mainly focused on the influencing factors of the working properties of the micropile, including the pile spacing, the load characteristics, and the pile angle.However, there were some problems in the above research studies, such as the small size of the experimental models and the incomplete research on the combined application technology.With the development of computer technology, Dan and Shie [18]; Rollins et al. [19,20], Zhou et al. [21], Shi et al. [22], and Du et al. [23] used numerical simulations to study the effects of vertical and horizontal bearing, which broadened micropile research ideas and made use of multifactor analysis and repeatable calculation.However, the theoretical results of these studies could not be verified, and the model data were difficult to apply to actual projects.With the accumulation of engineering experience and the deepening of theoretical research, the applications of micropiles in engineering practice were diversified and often combined with other mature control technologies, such as the anchor cable, the soil nailing wall, the reinforced earth retaining wall, and grouting technology.Zhu and Wu [24] first applied oblique steel floral tube micropile grouting technology to highway slope protection engineering and monitored the engineered structure.However, there was no explanation of the antisliding mechanism and the force structure state.Additionally, Li et al. [25] combined experimental and numerical simulation methods to study the displacement of the supporting structure, the internal force deformation, and the stress characteristics of a soil nail with two different positions of curtain, and they integrated these two technologies to practical engineering applications.Zhang and Chen [26] put forward a comprehensive support structure combined with micropiles and reinforced soil retaining wall technology, which was also applied to engineering practice.
Based on previous research results, this study further explores the steel floral tube micropile and examines a novel technology, vertical steel floral tube micropiles with double grouting, which is the combination of micropile group antisliding technology and double grouting control technology.
e traditional steel floral tube reinforcement technology has several issues, including the slurry permeating through the bottom hole, the small diffusion area of slurry, and the imperfection of soil consolidation between piles.In novel technology, porous steel floral tube micropiles were selected, and double grouting was applied in the large diffusion area; this improved the bearing capacity of the single pile, the soil reinforcement between piles, the stress performance of the pipe group, and the overall flexural capacity.In this paper, a large-scale model test tank (6 m × 1.5 m × 9.48 m) was used.To obtain a deeper understanding of the combined micropile technology and double grouting technology, and to provide a reference for subsequent theoretical research as well as the engineering application, several performance characteristics were evaluated based on four groups of experiments.ese characteristics include the double grouting results, horizontal bearing capacity, slope soil pressure, and the flexural performance of micropiles under the conditions of no pile, single pile with traditional one grouting, single pile with double grouting, and three piles with double grouting.

Vertical Steel Floral Tube
Micropile Technology e steel floral tube micropile is a new technology for slope reinforcement.It can be divided into two types: vertical and oblique steel floral tube micropiles.e oblique micropile with a steel floral tube has been researched and applied in practical engineering [24].erefore, this paper focuses on the vertical steel floral tube micropile.
e vertical steel floral tube with double grouting is the combination of two antisliding technologies, namely, "micropile group" and "double grouting".is technology is different from traditional grouting technology when drilling a micropile, which forms a grouting with a larger diffusion area.us, the bearing capacity of the single steel floral tube, the soil reinforcement between piles, the antisliding, and the shearing resistance of the double grouting are improved.e structure of the single steel floral tube is shown in Figure 1.   3 and 4. e loading plate can produce displacement under the action of small horizontal thrust by the roller.

Introduction
During the test process, the deflection of the steel plate was smaller than 3 mm, which met the test requirements.Additionally, the displacements of the reaction wall and the sidewall were monitored, and the displacement changes were measured.During the test, horizontal thrust was produced by the jack between the loading plate and the reaction wall.e bottom of the jack and two pieces of the square steel plate with a length of 0.05 m were welded at right angles, and then the steel plates were fixed to the reaction wall.e displacement loading was selected in the test, and in each loading process, the loading plate moved with a displacement of 20 mm. e restriction of displacement ensures that the actual motion mode of the loading plate during the test process is horizontal movement without any inclination.e filling soil in the model tank was sand and clay, which was mixed at a ratio of 5 : 1, and 12% water content.Based on the direct shear test, the filling soil cohesion (c) was measured as 5 kPa, and the angle of internal friction (φ) was 34 °.  e horizontal sliding surface was simulated with saturated soft clay, with a thickness of 0.2 m and the composition of fully weathered shale.Measurements of the variables c � 15 kPa and φ � 34 °were obtained by the direct shear test.A steel tube with an external diameter of 89 mm and a wall thickness of 4.5 mm was used for the steel floral tube, and the drill hole diameter of the lower pile was 130 mm. e double grouting holes were distributed spirally in the steel tube wall, with an aperture of 7 mm and spacing of 15 cm.

Experimental Design.
e design of the model test is shown in Figure 5. Data were acquired from the soil pressure gauge, strain gauge, pressure gauge, dial indicator, and the inclinometer, which were arranged as shown in Figure 2.For the installation of the steel floral tube, the concrete pier was set at the bottom of the model tank, and the steel floral tube was directly inserted into the pier concrete following drilling.During the test, the grouting outside the tube was selected for the first grouting, and the water-cement ratio was 0.55.e grouting inside the tube was selected for the secondary grouting, with a water-cement ratio of 0.7.Glass cement was used to seal the secondary grouting hole.e double grouting completion was based on the grouting pressure exceeding the permissible pressure (8 MPa) of the grouting injector and the grouting pipe, or the slurry leakage.
e displacement loading was used during the loading process, and the loading plate was moved horizontally with a unit length of 20 mm.
Four experiments were conducted to simulate the horizontal bearing capacities of the independent steel floral tube group and the multiple-row steel floral tube group.Test A was used to investigate the deformation and the stress  e damage analyses of the steel floral tube with no pile, single pile, and three piles were conducted by means of the large-scale model test, and the effect of the double grouting on soil strength improvement and the stress performance of the pile were analysed.e displacement and stress transfer mechanisms of the vertical steel floral tube with double grouting were obtained under the action of the horizontal loading.

Double Grouting Performance.
e changes in double grouting pressure with time for Tests C and D are shown in Figures 6 and 7. e results show that the grouting pressures reach a peak and then decline rapidly for both experiments.During the double grouting process, the slurry passes under high pressure through the grouting hole and fractures the initial grouting body.e slurry expands and infiltrates the surrounding area, and the grouting pressure decreases.e peak pressure is the fracturing pressure of the double grouting.For Test C, the fracturing pressure of the double grouting was measured as 5.9 MPa. e double grouting fracturing pressures of No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 piles in Test D were 5.2 MPa, 4.9 MPa, and 2.9 MPa, respectively.Test D results demonstrate that the value of the double grouting fracturing pressure is directly related to the interval time between first grouting and second grouting.e longer the interval time, the greater the double grouting fracturing pressure.e fracture and surrounding area of the soil body were expanded by the slurry during double grouting, and the grouting pressure increases or decreases slightly during grouting, and this pressure was called fracturing pressure of the soil body.Soon afterward, the grouting pressure tends to be flat, and the test is over.
During these two experiments, grouting fracturing was achieved by the steel floral tube micropile, but the characteristics of the slurry diffusion were not consistent.e single pile was selected for Test C, the double grouting holes were fractured 50 s after the test start, and the grouting pressure rapidly decreased to 2 MPa. e grouting pressure fluctuated little, and the test was stopped until the slurry came from the bottom of the loading plate and the lower slope surface at the same time.e entire grouting lasted 13 min, and the grouting mass exceeded 1.2 t.As the test was finished, it was found that the grouting mainly distributed in the lower part of the sliding surface.Under the action of the grouting pressure, the slurry fractured the soil and formed a root-like concrete column in the lower part of the pile, with a local thickness of 10 cm.Test D was a combination of three steel tube piles.e fracturing grouting sequence was No. 3 pile, No. 2 pile, and No. 1 pile.As shown in Figure 7, the double grouting pressures of the three piles reached the maximum at 50 s after the start of grouting, followed by decreasing grouting pressures, indicating that the first grouting body was successfully fractured.
e grouting  durations of the three fracturing tests were less than 4 min, and the total grouting amounts were less than 0.7 t.During the three tests, the slurry fastly gushed from the slope top.As the tests finished, it was found that the grouting mainly distributed in the lower part under the sliding surface and the fractures surrounding double grouting hole.e preset grouting pressure basically meets the test demand, and the effect of grouting pressure corresponds well to the test theory.
e results of these two tests show that the perforated pile made of the vertical steel floral tube and double grouting technology can be used to form grouting with a large diffusion area.e high pressure fractures the initial grouting and the double grouting with the formation of large diffusion area around the steel floral tube, reinforcing the soil between piles.

Analysis of Horizontal Bearing Capacity.
e displacement loading was selected for a given test, and the loading process was used to ensure the load plate moved with a certain displacement.e horizontal thrust, P, was measured by the pressure gauges installed in the jacks, i.e., P � P 1 + P 2 + . . .+ P n (where n is the number of jacks and P i is the jack pressure).e variations of landslide thrust under loading displacement for four tests were obtained (P-S curve), as shown in Figure 8. e upper part of the slope, i.e., the soil above the horizontal sliding surface, presents plastic deformation as the horizontal thrust reaches a critical value, meaning that the horizontal displacement of the loading plate continued to increase while the horizontal thrust was unchanged.In Test A, the P-S curve is approximately a straight line with a load displacement less than 220 mm.As the load displacement exceeded 220 mm, the upper part of the slope presented as a plastic state, and the horizontal thrust was 691.88 kN.In Test B, the plastic state appeared with a loading displacement of 380 mm.In addition, the critical horizontal thrust was 776.16 kN, which is 84.28 kN greater than the horizontal thrust measured in Test A; this indicates that a single steel floral tube with one grouting provides a horizontal sliding resistance of 84.28 kN.In Test C, the plastic state appeared as the loading displacement reached 340 mm, and the critical horizontal thrust was 796.74 kN.According to the comparison between Test B and Test C, it is found that the required loading displacement decreases for the upper part of the slope reaching the plastic state, which means the enhancement of the single pile stiffness.Compared with Test B, the horizontal thrust provided by the pile in Test C increased by 20.58 kN, corresponding to an increase in the horizontal bearing capacity of 24.42% (20.58 kN/84.28kN � 24.42%).Test D reached the plastic state at a loading displacement of 500 mm, and the critical horizontal thrust was 1070.16 kN.Moreover, the horizontal antislip force of the three piles was approximately 378.28 kN (1070.16kN − 691.88 kN � 378.28 kN), which is three times that of the single pile with one grouting (3 × 104.86 kN � 314.58 kN).erefore, the horizontal bearing capacity increased by 20.25% ((378.28kN − 314.58 kN)/ 314.58 kN � 20.25%).e test results show that the double grouting technology can reinforce the soil between piles and improve the mechanical performance of the steel floral tube group as well as improve the horizontal bearing capacity of the steel floral tube pile.

Analysis of Soil
Pressure.Soil pressure was monitored by the soil pressure gauge embedded in the model tank.e layout of the soil pressure gauge and the experimental protocol are shown in Figure 2 and Table 1, respectively.Changes in soil pressure with depth are shown in Figures 9-12.e results show that the maximum soil pressure above the sliding surface (the sliding surface is located at the depth of 3 m) appeared at the depth of 2-2.5 m away from the sliding surface top, under the condition of displacement loading.In addition, the smaller the distance to the loading plate, the larger the soil pressure.Below the sliding surface, the soil pressure gradually decreased with increasing depth.e distribution of soil pressure as Test A reached the plastic critical state is depicted in Figure 9.

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During the test process, three soil pressure gauges were embedded.e maximum soil pressure of 221.0 kPa occurred at the row nearest the loading plate, which is located at the distance of about 2 m away from the top of the slope surface.
As shown in Figure 10, the first row of piles in Test B reached a maximum soil pressure of 595 kPa, which was 2.7 times greater than the soil pressure of the second row of piles (220 kPa). is represents an increase of 274 kPa or 124% when compared with Test A (221 kPa).Moreover, it can be suggested that the steel floral tube micropile plays a role in resisting the horizontal thrust.In addition, the soil pressure below the sliding surface is higher than that of Test A without piles, and the pile can transfer the upper landslide thrust to the rock-soil body of the lower part of the sliding bed.
As shown in Figure 11, the maximum soil pressure of the first row of piles in Test C reached 775 kPa, which was 1.96 times greater than the second row (395 kPa).Compared with Test A, the maximum soil pressure of Test B at the same position increased by 554 kPa or 251%; this also represents an increase of 180 kPa or 30% when compared with Test B. erefore, double grouting increases the capacity of the steel tube pile to resist horizontal thrust.In addition, the soil pressure below the sliding surface was significantly larger than that in Test B, and the double grouting enhanced the downward conduction of soil pressure.
Figure 12 shows the distribution of soil pressure with the plastic critical state for Test D.
e distribution of soil pressure in the front and back of each row of piles was similar to that of the single-pile test (Test C), but the overall soil pressure was improved.
For Test D, the maximum soil pressure in front of No. 1 pile reached 1100 kPa; this is 42% higher than the soil pressure in front of the pile in Test C. e three rows of piles in Test C collectively improved the mechanical state of soil and the soil pressure in front of No. 1 pile.With respect to future engineering application, these results indicate that the structure of the first row of piles can be changed to improve its performance.
e test results show that the vertical steel floral tube micropile can improve the soil strength of a slope within the grouting range.Under conditions of similar displacement, the grouting area, with high soil strength, can easily produce the stress concentration and share the large landslide thrust.Compared with conventional steel floral piles, the double grouting causes the action point of a landslide thrust to move farther down and improves the action of landslide thrust.

Analysis of Bending Moment.
e size of the steel floral tube micropile was 89 × 4.5 mm, and cement slurry with a grade of P.O 42.5 and strength of 42.5 MPa was selected as the grouting material.According to the Code for Design of Concrete Structures GB50010-2010, the flexural capacity of concrete with a circular section is as follows:

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where N is the design value of the axial force, the pressure is positive and the tension is negative, f t is the design value of the shear strength of slurry (1.71 MPa), f v is the elasticity modulus of slurry (2.5 × 10 4 MPa), E c is the elasticity modulus of the steel tube (2.06 × 10 5 MPa), d is the diameter of the pile (130 mm), d 1 is the external diameter of the steel tube (89 mm), d 2 is the inner diameter of the steel tube (79 mm), f cm is the design value of the compressive strength of slurry (19.1 MPa), f y is the design value of the tensile strength of the steel tube (310 MPa), r is the radius of the circular cross section (65 mm), r s is the circle radius of the gravity center of the steel tube section, α is the ratio of the center angle of compression surface (rad) and 2π, and α t is the ratio of the area of the drawn steel tube (rad) and the whole area of steel tube (α t � 1.25 − 2α).By solving Equation (2), α � 0.3657 and α t � 0.5186.us, the flexural strength was calculated to be 24.30kN•m and the shear bearing capacity 260.07 kN•m by substituting Equation (2) into Equations ( 3) and ( 4).
Using the data collected by the strain meter, the variation of the bending moment acting on the pile was obtained by solving the equation M � EI(ε1 − ε2)d, where M is the bending moment (kN•m), ε is the strain, d is the distance between measuring points (m), and EI is the flexural rigidity of the pile (kN).As shown in Figures 13-17, the bending moment of each pile increases with increasing loading displacement.Additionally, the upper part of the sliding surface close to the loading plate is pressed, and the lower part of the sliding surface near the loading plate is drawn.
e positions of the maximum bending point and the reverse bending point (the bending moment is 0) are almost unchanging.In addition, the bending moment on both sides of the reverse bending point presents as parabolic forms.Based on the experimental data, the maximum bending moment of the pile was not precisely located on the sliding surface.e maximum bending moment above the sliding surface is located at a depth of 2.0-2.5 m from the pile top, and the maximum negative bending moment below the sliding surface is located at a depth of 4 m from the pile top, which are the weakest parts of the pile.With respect to engineering practice, the design of the flexural rigidity should be enhanced.
As shown in Figure 13, the positive moment of the steel floral tube in Test B is 13.3 kN•m as the loading displacement reaches 140 mm, and the maximum bending moment is located at a position 4 m away from the pile top.As the loading displacement reached 160 mm, the strain gauge at the abovementioned position was damaged, suggesting that the pile was also damaged.According to the test results, the ultimate bending moment of the steel floral tube micropile reached 13.3 kN•m under the condition of the single pile with one grouting.
As shown in Figure 14, the positive moment of the steel floral tube in Test C was 22.9 kN•m as the loading displacement reached 180 mm, and the negative bending moment reached 19.9 kN•m, which are close to the ultimate bending moment of 24.3 kN•m.As the loading displacement reached 200 mm, the maximum bending moment exceeded the ultimate value.Also, the bending moment above the reverse bending point reached 24.1 kN•m, and the bending moment below the reverse bending point reached 26.1 kN•m, suggesting that the pile was damaged.e bending moment distributions of Tests B and C are similar, but the ultimate   Advances in Civil Engineering bending moment of the single pile increased by 12.8 kN•m owing to the double grouting, and the bending resistance significantly increased by 96.2%.Figures 15 to 17 show the bending moment variation of three piles during the loading process.As displayed in Figures 14 and 15, the bending moment distributions of No. 1 pile and No. 2 pile were similar.e upper part of the sliding surface close to the loading plate is pressed, located at a distance of 1-3 m.Also, the lower part of the sliding surface near the loading plate is drawn.e bending moment of the upper and lower parts of the sliding surface for No. 1 pile were similar, and the maximum bending moment of the lower part of the sliding surface for No. 2 pile was significantly larger than that of the upper part.As shown in Figure 14, the maximum bending moment was 22.8 kN•m as the loading displacement of No. 1 pile reached 160 mm, which is close to the ultimate value.As the loading displacement reached 180 mm, the strain gauge below the reverse bending point was damaged, and the maximum negative bending moment above the reverse bending point was 32.00 kN•m.Also, the bending moment acting on the pile was 7.7 kN•m larger than the ultimate value, and the pile  erefore, it can be concluded that the bending resistance of the pile group with three piles is larger than the bending resistance of a single pile.

Conclusions
A micropile of a steel floral tube with double grouting was developed based on the traditional steel tube technology.e performance of this technology to improve the horizontal bearing capacity of the pile and improve the reinforcement of soil between piles, as well as the shear and bending performances of the pile, was investigated using a large-scale test of the model tank.e following conclusions from this study can be drawn: (1) e initial grouting is fractured by the double grouting owing to high pressure inside the tube.A large diffusion area is formed surrounding the steel floral tube, which strengthens the soil between piles and improves the mechanical performance of the soil.e peak value of the grouting pressure during the double grouting process is defined as the fracturing pressure.According to the test results, there is a direct relationship between fracturing pressure of the double grouting and interval time between first grouting and secondary grouting.e longer the interval time, the greater the fracturing pressure.
(2) e technology of the double grouting improves the mechanical performance of the pile group and the horizontal bearing capacity of the steel floral tube pile.Compared with traditional single grouting, the horizontal bearing capacity of the single pile with double grouting increased by 24.4%.Moreover, the horizontal bearing capacity of the pile group with three piles was stronger, as demonstrated by an increase of 20.25% compared with the horizontal bearing capacity of the single pile.(3) e test results show that the maximum soil pressure in the slope occurs at a depth of 2-2.5 m from the slope top, namely, the middle-upper part of the slope.e soil pressure above the sliding surface presents as a trapezoid distribution, and the soil pressure below the sliding surface is small and distributes in the form of a triangle.In the single-pile test, the maximum value of soil pressure at the same position was significantly increased by the double grouting.Soil pressure for the double grouting test was 251% greater than that of the no-pile test and 30% greater than that of the traditional single-pile test.For a three-pile test, the pile group improved the mechanical performance of the soil.In addition, the maximum soil pressure in front of the first row of piles increased by 42% compared with the single-pile test.e action point of landslide thrust with double grouting moved down, improving the resistance to horizontal thrust.(4) A bending moment test demonstrated that the maximum bending moment of the pile is not precisely located at the sliding surface.e maximum positive and negative bending moments are located at positions away from the top and bottom of the sliding surface, respectively.e maximum bending moment above the sliding surface is located at the depth of 2.0-2.5 m away from the pile top, and the maximum negative bending moment below the sliding surface is located at the depth of 4.0 m away from the pile top.
With the application of double grouting, the ultimate bending moment of the single pile increased by 12.8 kN•m, and the bending resistance increased 96.2%.It can be concluded that the flexural performance of the pile group is better than that of the single pile.During the loading process, the back two rows of piles still demonstrate improved bending performance after the failure of the first row of piles.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

3. 1 .
Model Tank.e experimental tests were conducted in a model tank composed of a reaction wall, sidewall, and loading plate.e size of the model tank was 6 m (height) × 2 Advances in Civil Engineering 1.5 m (width) × 9.48 m (length), as shown in Figure 2. e size of the reaction wall was 6 m (height) × 2.1 m (width) × 3 m (length).According to the design of the antisliding pile, the back portion of the reaction wall (away from the loading plate) was filled with rubble concrete.e sidewall of the model tank was 0.3 m thick and 6 m high and was made of reinforced concrete.To ensure the sidewall stability of the model tank during the test procedure, both sides were filled with rubble concrete of size 3 m (height) × 1.5 m (width) × 6.5 m (length).Also, the inside of the sidewall was plastered by cement mortar.e size of the loading plate was 3 m (height) × 1.45 m (width) × 0.08 m (length) and was hoisted into the model tank by a crane.e bottom of the loading plate was located on the sliding platform, and they were not directly connected in order to avoid the influence of sliding

Figure 4 :Figure 5 :
Figure 4: e connection figure between the jack and the loading plate.

Figure 6 :Figure 7 :
Figure 6: Double grouting pressure over time for Test C.

Figure 9 : 6 Figure 10 :Figure 8 :
Figure 9: Variation of soil pressure with installment depth for Test A.

Figure 12 :
Figure 12: Variation of soil pressure with installment depth for Test D.

Figure 11 :
Figure 11: Variation of soil pressure with installment depth for Test C.

Figure 14 :Figure 15 :
Figure 14: Variation of bending moment with installment depth for Test C (loading displacement short for LD).

Figure 16 :Figure 13 :
Figure 16: Variation of bending moment with installment depth for Test D No. 2 (loading displacement short for LD).

Figure 17 :
Figure 17: Variation of bending moment with installment depth for Test D No. 3 (loading displacement short for LD).
friction between them on test results.e top of the loading plate was fixed by the roller equipped on the sidewall of the model tank, and the loading plate could not rotate under the joint limitation of the top connecting rod, roller, roller sliding track, and sidewall of the model tank, as shown in Figures