Class Ratio Transform with an Application to Describing the Roughness Anisotropy of Natural Rock Joints

In this study, we explore the potential of class ratio transform with an application to describing the roughness anisotropy of natural rock joints. Roughness smooth coefficient, used for suitably smoothing the roughness parameter values to realize an anisotropic model, is proposed to represent the apparent anisotropy of surface roughness. *e geometric irregularities of roughness parameters in polar plots allow transforming to a regular roughness asperity pattern, which can be readily approximated by the ellipse function. *e joint roughness coefficients in different orientations of natural rock joints were measured and revealed to be identical after applying the smoothing process using the class ratio transformmethod.*e results show that the roughness smooth coefficient increases with sample size but decreases as azimuthal interval narrows. *is method demonstrates the ability in describing the roughness anisotropy and inferring the roughness parameters Z2, Rp, and θ∗ max/(C + 1)2D.


Introduction
Rock joints have significant influences on the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of rock masses [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Surface roughness, among the most important rock joint attributes, is fundamental for estimating true contact areas and modelling the hydromechanical response of joint asperities during contact between wall surfaces [7][8][9]. Barton and Quadros [10] stated that anisotropy is everywhere in rock engineering and anisotropic behavior is widespread because of the combined effects of anisotropic structure. Rock joints are formed through diverse, complex fracture mechanisms; this, coupled with the general complexities of rock masses, results in significant anisotropy of rock joint surfaces. e variation of the joint roughness in different directions has been recognized as an important source of anisotropic behaviors of rock joints. e roughness anisotropy of rock joints provides pertinent information for both engineering and geological perspectives [11].
To quantify the surface anisotropy, Belem et al. [12] quantified the primary roughness of rock joint surface by the degree of apparent anisotropy which is defined by the means of linear parameter calculated along x-or y-axis. Bae et al. [13] estimated the directional anisotropy of the joint roughness based on the half scan circle technique. Yang et al. [14] described the anisotropy of the joint surface by a 2D directional Hurst index expressed in a Fourier series form. Kulatilake et al. [15] investigated the roughness anisotropy of natural rock joints through the variogram technique and studied the effect of scale on anisotropy and variability of natural rock joint roughness. Baker et al. [16] developed an automatic technique to detect anisotropic features on rock faces by fractal analysis and plotting roughness along different orientations. Mah et al. [11] characterized the joint surface anisotropy based on the joint roughness coefficient values in different orientations. e results illustrated that the surface roughness of natural rock joints was anisotropic and the roughness varies in a random manner in polar plots.
Although the characteristic of roughness anisotropy can be found by the irregular patterns in the polar plots, the anisotropic roughness failed to be described with a quantified value. Moreover, the roughness parameters are significantly influenced by the sample sizes [17,18], and the scale effect on surface roughness has been proven to be an inherent property of rock joints [19]. e study of the scale effect on the directional joint roughness is strongly required in studying the roughness anisotropic characteristics.
Over the last three decades, many researchers have investigated the surface roughness of rock joints using threedimensional (3D) roughness evaluation methods [19][20][21][22]. However, the characteristics of rock roughness anisotropy are not fully reflected by these 3D roughness parameters, because, besides the surface anisotropy, 3D rock joint roughness is influenced by many factors including asperity inclination, asperity amplitude, and sample size. e roughness estimation approaches based on two-dimensional (2D) roughness parameters (e.g., joint roughness coefficient JRC, the first derivative root-mean-square Z 2 , and the roughness profile index or profile sinuosity R p ) have been considered as the widely accepted approach in rock engineering for many years. erefore, the roughness anisotropy of natural rock joint planes is often revealed by joint roughness values of the 2D profile extracted from the joint surface at certain azimuthal increments from 0°to 360° [23][24][25]. e directional roughness values are always plotted for presenting any directional roughness variability of the rock joint surfaces. If a regular roughness anisotropic pattern exists, then the polar plot of roughness parameters is expected to show elliptical symmetry [21]. erefore, the polar plot of directional roughness is generally assumed to follow an elliptical distribution for simplifying the anisotropy matter. Jing et al. [26] assumed that the magnitude of the asperity angle follows an elliptical distribution. Belem et al. [12] characterized the anisotropy of rock joint surface using the null iso-correlation and described the anisotropy based on the mathematical definition of an ellipse in XOY coordinates system. However, the roughness of rock joint surfaces varies randomly with the variation of orientation. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee that a definite elliptical pattern exists for illustrating the polar plots of the roughness parameters. Furthermore, previous studies do not provide full indications for how to determine the azimuthal increment of the roughness measurement directions, and the influence of azimuthal increment on surface anisotropy evaluation remains largely unsolved.
To solve these problems and to quantitatively estimate the anisotropic roughness properties of joint surfaces, in this study, we (1) present a data (roughness parameters) transforming method for approximating the asperity ellipse; (2) define the roughness smooth coefficient for describing the apparent anisotropy of roughness surface; and (3) analyze the factors affecting the roughness smooth coefficient.

Class Ratio Transform
Class ratio transform is a statistical method of processing data. Data transform is achieved by taking the ratio of each data in the original sequence to the next data as new data of the sequence.
is transform can effectively weaken the randomness, fuzziness, and uncertainty of the original data and make the chaotic original data present more obvious characteristics. In many engineering problems, due to a variety of uncertain factors, the data characteristics we obtained are usually irregular, and the class ratio transform is a powerful way to optimize the data [27,28].
In grey theory, the class ratio is usually used to deal with the smoothness of a data sequence and improve the approximation accuracy of an exponential model. Hence, it plays an important role in deciding the accuracy of a prediction model [29][30][31]. Assume that there is a data sequence: (1) e class ratio sequence is defined as where k � 2, 3, . . ., n, and the class ratio should satisfy the approximating condition y 0 (k)∈[e − (2/(n+1)) , e 2/(n+1) ] to reach better approximation performance. For instance, if n � 12, then y 0 (k) lies in the range of [0.8574, 1.1663]. To realize the class ratio sequence in a required range, one can deal with the original data sequence by the following transforms: (1) Translational transform: One of the three transformation techniques can be used to recurrently process the original data sequence until the class ratio condition is satisfied. e roughness parameter values can be processed smoothly by the process of the class ratio. us, the plot shape indicated by the directional variability of roughness parameter values of the rock joints tends to have an ellipse shape with a systematic directional variation, which can be expressed by an ellipse function (so-called anisotropy ellipse).

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Let us consider a series of JRC values at an angular increment of 15°, as shown in Table 1. e JRC sequence r 0 (�R 0 ) was processed by the exponential transform method as mentioned above. Here, m takes the values of 3 and 5 as an example. e comparison of the polar plots in Figures 1(a)-1(c) reveals that (1) the shape of the polar plots of the original JRC values (m � 1) is quite irregular and difficult to be described by the elliptical function; (2) the shape of the processed JRC values (m � 3) is more regular than the original data, which tend to follow an elliptical distribution; (3) and the processed JRC values in the polar plots (m � 5) have a quite clear elliptical shape, in which the data difference between adjacent angles is obviously reduced. e class ratio sequence of J 1 , J 3 , J 5 is tabulated in Table 1. e maximum and minimum class ratios of original JRC values (take m � 1) are 1.335 and 0.573, respectively. It denotes that the data difference between adjacent angles is distinct. When m � 3 and m � 5, the maximum class ratio is decreased to 1.101 and 1.060, respectively, but the minimum class ratio is increased to 0.831 and 0.895, respectively. en, the class ratio sequence satisfies the required condition erefore, the smooth coefficient m 0 in this example is determined to be 7.3.
As observed in Figure 2, the processed data shows an elliptical symmetry. For a convenient depiction of the elliptical function, processed data based on polar coordinate system is suggested to be transformed into Cartesian coordinates. e anisotropic ellipse function can be defined as where x � R 0 cos θ and y � R 0 sin θ; θ is the estimated directional angle; and A, B, C, D, E, and F are the polynomial coefficients. e characteristic coefficients of an ellipse function contain the major principal axis a, semi-minor axis b, center coordinates (x c , y c ), and rotation angle Θ. e rotation angle Θ denotes the direction of major anisotropy, which means the joint roughness reaches the maximum value in this direction. ese coefficients can be obtained by using the following formulae: In this example, the values of the major principal axis a and semi-minor axis b are 1.454 and 1.391, respectively. Tatone [32] quantified the roughness anisotropy as the ratio of the maximum directional roughness to the minimum directional roughness according to the polar plots of the roughness parameters. Here, the parameter α � a/b, i.e, the ratio of the major principal axis to the minor principal axis, is utilized to denote the anisotropic degree. In anisotropic ellipse, the major principal axis a denotes the major anisotropy and its rotation angle Θ denotes the direction of major anisotropy. In this example, the anisotropic degree is α � 1.045, the orientation of major anisotropy Θ is 63.88°(or 243.88°), and the orientation of minor anisotropy is 153.88°( or 333.88°).

Evaluation of Joint Roughness Anisotropy
Several test samples were collected from the large exposed joint surfaces of the rock masses at Xiaolangdi Reservoir, Henan Province, China. e lithology of rock masses here is calcareous siltstone. e roughness samples were obtained from a persistent sub-vertical joint set of N70E, 83NW. e roughness surface contains several large exposures of natural, planar to undulating joint surfaces, and the roughness variations of the joint surface in different orientations are obviously susceptible to close observation and direct fragmentation touching. A series of roughness profiles were extracted from the joint surfaces at an angular increment of 15°. ese profiles were recorded by the mechanical hand profilograph [33,34] with the lengths of 100 mm, 200 mm, 500 mm, and 1000 mm. e digitized profiles were obtained at a spacing of 0.5 mm by the grayscale image processing method.
e JRC values of test samples were scaled by Barton's graphical solution on the basis of the roughness amplitude/ joint length relationship with JRC as shown in Figure 3. Notably, a straight line is generated between the two local maxima of the digitized profile to simulate a straight edge apposed on the original rock joint surface. e normal distance from the straight line to each point along the surface profile is calculated to determine the maximum asperity amplitude.
e JRC values are determined by Barton's empirical graphs according to the profile length and the maximum asperity amplitude. e JRC values are equal in opposing directions (i.e., 0°and 180°). e JRC values of the test samples in different sizes are averaged and summarized in Table 2.
In Figure 4, the polar plots display the anisotropic patterns of different sized rock joint samples, and then the average JRC values in each orientation clearly illustrate a negative scale effect, in which the roughness values decrease with the profile length. e irregular shape of the data series indicates that there is a large variation in the JRC values for roughness profiles extracted from the same surface. e surface roughness of the test samples of length 100 mm shows a major anisotropy oriented at 0°and a minor anisotropy at 90°. e joint profile set of 200 mm has a relatively low JRC with a major anisotropic orientation at almost 0°a nd a minor one in the vicinity of 75°. e major and minor anisotropy orientations of the joint profile set of 500 mm are similar to those of 200 mm length samples and its JRC values are decreasing in all orientations. e surface roughness shows a minor anisotropy within the orientation range from 75°to 135°. e surface roughness of the 1000 mm long test samples illustrates great roughness in the orientation of 0°a nd small roughness in the orientation of 60°.
In Figures 5(a)-8(a), the plots of the JRC values obtained in different orientations are indicated to be relatively discrete.
e ellipse curves fail to describe the anisotropic Advances in Civil Engineering 3 patterns with high-fitting precision. e difference between the JRC values can be diminished by processing the class ratio using the smooth coefficient m0. e processed JRC values are shown in Figures 5(b)-8(b). As shown in these figures, the anisotropic patterns are closely correlated to standard ellipse curves. Results indicate that the roughness smooth coefficient m 0 of the test samples in the length of 100 mm, 200 mm, 500 mm, and 1000 mm is 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, and 4.3. Interestingly, the roughness smooth coefficient grows with the sample size. us, it is appropriate to consider that the roughness anisotropy of large-sized rock joints is more evident than that of small ones. Tatone [32] quantified the roughness anisotropy by the ratio of the maximum roughness to the minimum of the roughness parameters. e JRC roughness anisotropy ratios of the 100 mm, 200 mm, 500 mm, and 1000 mm long test samples are 1.79, 1.82, 1.76, and 1.79, respectively. eir anisotropy degrees α are 1.12, 1.12, 1.14, and 1.13, respectively. ese roughness anisotropy ratios or degrees seem to be random and unpredictable with the change in sample size. Hence, it is not adequate to indicate or capture the features of roughness anisotropy only through maximum or minimum values. As shown in Figures 5-8, the major anisotropy orientations Θ of most test samples (100 mm, 500 mm, and 1000 mm) are approximately 0°. However, there is an exception of 200 mm long test samples that a tiny rotation occurs and its major anisotropy orientation Θ is 170.81°. ese major anisotropy orientations agree with the visual observation of the surface-roughness parameter. e class ratio condition J ∈ [e − 2/t+1 , e 2/t+1 ] is influenced by the azimuthal interval of measurement directions. Figure 9 shows the polar plots of JRC values in azimuthal interval of 30°a nd 60°, respectively. In Figures 4 and 9, the polar plots of JRC values in smaller azimuthal interval indicate stronger anisotropy in different orientations. erefore, the 2D roughness measurement with more details is significantly important for fully understanding the roughness anisotropy. Meanwhile, the roughness anisotropy evaluations and comparisons should be analyzed within the same azimuthal interval. e result in Figure 10 indicates that the roughness smooth coefficients get smaller values with the azimuthal interval decreasing. e difference caused by various azimuthal intervals is magnified in large-sized rock joints.

Discussion on Other Related Roughness Parameters
In order to quantitatively describe the roughness anisotropy of natural rock joints, the class ratio transform method can also be used to deal with other roughness parameters of interest along with JRC data. Researchers [36][37][38][39] have presented several roughness parameters for describing the geometric irregularities (waves) of rock joints. Among those parameters, the best results were achieved with Z 2 (equation (7)), first-derivative root-mean-square [37], R p (equation (8)), roughness profile index or profile sinuosity [38,40], and the roughness metric θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D (equation (9)) proposed by [18], as follows: Table 1: Summary of the processed JRC data and class ratios.

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To study the nature of the scale-dependency of rock joint roughness, Tatone [32] calculated the 2D roughness coefficients Z 2 , R p , and θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D from a series of 2D profiles measured on a large-scale migmatitic-gneiss joint surface. ese profiles are oriented between 0°and 360°at an angular increment of 30°, as shown in Figure 11. Figure 12 shows the results of the polar plots of these roughness parameters as obtained through Tatone's research. e polar plots of these roughness parameters in Figure 12 present distinctly different shapes. Since the values of Z 2 and R p in opposing orientations are non-directional, the polar plots display inverted symmetry. e values of θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D in opposing orientations are generally different, and the 2D roughness in polar plots is random. e data series displayed in these polar plots appears erratic, with large variations in the roughness values for angularly   Advances in Civil Engineering Advances in Civil Engineering 7 adjacent profiles. Curves of θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D are closer to ellipse shape, while the curves of R p are highly irregular and quite hard to be approximated by ellipse functions directly. e roughness smooth coefficient values of m 0 for Z 2 , R p , and θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D for the polar plots are shown in Figure 13. Due to the different definitions of the roughness parameters, the corresponding smooth coefficients for Z 2 , R p , and θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D are not identical by the smooth process using class ratio transform. Generally, the roughness smooth coefficient for θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D is comparatively smaller than that of Z 2 or R p on the same series of 2D profiles. e roughness smooth coefficient for Z 2 is approximately between the values of R p and θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D under the same size; the roughness smooth coefficient for R p reaches the greatest value. e highest roughness smooth coefficient for R p indicates the polar plot curve of R p is more irregular than that of Z 2 , θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D . e roughness smooth coefficient for θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D has the lowest value which means its polar plot curve is closer to an elliptical shape.
e estimations on roughness anisotropy by class  Advances in Civil Engineering ratio transform method are consistent with direct observation on polar plots. erefore, the irregularities of curve shapes of Z 2 , R p , and θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D in polar plots can be quantified by the roughness smooth coefficient values m 0 .
Although the definitions of Z 2 , R p , and θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D are different, there exist high correlations among these roughness coefficients [41]. e roughness smooth coefficients for Z 2 , R p , and θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D are dissimilar. eir values indicate similar variation trend with the sample size changing from 100 mm to 1800 mm. eir similar variation trends with sample sizes demonstrate a definite consistency on illustrating the roughness anisotropy of the rock joints. e polar plots of the 2D roughness values (Figure 12) show the positive scale effect which may be attributed to the relationships of sample size and the roughness values. It should be noted that the positive scale effect is less apparent in some orientations. In Figure 13, the roughness smooth coefficient changes with the sample length and it presents fluctuated improving trends in the roughness smooth coefficients of Z 2 , R p , and θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D . e anisotropy of

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Advances in Civil Engineering surface roughness reaches the most irregular condition when the sample size increased to 1500 mm. erefore, the roughness anisotropy and its variation with scale can be evaluated by the roughness smooth coefficients of different roughness parameters proposed through previous projects/research. e roughness smooth coefficients can reflect the roughness anisotropy from any aspects of roughness definition as identified by the researcher.   (c) Figure 12: Polar plots of roughness parameters Z 2 , R p , and θ * max /(C + 1) 2 D on the rock joint surface [29].

Conclusions
A new method is proposed for quantifying the roughness anisotropy of natural rock joint surfaces. To approximate the polar plots of roughness parameters with ellipse function, a class ratio transform method is utilized for smoothing the variations of roughness parameters. In this way, the directional variability of processed roughness data tends to exhibit a relatively systematic variation that can be described by the ellipse function with high fitting precision. e characteristic coefficients of ellipse function allow for the detection of higher orders of anisotropy, which would be represented by the major principal axis of ellipse curves. e class ratio transform coefficient m 0 is defined as the roughness smooth coefficient and it is a parameter for quantitatively describing the apparent anisotropy of roughness surface. is method was utilized for the evaluation of joint roughness anisotropy by JRC in the case study. e result shows that the roughness anisotropy of large-sized rock joints is more evident than that of small ones. e comparison between different azimuthal intervals shows that the roughness smooth coefficients get smaller values when the azimuthal interval decreases, and the differences caused by azimuthal interval variation are magnified in large-sized rock joints. is method demonstrated its effectiveness by analyzing surface anisotropy using different roughness parameters. e values of roughness smooth coefficients are not identical using different roughness parameters, but they exhibit similar variation trends with the sample size increasing.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.  Advances in Civil Engineering 13