Implementation of Genetic Algorithm Integrated with the Deep Neural Network for Estimating at Completion Simulation

In construction project management, there are several factors influencing the final project cost. Among various approaches, estimate at completion (EAC) is an essential approach utilized for final project estimation.,emain merit of EAC is including the probability of the project performance and risk. In addition, EAC is extremely helpful for project managers to define and determine the critical throughout the project progress and determine the appropriate solutions to these problems. In this research, a relatively new intelligent model called deep neural network (DNN) is proposed to calculate the EAC. ,e proposed DNN model is authenticated against one of the predominated intelligent models conducted on the EAC prediction, namely, support vector regression model (SVR). In order to demonstrate the capability of the model in the engineering applications, historical project information obtained from fifteen projects in Iraq region is inspected in this research.,e second phase of this research is about the integration of two input algorithms hybridized with the proposed and the comparable predictive intelligent models. ,ese input optimization algorithms are genetic algorithm (GA) and brute force algorithm (BF).,e aim of integrating these input optimization algorithms is to approximate the input attributes and investigate the highly influenced factors on the calculation of EAC. Overall, the enthusiasm of this study is to provide a robust intelligent model that estimates the project cost accurately over the traditional methods. Also, the second aim is to introduce a reliable methodology that can provide efficient and effective project cost control. ,e proposed GA-DNN is demonstrated as a reliable and robust intelligence model for EAC calculation.


Research Background.
e importance of early planning to final project outcomes is emphasized widely in the literature [1,2].However, these plans generally cannot be applied entirely, and they are revised throughout the project.erefore, a constantly reviewed plan is required for an effective project management which must reflect the actual condition of the project; thus, the required actions can be taken when the project is going out of the control.Otherwise, cost overruns are noticed towards the end of the contract, and at this stage, remedial approaches may be ineffective and late.However, during the early phase of projects, the construction companies usually focus on the budget planning and generally ignore the other areas such as changes in cost, information update, and cost management [3].In addition, construction companies mostly engage with computer systems which are reasonably powerful in the analysis of construction budgets.However, these computer systems cannot respond to cost changes at each stage of construction [4].
Cost project control is a crucial concern in the construction projects engineering.However, controlling cost is a time-consuming and difficult process. is is due to a high number of factors that affect the cost of projects and the influences of these factors which should be considered individually at each stage of the project [3].Estimate at completion (EAC) is one of the important indicators to perform cost control [5][6][7], and the accuracy of the EAC is critical to identify the problems and develop appropriate responses; therefore, different methods for improving the accuracy of EAC are proposed in the literature.One of the widely used methods among the project managers to calculate EAC is earned value management (EVM) [8][9][10].In this methodology, project cost, schedule, and scope metrics are integrated into a single measurement system to measure and analyze project actual status against its baseline and estimate the project total cost and duration at completion [11].In the traditional EVM, there are three essential components required for project control, these are plan value (PV) or budget cost of work scheduled (BCWS), earned value or budget cost of work performed (BCWP), and finally actual cost (AC) or actual cost of work performed (ACWP).e EVM uses these indexes and different indexed formulas to calculate the EAC; however, methods developed by using index-based methodology are criticized due to the usage of just past information and performance index in the calculation of the remaining budget [12].In addition, these models provide unreliable cost forecasts at the early stages of project life due to the limited number of EVM data [10].Further, although accurate predictions in EAC are achieved with the traditional EVM methods when used on some special projects, there are obvious errors in most of the cases.
is has led to an industrial situation of not knowing the right prediction approach to be selected for a specific project.In addition, the stability of the performance indexes should be provided to calculate reliable EAC, since the index-based approach can be performed using the data obtained from the cost management data provided to the project owner by the contractor in the form of a monthly project report [13].Another drawback of the application of EVM is that revisions must be manually conducted as it is applied to each process of a construction project, thereby making EVM a complicated and time-consuming method.
1.2.Literature Review.A various regression-based approach has also been proposed as an alternative to the index-based approach as advantageous methodologies for performing cost estimation activities [11,14,15].e computation of the EAC using the intelligence analysis usually involves the regression of dependent attribute variables (typically the actual project cost) against an independent variable (a predictor, typically time) using the linear or nonlinear model to establish the respective relationship between the predictor and the response.With the mimicking concept of the dataintelligence models, the issues inherent in the index-based techniques can be overcome, and thus can be used in a range of applications.Although the regression-based method is more sophisticated compared to the index-basedcostforecasting method, it yields better predictions at the initial phase of a project [13].
Recently, advanced methods are proposed to overcome the traditional methodologies drawbacks.For instance, Caron et al. [16] developed a Bayesian model integrated with the EVM framework aiming to calculate the EAC.e proposed model was tested on oil and gas projects.Bayesian model evidenced its applicability and effectiveness on modeling the estimation at completion for the investigated case study.Narbaev and De Marco [11] developed a new cost EAC methodology by integrating the ES method and four growth models and concluded that the EAC formula based on the Gompertz model outperforms the other formulas developed in this study.Babar et al. [17] developed a new framework by integrating key performance indicators to the risk performance index to calculate EAC.Although there are advances in the calculation of EAC, systems development using advanced modern AI models is highly necessary to make progress in cost control; however, the use of AI is very limited in project performance control [18].AI techniques can be used to handle complex and ill-structured problems by simulating the human inference capability.e development of AI techniques has been found in several areas of science and engineering such as in pattern recognition, computational learning, and solving the nonlinear and nonstationary problems [19,20].Computer systems fitted with machine learning techniques can efficiently perform without the need for an explicit programming, can construct data-trained algorithms, and can make data-driven predictions and decisions.
In one of the earlier investigations conducted by Iranmanesh and Zarezadeh [21], the authors tried to use the potential of the artificial neural network (ANN) technique to estimate the actual cost of an engineering project for the purpose to improve the EVM system.However, ANN has some disadvantages such as the selection of network structure, availability of local solutions leading to nonoptimal solutions, and time-consuming processes for training.Cheng and Wu [22] used a support vector machine (SVM) and fast messy genetic algorithm (fmGA) AI techniques to implement the Evolutionary Support Vector Machine Inference Model for construction management.
e proposed model was validated for estimating buildings costs, and the model showed superior performance in conceptual cost estimation.In another study, Cheng et al. [4] used the same model for the EAC and obtained good and stable predictions compared to common EVM prediction methods.Cheng and Hoang [23] integrated least square SVM with machine-learning-based interval estimation and differential evolution to develop a new model for calculating the EAC. is model provides interval results with lower and upper prediction limits.However, SVM is criticized because the equal weights are given to all training data.e study was followed by another accomplishment on the implementation of the evolutionary fuzzy neural inference model for cost estimation [24].
e proposed model made the accurate prediction of the conceptual construction cost during the early stages of the project processes.Similarly, Cheng et al. [3] conducted a study on the conceptual cost estimation using the evolutionary fuzzy hybrid neural network for industrial project construction.
e research outcomes showed another optimistic finding for the precise cost estimation of the early stages.Another investigation on the EAC determination was conducted by Feylizadeh et al. [25] using the fuzzy neural network.e modeling piloted was based on various factors including qualitative and quantitative that influence the EAC value.
e results demonstrated a good outcome for the contractors and managers perspective.Wauters and Vanhoucke [26]  Although there have been several investigations since 2008 on the EAC estimation using soft computing models, the topic is still limited and required more attention by the experts, especially there is a limited number of studies about project cost control with AI techniques.It has been reported several limitations of the AI model exist such as black-box nature, the requirement of a significant amount of data, overfitting, models' interaction, and time consumption [28,29].Especially, the traditional machine learning techniques such as ANN, SVM, evolutionary computing (EC), and adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS) present several limitation performances compared to the deep machine learning techniques.
e deep learning algorithms which are inspired by the deep hierarchical structures were introduced in the late twentieth century [30].Since Hinton et al. [31] suggested the deep belief network (DBN) in 2006, several signs of progress have been achieved in deep learning.
ere were rapid developments in deep learning techniques over the past decade, with significant progress on several engineering applications.Consequently, in order to overcome the limitations of traditional machine learning techniques used in the calculation of EAC, a new model is developed by using deep learning algorithms.A brief description of the project information data is described in Figure 1.

Research Significance and Objectives.
Considering the mentioned drawbacks and conclusions, it is imperative to design a fast and effective system which considers the issues of cost control during project execution for the prediction of project EAC by using AI methods.e aim of this study rallies on resolving the identified issues in project cost management through the collection of relevant historical data and studies about project cost management for the identification of the factors that significantly affect project cost.
e historical data are collected from several construction projects located in the Iraq region.is project information is used to set up the trend of a project cost flow and the relationship between project EAC, and monthly costs were mapped based on historical knowledge and experience.Based on historical data, a new intelligent model called deep neural network (DNN) model is developed for the prediction and control of EAC variation during project execution.e suggested DNN model validated against the support vector regression (SVR) prediction model.e second phase of the current research devoted to the implementation of a hybrid evolutionary model called genetic algorithm (and brute force) integrated with deep neural network GA-DNN (and BF-DNN).e aim of applying the evolutionary phase as a prior stage for the predictive model is to allocate the correlated attributes to build the accurate predictive model.Again, the modeling of the hybrid intelligent model is authorized with the GA-SVR and BF-SVR. is step ensured that the identification of potential issues for effective measures to be timely implemented.

Deep Neural Network.
Several problems can be solved using the application of neural networks due to their ability to calculate any computable function.ey are mainly useful in solving problems that can tolerate some levels of error or problems that are laden with several historical data but cannot be easily handled via the application of the hard and fast rules [32,33].e study on the ANN over the past few decades formed the basis for the deep learning concept.Neural networks (NNs) are constructed from several layered interconnected nodes called neurons.In a typical feedforward neural network, there is at least an input layer, a hidden layer, and an output layer.e number of features or attributes to be fed into a neural network corresponds to the number of nodes in the input layer and is analogous to the covariates or independent variables that will be incorporated in a linear regression model.e number of items to be predated or classified is represented by the number of nodes in the output nodes.e nonlinear transformation of the original input attributes is performed using the hidden layer nodes.
e construction of standard NNs requires the use of neurons to produce real-valued activations, and the NNs can behave as expected by adjusting the weights of the neurons.
ere may be several chains of computational stages during the training of NNs depending on the problem to be solved.Since 1980, backpropagation, an efficient gradient descent algorithm, has played a significant role in NNs by its capability of training ANN via a teacher-based supervised learning method [34].e performance of backpropagation during the testing of data is not usually satisfactory although it presents a high training accuracy.One issue with backpropagation is that it is often trapped in local optima because it is based on local gradient information with a random initial point.Furthermore, there is a problem of overfitting if the training data are not reasonably large enough.Based on these issues, several effective machine learning algorithms such as SVM, ANFIS, and genetic programming which attain global optimum at lower power consumption have been used.Advances in Civil Engineering e layer-wise-greedy-learning method was proposed by Hinton et al. [31] to mark the introduction of deep learning techniques. is learning method was proposed based on the fact that a network should be pretrained via an unsupervised learning process before being subsequently trained by the layer-by-layer training.e dimension of the data can be reduced by extracting features from the inputs to obtain a compact representation.e samples will then be labeled by exporting the features to the next layer, and the labeled data will be deployed to fine tune the network.ere are two reasons attributable to the popularity of deep learning methods: (i) the issue of data overfitting can be addressed by the development of the big data analysis techniques and (ii) nonrandom initial values will be assigned to the network during the pretraining procedure prior to the unsupervised learning.erefore, a faster coverage rate and a better local minimum can be achieved after the training process.
ough several types of deep learning model exist, the focus of this discussion is on the deep neural networks that are constructed from multiple hidden layers often known as backpropagation neural networks.Deep learning is historically based on how to use backpropagation with gradient descent and a large number of nodes and hidden layers.is type of backpropagation neural network is indeed the first deep learning approach that showed a wide range of application.A typical DNN comprised of closely embedded input, output, and several hidden layers.
e input and hidden layers are directly connected and operate together to weigh the input values to produce a new set of real numbers that will be transmitted to the output layer (Figure 2(a)).Finally, the output layer, based on the transmitted values, classifies or predicts the outcome of the process.
e main merit of the DNN is that the deep multilayer neural network is made up of several levels of nonlinearities which made them applicable to the representation of highly nonlinear and/or highly varying functions.ey can identify complicated patterns in data and can be applied in natural complex problems.
e connection weights connections between the layers, as in the single layer neural network, are updated to ensure the closeness of the output value to the targeted output.
Figure 2(a) describes the general architecture of DNN predictive model with more than one hidden layer (minimum two); input variable layer is denoted as 0 layer, and L layer represents the output variable layer.e mathematical procedure can be described as follows: where f is the activation function, w is the weight matrix, and b is the bias.In this study, the implemented activation function for the excitation vector is sigmoid function owing to its applicability for regression problem: (2) Note that the outcome of σ(z) is limited between (0-1), that emphases the sparse.However, it is the systematic activation function.[35] proposed the support vector machine (SVM) as an optimization method which tries to separate a given training set by establishing a hyperplane within the original input space and allowing enough distance from the nearest instances on both sides to the hyperplane.In the regression problem, SVR model approximates the error between the input and output variables [36].e errors are equal to the limited marginal of the SVR learning range as denoted in Figure 2(b) adapted from [37].

Support Vector Regression Model. Vapnik
e investigated problem in this research is featured by nonlinearity pattern in which the mapping of the SVR model characterized by high-dimensional space also known as feature space.e notation presentation of the SVR model can be expressed as follows.Assuming there is given a set of training dataset represented by M: where x and y are the input and output information.e regression nonlinear function implemented here to be solved is [38] where w denotes the weight vector and φ(x 1 ) presents the high order of the feature space, whereas the last variable of the function is the bias (b).Well, the main goal of this regression function is to determine the output based on the training dataset M, with a certain deviation of error called loss function ε from the actual observation of the whole training dataset.Hence, this can be described by the constrained convex optimization function [39]: where ξ is the slag variable and C is the positive regularization.Note that ξ penalizes the training error through the loss function for the selected error tolerance, whereas the positive parameter shrinks the weight variables during the optimization process.e optimization problem of the SVR model is usually elucidated using the Lagrangian multipliers, sequential minimal optimization [40].Radial basis kernel function is employed for the feature mapping of the training datasets.
e internal parameters of the radial basis function are tuned using the grid-search approach.

Genetic Algorithm (GA) Optimization.
GA is a very wellknown optimization technique that can be classified as an evolutionary method based on biological process [41].Among various input variable selection approaches, GA exhibited a reliable and robust approach to multiple science and engineering applications [42][43][44].e effectiveness of this optimization approach is discussed comprehensibly in terms of solving the nonlinearity and stochasticity by Goldberg et al. [45].
e main processes involved the 4 Advances in Civil Engineering implementation of the heuristic GA includes the reproduction of chromosomes, crossover, and mutation.Note these processes are applied to satisfy the probability of the discretization of the input variables that are coded into binary strings [46][47][48].e GA processes integrated with the DNN predictive model are presented in Figure 3.
In Figure 3, the evolutionary algorithm (i.e., GA) was used as an optimization approach that mimics the concept of natural evolution.In the evolutionary algorithms, three basic concepts are involved: firstly, the parents create the offspring via crossover; second, the individuals within a generation have the chance of undergoing mutation (changes); and finally, the fitter individuals have a higher chance of survival (natural selection).It is now certain that attribute subsets can be represented with bit vectors; thus, there is a possibility of selecting all the features of a dataset with 10 features such as ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1).e third attribute of the dataset can be represented using a bit vector in the form of (0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0).
In the evolutionary algorithm, the first step is the creation of a population of individuals which evolves over time. is initial step is known as the initialization phase of the GA.In the starting population, the individuals are randomly generated and represented as a bit vector like earlier described.
ese individuals can be created via tossing a coin for any available attribute, and based on the outcome of the probability toss, the attribute to be included in the population can be determined.ere are no rules governing the size of the initial population; however, there must be at least 2 individuals in a GA population to proceed to the crossover phase.A perfect rule of thumb is the acceptance of between 5 and 30% of the total number of attributes as the size of the initial population.Having created the initial population, several steps need to be performed to reach the stopping criterion.Advances in Civil Engineering 2.4.Brute Force Input Selection.Brute force (BF) is a systematic selecting approach that solves problems which require the enumeration of all the possible features [49]. is is for the sake of achieving a solution to specific problem and checking the suitability of each option towards satisfying the problem statement [50].It has been selected in the current research as a benchmark input variable abstraction approach for the genetic algorithm.BF usually performed to find the divisors of a number n would list all the integers from 1 to n and check that each integer will perfectly divide n without any remainder.Although a BF search is easy to implement and will always establish a solution to the problem, its cost is directly related to the number of options considered, and this number tends to grow with the size of the problem in many practical situations.BF is therefore applicable in situations where the size of the problem is limited or in the absence of a specific heuristic method that can be used effectively to reduce the number of solutions to a considerable size.BF approach can also be used as a yardstick for benchmarking the performance of other algorithms.It is considered as one of the simplest searching approaches.e selection of this searching approach to be integrated with the developed predictive model was inspired from its potential in feature selection problem.

Modeling Development and Prediction Skills Metrics.
e current research is conducted on fifteen construction projects executed in Baghdad city, Iraq.
e detailed information about those projects is provided in Table 1.e construction duration of the projects ranges between nine to fourteen months.e established construction projects are related to residential projects.e collected information of the projects includes cost variance (CV), schedule variance (SV), cost performance index (CPI), schedule performance index (SPI), 6 Advances in Civil Engineering subcontractor billed index, owner billed index, climate effect index, change order index, and construction price fluctuation (CCI).However, the estimate at completion is the main targeted variable to be estimated.e nine factors are used as predictors to determine the EAC.e 15 projects comprised 174 periods, 75% of the total periods (131 periods) are performed for the training phase, and 25% (43 periods) for the testing phase of the predictive models.e modeled historical data are processed through normalization linear scale between (0 and 1). is is for the purpose to supply the data for the programming environment with scaled numerical.e normalization is performed as follows: where x new is the normalized value of the calculated EAC, x is the observed EAC, and x max and x min are the maximum and minimum values of the EAC.As an advance phase to the predictive model, GA and BF optimization algorithms are established to select the highly correlated variables to the EAC parameter and the procedure started from two variables.en after, the predictive models DNN and SVR are applied.Two different software used to conduct the modeling strategies are Rapidminer and Neurosolutions.A simple structure for the proposed predictive hybrid model is exemplified in Figure 4. Following various engineering applications and within prediction problems [51][52][53], the applied predictive models are examined using several numerical indicators that present the absolute error evaluation (the closest to zero) and the best goodness (the closest to one).In that way, more justification can be done on the optimal model for the best input combination.
e numerical indicators are rootmean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean relative error (MRE), Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE), scatter index (SI), and Willmott's index (WI).e mathematical can be described as follows: where EAC a is the actual observation, EAC p is the predicted value, and EAC a and EAC p are the mean values of the actual and predicted value.

EAC Estimation Results and Analysis
As an advanced stage for the prediction process, the cost database of the selected projects was determined.e data represent the planned and the actual cost values for each month and the computed difference between them.e mathematical relationship between the nine (the abstracted input combinations) attributes and the EAC is explored using the potential of the AI expertise learning.e motivation of Advances in Civil Engineering applying the AI models in computing the EAC is to overcome the drawbacks of the classical indexed formulations since AI models can mimic the human brain intelligence in solving complex real-life problems.e primary prediction modeling was conducted for the stand-alone proposed DNN and its comparable SVR predictive model.Table 2 tabulates the performance prediction skills indicators using all nine declared variables.It is observable that DNN outperformed the SVR model through the prediction skills.In quantitative terms, DNN attained (RMSE-MAE) and (NSE-WI) as (0.130-0.077) and (0.496-0.741), respectively, whereas SVR attained the prediction indicators as (0.136-0.085) and (0.451-0.693).ere is a notable augmentation between the proposed and predominated data-intelligence SVR predictive model.e enthusiasm on coupling the input selection approach to the predictive model is to explore the predominant input combination correlated to the EAC magnitude.Note that, this is highly magnificent to recognize the main influenced variables during the project progress that affect the variance of the EAC results.e nature-inspired genetic algorithm was hybridized with the DNN to abstract the suitable input combination.On the other hand, brute-force selection procedure is used as a benchmark for the GA comparison.
e input combination and the prediction skill results of the hybrid model GA-DNN are indicated in Tables 3  and 4, respectively.By studying the archived modeling results in Table 4, Model 2 exhibited the excellent input combination for predicting EAC through including CV, SV, and CPI variables as inputs for the prediction matrix.e results showed minimum absolute error metrics (e.g., RMSE-MAE) (0.056-0.444) and best-fit-goodness (e.g., NSE-WI) (0.905-0.954).e hybrid BF-DNN model behaved differently (Tables 5 and 6); seven input variables represented in CV, SV, CPI, SPI, subcontractor billed index, change order index, and CCI gave the optimal prediction skills with minimum RMSE ≈ 0.040 and WI ≈ 0.97.Note that BF-DNN surpassed the capability of the GA-DNN model, however, with more features for comprehending the internal mapping relationship between predictors and predicted.
e modeling input combinations and prediction skills results of the GA-SVR and BF-SVR are tabulated in Tables 7-10.In comparison with GA-SVR model, GA-DNN demonstrated that a remarkable enhancement in terms of the quantitative units measurable (RMSE-MAE) are decreased by (26.3-20.1%),whereas NSE-WI is augmented by 8.8-4.2%. is proved the capability of the GA-DNN model on mimicking the actual relationship of the project elements on the EAC phenomena.
Scatter plot graphical exhibition is one of the excellent ways to visualize the correlation between the actual observations and predicted value.Figure 5 presents the diversion from the ideal line of the 45 °. e presentation showed a noticeable agreement for the hybrid NN over the hybrid SVR model.
Figure 6 demonstrates the graphical presentation of three metrics including standard deviation, correlation, and root-mean-square error.
e presented two-dimensional graph is known as Taylor diagram.In this diagram, a clear visualization can be determined from the optimal model input combination in accordance with the distance from the benchmark observed EAC data.Figure 6(a) shows DNN more accurate than SVR based on the magnitudes of the correlation and standard deviation.Figure 6(b) indicates that GA-DNN prediction model with Model 2 input combination attained the closest prediction value to the observed EAC.Model 6 presented the best input variables for the BF-DNN model (Figure 6(c)).Figures 6(d) and 6(e) denote a notable consistence with the optimal input combination with four variables (i.e., CV, CPI, owner billed index, and CCI) for the GA-SVR and (i.e., CV, SV, CPI, and SPI) for BF-SVR model.Finally, Figure 7 reveals the testing phase of the modeling for all the established predictive models.GA-DNN and BF-DNN showed a noticeable matching with the actual EAC.

in Civil Engineering
To conclude the discussion section of the application, the main contribution of the authors highlighted the robustness of the hybrid GA-DNN that denotes two modeling phases.GA indicates the evolutionary nature inspired for the feature input selection and the DNN model as predictive model.
e proposed methodology

Discussion
e applied methodology in the current research was inspired from the motivation of exploring new reliable approach for modeling EAC in construction projects.e proposed model distinguished itself by the capability of comprehending the actual mechanism of the related variables to the targeted variable with more solidity manners.
is is a main essential perspective for practical implementation from construction project management.Overall, having the hybridization of the evolutionary optimization algorithm as a selective procedure, the prepredictive model (i.e., deep neural network) attained convincing results for the perspective of the scientific research and innovative modeling strategy exploration.
Based on the various statistical indicators, the best results indicated an outstanding evaluation performance with respect to the minimal absolute error measures and the best fitof-goodness (RMSE and correlation value (R 2 )) equal to (0.056 and 0.91) using only three input attributes (i.e., CV, SV, and CPI).ese findings are evidencing the capacity of the proposed hybrid model to achieve reliable prediction accuracy with less input variables.It might be noticed that

Conclusion
In this research, a new hybrid data-intelligence predictive model called GA-DNN is explored for facilitating the construction managers with the reliable and robust methodology that control project cost and attain accurate estimation for the EAC.e implementation of this methodology is provided as an automation system where the project activities can be monitored, controlled, and any defective consequences can be avoided.
e intelligence system comprises two phases: (i) the evolutionary phase of the genetic algorithm to abstract the influenced input attributes for the modeled prediction matrix and (ii) the DNN prediction model that uses the abstracted variables for each input combination to module the EAC.e BF input section procedure is used as a benchmark for the GA optimizer and SVR as a comparable prediction model.e results confirmed the predictability of the DNN over the SVR stand-alone models.In addition, the hybridization with nature-inspired input algorithm selection boosted the prediction outcomes.e devotion for future research is highly 12 Advances in Civil Engineering applicable for the current study where this methodology can be implemented on other construction projects as a realtime application where the contribution can be recognized in the form of a practical solution.is can be distinguished as the advantage of monitoring the project life in more reliable manners and subjective to the status of the project.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: e proposed GA-DNN model for the prediction of the EAC.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: (a) e slandered architecture of deep neural network description and (b) the support vector regression model structure.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: e proposed hybrid genetic algorithm deep neural network (GA-DNN) predictive model.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Input-output variables system structure using the hybrid intelligent GA-DNN predictive model.

Figure 5 :FIGURE 6 :
Figure5: e scatter plot graphical visualization between the actual observation of EAC and the intelligence predictive models: (a) optimal input combination for GA-DNN; (b) optimal input combination for GA-SVR; (c) optimal input combination for BF-DNN; (d) optimal input combination for BF-SVR.

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Actual observation of EAC and the optimal combination for (a) GA-DNN and GA-SVR and (b) BF-DNN and BF-SVR.

Table 1 :
e biodata of the inspected construction projections.

Table 3 :
e input combination attributes used to determine the value of the EAC using GA-DNN model.

Table 4 :
e numerical evaluation indicators for the GA-DNN predictive model over the testing modeling phase.

Table 5 :
e input combination attributes used to determine the value of the EAC using the BF-DNN model.

Table 2 :
e numerical evaluation indicators for the DNN and SVR predictive models "stand-alone versions" over the testing modeling phase.

Table 6 :
e numerical evaluation indicators for the BF-DNN predictive model over the testing modeling phase.

Table 8 :
e numerical evaluation indicators for the GA-SVR predictive model over the testing modeling phase.

Table 9 :
e input combination attributes used to determine the value of the EAC using the BF-SVR model.

Table 10 :
e numerical evaluation indicators for the BF-SVR predictive model over the testing modeling phase.

Table 7 :
e input combination attributes used to determine the value of the EAC using the GA-SVR model.