Investigating the Working Efficiency of Typical Work in High-Altitude Alpine Metal Mining Areas Based on a SeqGAN-GABP Mixed Algorithm

Man-machine eﬃcacy evaluations of typical work in the safe mining of high-altitude alpine metal mines are associated with fuzziness, multiple indexes, and large subjective components. This results in diﬃculties in the prediction of the typical work eﬃciency in high-altitude alpine metal mining areas. In this study, ergonomic theory was applied to establish the evaluation index system of typical work eﬃciency in high-altitude alpine metal mining areas by studying the cooperative relationship between operators, working machines, working environment, and design variables. First, we investigated the collaborative relationship between workers, operating machinery, operating environment, and design variables in order to establish the evaluation index system of typical work eﬃciency in high-altitude alpine metal mining areas. Second, principal component analysis (PCA) was integrated with the fusion entropy weight method to (i) analyze the coupling correlation and overlapping eﬀects between the factors inﬂuencing eﬃciency at diﬀerent altitudes and (ii) to determine the key inﬂuencing factors. Third, a model based on the sequence generative adversarial network genetic algorithm backpropagation (SeqGAN-GABP) hybrid algorithm was established to predict the trends in the operating eﬃciency of typical work types in high-altitude alpine metal mining areas. Finally, three high-altitude alpine metal mines in Xinjiang were selected as representative examples to verify the proposed framework by comparing it with other state-of the art models (multiple linear regression prediction model, backpropagation (BP) neural network model, and genetic algorithm back propagation (GA-BP) neural network model). Results determine the average relative error of each model as 2.74%, 1.97%, 1.29%, and 1.02%, respectively, indicating the greater accuracy of our proposed method in predicting the eﬃciency of typical work types in high-altitude alpine mining areas. This study can provide a scientiﬁc basis for the establishment of mining safety judgment standards in high-altitude alpine areas.


Introduction
China possesses a highly developed mineral resource industry and the energy and production materials typically originate from mineral resources [1]. However, the majority of highquality mineral resources are distributed in high-altitude areas in the west. Due to limitations of immature production technology, the development of mineral resources in highaltitude areas has been slow. In recent years, the innovation of mining technology has upgraded mining equipment and improved infrastructure in the high-altitude alpine areas of the west. Moreover, the mining of high-altitude alpine metal mines in the west is included in the government's schedule [2]. Highaltitude alpine areas are rich in metal mineral resources, yet they are also accompanied by extreme environmental characteristics such as low pressure and hypoxia, cold and dry weather, and poor geological conditions. is consequently leads to poor mining conditions, complex disaster mechanisms, limited safety criteria, and difficulties in the quantitative analysis of operating efficiency [3]. erefore, the ability to accurately estimate the operating efficiency of high-altitude alpine mining areas and predict its laws plays a key role in the rationality of mining safety decisions and has become a key problem for mining in high-altitude alpine mining areas. e special working environment in high-altitude alpine areas has a direct impact on the work efficiency of personnel and equipment, resulting in complex production factors and continuous labor in the mines. us, the assessment of work efficiency proves to be a complicated task [4]. Restricted by the special geographical environment of high-altitude alpine mining areas, as well as the multiple and complex influencing factors of the operating efficiency, current research on the prediction of mining operating efficiency under extreme conditions is limited. However, numerous studies have been performed on other forecasting problems, providing reference for the methodology adopted in this study. e theory of ergonomics can determine the relationship between people, equipment, and environment. It plays a key role in improving the efficiency of personnel operating equipment and can provide a new perspective for the evaluation of operating efficiency under complex working conditions [5]. Numerous studies have been performed on the efficiency of construction operations in high-altitude areas based on operators, equipment, environment, and in particularly, factors that affect work efficiency for practitioners. For example, Egger et al. [6] discussed the influence of highaltitude physical labor on the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Qiulin et al. [7] explored the management strategies of unsafe behavior from mine employees. Anamika et al. [8] studied the relationship between intermittent atmospheric hypoxia and adaptive changes in altitude. Qiujun et al. [9] discussed the hypoxia status and oxygen supply effect of high-altitude tunnel workers and classified the human body's hypoxia hazard level under high-altitude working conditions. Xin et al. [10] conducted a graded evaluation of the physical labor intensity of tunnel operators under highaltitude conditions. Reza et al. [11] compared acute and nonacute altitude sickness headaches. Moreover, studies have investigated the factors affecting the operating efficiency of equipment. For example, Yang et al. [12] focused on the power recovery and gas pressurization system of high-altitude diesel engines. Blancher et al. [13] studied the influence of altitude on syringe infusion pumps. Yucheng and Yumin [14] evaluated the working performance of mine axial fans under high altitudes. Research on factors affecting work efficiency in the working environment include the work of Davis et al. [15], who evaluated the impact of living altitude on cognitive and psychomotor functions. Moreover, Johnson et al. [16] conducted a large-scale mercury-human health risk assessment for miners and villagers in an ingenio mining area in Bolivia. However, these studies are all analyzed from a single factor of production. Studies on the analysis of high-altitude mining from the perspective of ergonomics are limited. Ning et al. [17] evaluated the man-machine efficiency of a plateau mine based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, while Guo et al. [18] analyzed the system dynamics of man-machine effectiveness in plateau mines. e majority of studies on the mining operations of high-altitude alpine metal mines consider single factors (e.g., the operator, equipment, or environment) as the key influence of mining activities. At present, research on the influence of the overall coupling effect between human and machine environments on mining operations is lacking.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have demonstrated a strong nonlinear fitting ability for prediction problems with strong disturbances and complex mechanisms and are able to establish the relationship between the input and output for unknown function relationships [19,20]. ANNs are commonly used for scientific prediction problems in other fields. For example, Niu [21] established an artificial neural network model to determine the performance of diesel engines, while Das et al. [22] employed a hybrid neural network model to predict stock prices. Othman et al. [23] estimated the Bitcoin market price based on an ANN using symmetrical fluctuation information. Similarly, Natarajan et al. [20] established an ANN for a particle swarm optimization algorithm and applied it to life predictions. Banadkooki et al. [24] established an ANN-based hybrid model and an ant-lion optimization algorithm to predict suspended sand load. Wu and Lei [25] employed vibration signal analysis and artificial neural network methods to predict the surface roughness of milling. Wang et al. [26] proposed a new ICPSO-BPNN method, which combines the improved chaotic particle swarm optimization (ICPSO) with the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) to predict the monthly travel demand.
Among the numerous existing neural network prediction methods, BP neural networks have strong nonlinear mapping and generalization capabilities, as well as a high degree of self-learning and adaptivity.
us, BP neural network-based methods are commonly employed to predict various engineering problems. In a study on the problem of magnetic exploration, Dihong et al. [27] predicted the comprehensive performance of concrete via BP neural networks. Wenju et al. [28] established a BP-based model to predict the buried depth of magnetic bodies. However, single BP neural networks are associated with several prediction defects, such as the lack of effective methods in the parameter selection and easily falling into the local optimum. Genetic algorithms can achieve global optimization, which can overcome the susceptibility of BP neural networks to fall into local optimums, thus increasing the prediction accuracy. Moreover, artificial neural network prediction methods require an extensive amount of experimental data, which can be difficult to obtain. erefore, based on the aforementioned literature, in the current study, we employ ergonomics theory to establish an operation efficiency evaluation index system for typical work types in high-altitude alpine mining areas. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the entropy weight method are fused to analyze the coupling correlation and overlapping influence of numerous factors affecting efficiency at different elevations and to determine the key indexes affecting operating efficiency under high-altitude alpine conditions. e data volume is expanded based on the sequence generative adversarial network (SeqGAN). A neural network model (SeqGAN-GABP hybrid algorithm model) is established based on the optimization of the generative adversarial network (GAN) and the genetic algorithm (GA) for backpropagation (BP) to predict the trends in the typical work efficiency in high-altitude alpine metal mines. Taking three high-altitude alpine metal mines in Xinjiang as typical examples of work involving air drillers, an evaluation index system for air drill operations is established based on the proposed hybrid algorithm. e key factors influencing efficiency are then obtained and the variations in the pneumatic drill operations are subsequently analyzed. e relative error rates of the four prediction methods are compared, demonstrating an improvement in the operation efficiency prediction accuracy of typical work types under high-altitude alpine conditions.

Analysis of Key Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Typical Work Types
Air drilling is widely employed in the study of humanmachine efficiency due to its high labor intensity, harsh operating environment, high requirements for humanmachine linkage operation, and outstanding safety issues. erefore, we selected air drilling as the research object to explore the variations in its operating efficiency under highaltitude alpine conditions. Figure 1 presents an actual scene of the air drill job site.

Establishment of an Evaluation Index System for Air Drilling Efficiency.
is study adopts the theory of ergonomics through the collaborative relationship between operators, operating machinery, and operating environment to analyze the factors affecting the pneumatic drilling efficiency in high-altitude mining areas from the perspectives of personnel, equipment, and environment. Based on the results, we develop a hierarchical structure of the air drilling efficiency evaluation system. Table 1 reports the index system.

Key Influencing Factors of Mining.
Considering the fuzzy extension among the indicators of different mine levels and the distinct order of magnitude and information content among the data, the entropy weight method was adopted to weight each index. is ensures the objectivity of weighting and avoids the influence of experience bias on the results. e entropy method essentially determines the weight based on the information entropy differences contained in each element. e greater the difference between an index value in the evaluation object, the more effective the information and the greater the weight assigned [29,30].
Furthermore, in order to comprehensively and systematically analyze the coupling and correlation between multiple efficiency influencing factors and the overlapping effects of data at different altitudes, we employ PCA to screen key indicators [31][32][33]. is allows us to simplify the evaluation. e theoretical model is described as follows.

Indicator Standardization.
In order to eliminate the influence caused by the differences in magnitude and dimension of each index, we perform standardization via equations (1)- (3): where i � 1, 2, . . ., n and j � 1, 2, . . ., P, and i and p correspond to the number of samples and the number of indicators, respectively.

Indicator Weight.
e entropy weight method is adopted to calculate the importance weight of each index W � W 1 , W 2 , . . . , W n . e entropy value of each index is derived via equation: for P ij � 0 and P ij LnP ij � 0. e weight of each index W j is subsequently calculated as follows: e columns of the data matrix determined from step one are multiplied by weight W j to obtain the following:

Correlation Matrix of the Normalized Data.
Equations (7) and (8) are used to calculate the correlation matrix:

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors.
e eigenvalues of matrix R, λ 1 , λ 2 , . . ., λ p , and the corresponding feature vector L j � a 1j , a 2j , . . . , a pj are determined. Following this, the variance contribution rate of the Kth principal component is derived via equation: while the cumulative contribution rate of the principal components is calculated using equation: As the loss data contains the minimum amount of information, the number of principal components should be minimized (typically to m) to simplify the calculation, and the cumulative contribution rate of the variance should be greater than or equal to 85%.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Selected Principal
Components. Equation (11) is employed to determine the principal components of the sample. e selected m principal components are subsequently calculated and sorted via equation (12) to obtain the index evaluation results:

Establishment of the Prediction Model for the Operational Efficiency of High-Altitude
Air Drilling e proposed SeqGAN generative adversarial network aims to overcome the difficulties in obtaining experimental data and the limited amount of sample data. GAN has been proved to have a strong anti-interference ability in practical applications and has become a research hotspot in the field of deep learning in recent years. In addition, SeqGaN networks can effectively expand and increase the robustness of sparse and discrete data. Integrating X with a genetic algorithm achieves global optimization can overcome the tendency of neural networks to fall into local optimums. is is fused with the BP neural network optimized via the improved multiobjective genetic algorithm to form the SeqGAN-GABP mixed algorithm. e proposed framework initially employs the SeqGAN generative adversarial network to expand and increase the robustness of the discrete sample data. e expanded sample data is then input into the GA-BP network for training. Figure 2 presents the algorithm flow.

SeqGAN Network.
Previous research has proved the strong anti-interference ability of the generative adversarial network (GAN) in practical applications [34,35]. In the current study, GAN is used to solve the deep neural network training problem. In particular, we divide the GAN network into two functional modules: the generator (G) and discriminator (D). Figure 3 displays the network structure.
We assume that generator G samples random noise z from an arbitrary distribution as the input, and an accurate fit is achieved between the generator G and the distribution of the real data. True data x and data G (z) generated by the generator are entered into discriminator D. During training, the discriminator D is instructed to perform its best attempt to distinguish whether the sample is real data X or data G (Z) generated by the generator. e generator and discriminator perform a game confrontation update iteration until the Nash equilibrium is reached and the generated data G (z) is where Pdate represents the distribution of the real data and Pz is the noise data, which can obey any distribution. As the sample data is sparse and discrete, the discrete output of the generator in the model cannot easily transfer the gradient update from the discriminator to the generator. erefore, based on the GAN network, we select the random LSTM (long-short-term memory) distribution and sample this distribution to obtain a positive sample. Following this, we perform the Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) via weighted sampling at the first node. SeqGAN is then employed to expand the sample data. Figure 4 presents a schematic diagram of SeqGAN, where the existing red dot denotes the present state and the subsequent red dot denotes the action. e generator determines a sequence to maximize the expectation of the feedback value, such as that described in equation: where J(θ) is the expectation of the feedback value, G θ is the generator model, and Q is the return value of the discriminator, which can be expressed as MCTS is then employed to complete the content after y t , and the average is determined:  Figure 2: SeqGAN-GABP mixed algorithm flowchart.

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Following the generation of realistic sequences, equation (17) is implemented to train the discriminator: e updated discriminator is used to update the discrimination. is update can be performed via a gradient descent, such as that described in equations (18) and (19): where a h represents the learning rate.

GA-BP Neural Network.
e BP neural network is a widely used multilayer feedforward neural network. e training of this network typically relies on the error back propagation. More specifically, the weight and threshold of the network are adjusted via the backpropagation, allowing for numerous nonlinear problems to be solved. us, we establish the GA-BP neural network model to predict pneumatic drilling efficiency [36,37].
e GA-BP algorithm is divided into three components: (1) the establishment of the BP neural network model, (2) the optimization of the BP network via the genetic algorithm, and (3) the prediction of the optimized BP neural network. In the current study, we set the training error to the chromosome fitness value and calculate F as follows: where n is the number of output nodes, the actual result of the ith node, the prediction result of the ith node, followed by the selection, crossover, and mutation operations. e main parameters of genetic algorithm are population size, crossover probability, mutation probability, evolutionary algebra, and population initialization method. ese parameters determine whether a population will mature early. If the population size is too small, inbreeding will lead to the occurrence of pathological genes, while if the population size is too large, the efficiency of the algorithm will decline, so the common population size between 100 and 200 is appropriate. e value is generally set between 0.4 and 0.99. When the mutation probability is too large, the good genes will also be destroyed, and the good genes from the father generation cannot be effectively passed to the offspring. When the population diversity decreases, it is easy to fall into the local optimum, which is generally between 0.0001 and 0.2.

Operation Selection.
We employ the roulette method (equations (21) and (22)) to select the operation due to its tendency to select chromosomes with excellent fitness values: where F i is the fitness value of individual i, K is the coefficient, and N is the total number of chromosomes.

Interlace Operation.
Cross processing requires a pair of chromosomes to be determined in an individual with a random crossing position, described as where b is a random number between [0, 1].

Mutation Operation.
e mutation operation requires the random mutation of the y gene a xy on the x chromosome based on a predefined probability: a xy � a xy + a xy − a max * f(g), r > 0.5, a xy + a min − a xy * f(g), r ≤ 0.5, where max and min are the upper and lower bounds of the chromosome genes, respectively, g is the number of iterations, and r is a random number between intervals [0, 1]. e optimal initial weights and thresholds processed via the genetic algorithm are substituted into the BP neural network for predictions.

Selection of Experimental Sites.
We selected three highaltitude metal mines in Xinjiang as the research objects. Table 2 lists the details of each mine. Figure 5 presents a satellite image of the mine topography.
Raw data was collected from April to November 2019 via field measurements, theoretical analysis, and questionnaires.

Experimental Data Acquisition.
Due to the strong subjective perception of operators, personnel index data was collected using a combination of online and offline questionnaires. A total of 162 questionnaires were distributed to the three mines, 151 of which were returned. e equipment index data employed in the current study were taken from previous literature due to the difficulties in handling data acquisition devices. e output power of diesel engines is calculated as follows [38]: where η is the diesel engine output power, N i is the indicated power of the internal combustion engine, kW, N e is the effective power of the internal combustion engine, kW, and N m is the internal combustion engine mechanical loss power, kW, and is determined using the following equation: where ε is the compression ratio, V m is the average speed of the piston, m/s, V h is the working volume of the cylinder, L, τ is the number of strokes, n is the rotational speed, r/min, and i is the number of cylinders. N e in equation (25) can be described as where n e is the effective thermal efficiency, n V is the charging efficiency, n V � (V a /V h ), V a is the air intake volume in the air inlet state, and H u is the low calorific value of the fuel. Table 3 provides details of the environmental indicator information collected using field measurements.

Calculation of Key Factors Influencing Operational
Efficiency. Following the reduction in dimensions of the original data via the PCA and fusion entropy weight method, the following five key efficiency influencing factors were determined: the mechanical efficiency of the diesel engine and the age, atmospheric pressure, acclimation degree, and load and energy consumption of the pneumatic drill (x 1 -x 5 , respectively). e outliers and missing values were eliminated to yield 20 groups of effective data that were then used as the evaluation factors. Note that two decimal values were retained for the experimental data. Table 4 reports the original data.

SeqGaN-GABP Algorithm Steps.
e proposed SeqGaN-GABP algorithm can be divided into the following five steps.
(1) A sequence dataset is determined consisting of the 20 real data structures. Generator G θ is trained with parameter θ to generate sequence y 1:T � (y 1 , y 2 , . . . , y t , . . . , y T ), y t ∈ Y, and discriminator D ∅ is trained with parameter ∅ to improve generator G θ .
(2) e LSTM model is introduced to provide training datasets. More specifically, a randomly initialized Oracle model is employed to generate the real data distribution P(x t |x 1 , . . . , x t−1 ). e normal distribution N (0, 1) is taken as the distribution G oracle (x t |x 1 , . . . , x t−1 ) of the real data described by the Oracle model to initialize the LSTM parameters. LSTM is then used to generate model training set S.
(3) e trained model is implemented to expand the 20sample dataset, resulting in a 300-sample dataset for the GA-BP neural network prediction.

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(4) e input layer of the GA-BP neural network is set as the following five neurons: mechanical efficiency, age, atmospheric pressure, acclimation degree of the diesel engine, and load and energy consumption of the pneumatic drill. e output layer is the operation efficiency of the wind rig and the number of hidden layer nodes is determined as follows: where A is the number of output neurons, B is the number of input neurons, and C is a constant between [1,10]. In our work, the output error is minimized for N � 9, and thus, we select 9 neurons in the hidden layer. (5) After the topology of the neural network is determined, the target error is defined and the training begins. e training ends when the target error is satisfied. e number of iterations, target error, and learning efficiency are set as 1,000, 0.0001, and 0.01, respectively. e iterations stop when either the

Multiple Linear Regression Mathematical Algorithm.
We compare the SeqGAN-GABP with the multiple linear regression model due to its ability to establish quantitative functional relationships [39,40]. e experimental data in Table 2 was analyzed and a mathematical model was built via IBM SPSS Statistics 25 to estimate the unknown model parameters. e regression model was used to predict variations in the dependent variables (Table 5).
We determined a residual value of 2.164, which is close to the standard of 2. is indicates that the residual is independent and conforms to the establishment of the multiple linear regression model. In addition, the collinearity statistics are all less than 10, suggesting the absence of multicollinearity. More specifically, there is no linear relationship between the independent variables. For high-altitude alpine conditions, the relationship between the working efficiency of the pneumatic drill and the mechanical efficiency, age, atmospheric pressure, acclimation degree, and air drilling rig load and energy consumption of the of the diesel engine is determined as y � −1483.363 + 6.363x 1 + 0.08x 2 + 10.381x 3 − 6.902x 4 e results indicate that, for altitudes between 3,800-4,500 m, the mechanical efficiency of the diesel engine and the working efficiency of pneumatic drilling increase by 1% and 6.363%, respectively. For each unit increase in the wind driller age, the efficiency is enhanced by 0.08%. Moreover, the wind driller efficiency increases by 10 Table 6 reports the results, where W is the measured value of the pneumatic drilling operation efficiency, W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , and W 4 are the predicted values, and Δ 1 , Δ 2 , Δ 3 , and Δ 4 are the relative errors between the measured and predicted values of the SeqGAN-GABP hybrid algorithm, the GA-BP neural network, the BP neural network, and the multiple linear regression analysis, respectively. Figure 6 compares the measured and predicted values of the pneumatic drill working efficiency in high-altitude alpine regions. e neural network method surpasses the multiple linear regression analysis in terms of accurately predicting the pneumatic drilling efficiency. e proposed model can better predict the working efficiency of pneumatic drilling under high-altitude alpine conditions compared to the other three models. Figure 7 presents the relative error trend of the four prediction models, all of which exhibit maximum relative errors less than 5%.
is indicates that there are no significant differences between the experimental and predicted values of the models. Furthermore, the overall fluctuations of the four prediction methods are not too high, highlighting the stability of each model.

Conclusion
In the current study, we established an evaluation index system of the pneumatic drilling working efficiency with a three-layer structure and 15 influencing factors. e proposed framework combines existing research with the environmental characteristics of high-altitude alpine mining areas. We applied ergonomics theory to evaluate the collaborative relationship between operators, working machinery, working environment, and unique and mutually restricted design variables. We focused on objectively analyzing the coupling correlation, multiple influencing factors, and overlapping influence of data under high-altitude and alpine conditions. In particular, we employed PCA and the fusion entropy weight method to screen the key indicators and subsequently selected five key efficiency influencing factors. We optimized the BP neural network via a multiobjective genetic algorithm by combining the SeqGAN generative adversarial network to form the SeqGAN-GABP mixed algorithm. e proposed algorithm expands the sample size and does not tend to fall into a local optimum, thus increasing the accuracy of the prediction network results. e air drilling operation efficiency at three high-altitude metal mines in Xinjiang was subsequently predicted and verified. e GA-BP neural network, BP neural network, and multiple linear regression analysis method were compared with the proposed model. e results demonstrate the ability of the proposed model to effectively predict the working efficiency of typical work types under high-altitude alpine conditions. e model achieved the desired goal and can act as an effective evaluation and assessment tool for the management of highaltitude mining areas and can also provide support for the safe production and organizational optimization of highaltitude alpine mines. Future research will focus on applying the mixed prediction model to other tasks.
We apply the theory of ergonomics to practical engineering problems of high-altitude alpine metal mines via field investigations and theoretical calculations. In addition, the working efficiency of typical work types in high-altitude alpine metal mines is investigated from the perspective of the overall synergistic relationship between human and machine environments. Improving the efficiency of the model is reserved for future research.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of the study are included in supplementary information files.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.