The Influence of Surface Morphology of Buffer Layer on the Critical Current Density in YBCO Coated Conductors

Recently, there are more efforts focusing on the fabrication of high performance YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (YBCO) coated conductors on flexible metallic substrates [1, 2]. The application of 2nd generation coated conductors requires higher current carrying capacity. To reach this goal, a high critical current density (J c ) must be maintained in thick (>1 μm) YBCO coatings [3]. Unfortunately, YBCO films deposited on polycrystalline metal substrates showed high angle grain boundaries, leading that the YBCO had a very small critical current [4]. As a result, several methods had been investigated to prepare biaxially aligned templates, such as ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) and rolling assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS) [5, 6]. The RABiTS approach has been proven to be a simple and cost effective manufacturing technology for mass production of coated conductors. In order to block the interdiffusion of the metal and oxygen, and minimize the lattice mismatch of YBCO and flexible metallic substrates, one or several layer thin films are deposited on the metallic substrates to serve as the buffer layer for the subsequent YBCO films. Typical tri-layer stack of CeO 2 /yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/Y 2 O 3 is one of the mostly explored architectures [7]. In this architecture, the Y 2 O 3 acts to transfer the biaxial texture from the RABiTS substrate to the YBCO layer; the YSZ layer is used as a barrier to prevent the interdiffusion between oxides and metal substrate; the CeO 2 cap layer on YSZ layer provides good lattice matching and an epitaxial growth template for depositing the YBCO layer. Therefore, buffer layers play a critical role in fabricating high performance coated conductors. So far, enormous efforts had been made toward the manufacture of the biaxial texture of buffer layers on the RABiTS tapes; however, the cap layer had not been paid enough attention [8–10]. In our previous work, we had reported the surface morphology evolvement of the CeO 2 films deposited on the YSZ/Y 2 O 3 /Ni-alloy substrates [11, 12]. In this study, we investigated in detail the impact of the surface morphologies of buffer layers on the superconducting properties in YBCO films.


Introduction
Recently, there are more efforts focusing on the fabrication of high performance YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7- (YBCO) coated conductors on flexible metallic substrates [1,2].The application of 2nd generation coated conductors requires higher current carrying capacity.To reach this goal, a high critical current density (  ) must be maintained in thick (>1 m) YBCO coatings [3].Unfortunately, YBCO films deposited on polycrystalline metal substrates showed high angle grain boundaries, leading that the YBCO had a very small critical current [4].As a result, several methods had been investigated to prepare biaxially aligned templates, such as ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) and rolling assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS) [5,6].The RABiTS approach has been proven to be a simple and cost effective manufacturing technology for mass production of coated conductors.
In order to block the interdiffusion of the metal and oxygen, and minimize the lattice mismatch of YBCO and flexible metallic substrates, one or several layer thin films are deposited on the metallic substrates to serve as the buffer layer for the subsequent YBCO films.Typical tri-layer stack of CeO 2 /yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/Y 2 O 3 is one of the mostly explored architectures [7].In this architecture, the Y 2 O 3 acts to transfer the biaxial texture from the RABiTS substrate to the YBCO layer; the YSZ layer is used as a barrier to prevent the interdiffusion between oxides and metal substrate; the CeO 2 cap layer on YSZ layer provides good lattice matching and an epitaxial growth template for depositing the YBCO layer.Therefore, buffer layers play a critical role in fabricating high performance coated conductors.So far, enormous efforts had been made toward the manufacture of the biaxial texture of buffer layers on the RABiTS tapes; however, the cap layer had not been paid enough attention [8][9][10].In our previous work, we had reported the surface morphology evolvement of the CeO 2 films deposited on the YSZ/Y 2 O 3 /Ni-alloy substrates [11,12].In this study, we investigated in detail the impact of the surface morphologies of buffer layers on the superconducting properties in YBCO films.

Experimental Details
Biaxially textured {100} ⟨100⟩ Ni-5at.%Walloy (NiW) tapes were used in this study, which were supplied from EVICO GmbH, Germany.The full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of out-of-plane and in-plane were about 5.5 ∘ and 6 ∘ , respectively.The Y 2 O 3 /YSZ/CeO 2 multilayers with different surface morphologies were deposited on NiW tapes using reel-to-reel direct-current (DC) reactive magnetron sputtering by modulating the substrate temperature from 500 ∘ C to 680 ∘ C as reported in [12].The thickness of all CeO 2 cap layers was 40 nm.The subsequent YBCO films were prepared by DC sputtering with the same conditions, which were initially optimized.Detailed conditions were reported elsewhere [3].
Advances in Condensed Matter Physics   The film structure was measured with Bede X-ray diffraction (XRD) system including -2, , and -scan.Atomic force microscopy (AFM, SEIKO SPA300HA microscopy) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JSM-5900) were used to characterize the surface morphology and calculate the root mean square surface roughness ( rms ).  -Scan system developed by Germany Leipzig University was used to measure the   values.

Results and Discussion
Figure 1 shows the surface morphologies of the different CeO 2 layers for this series experiments.The  rms values of the The XRD patterns of YBCO films deposited on the buffer samples from (a) to (e) are shown in Figure 3.The deposition time was 20 hours and the typical thickness of YBCO film was 1 m.The 2 peaks at 33.02 ∘ , 33.8 ∘ , and 34.9 ∘ were indexed as the (00l) reflections of CeO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , and YSZ, respectively.Weak NiO and NiWO 4 reflections were observed at the 2 angles of 19.28 ∘ , 37.26 ∘ , and 43.29 ∘ .All of the patterns indicated pure -axis orientation except for the sample (e), which had a small amount of -axis grains.The out-ofplane and in-plane textures of YBCO films deposited on samples from (a) to (e) are documented in Table 1.With the exception of the YBCO deposited on sample (e), all the out-of-plane FWHM values of YBCO films were smaller than 3 ∘ , demonstrating good out-of-plane alignments.The FWHM values of sample (e) were slightly bigger than others, ascribed to the -axis grains, and leaded to the formation of high angle grain boundaries in the YBCO film.The inplane FWHM values of YBCO films were between 4.7 ∘ and 5.5 ∘ , indicating no obvious tendency on the in-plane texture when the YBCO films deposited on different buffer layers.
The SEM images of YBCO films deposited on different surface morphologies of CeO 2 cap layers are shown in Figure 4, which corresponded with (a) to (e) of Figure 1, respectively.Figure 4(a) showed the relative flattest surface morphology with typical small holes attributed to the rich yttrium in YBCO films [13].As the  rms of the buffer layers increased, the holes on the surface of the YBCO films became bigger, as observed in Figures 4(b) and 4(c).As the  rms of the buffer layers increased more than 10 nm, the needle-like -axis particles of YBCO films were distributed on the surface of YBCO film shown in Figures 4(d) and 4(e).
The relationship between the   of corresponding YBCO films is sketched in Figure 5.The   of YBCO deposited on the buffer of sample (a) was 1.1 MA/cm 2 .The YBCO deposited on samples (b)-(d) showed   values of 0.9 MA/cm 2 , 0.8 MA/cm 2 , and 0.5 MA/cm 2 , respectively.As the  rms of the buffer layers increased to 15 nm, the   value of YBCO films continuously decreased to 0.3 MA/cm 2 , revealing the strong relevance between the superconducting properties and the surface morphology.In order to study the mechanism of the effect of the buffers' surface on the performance of YBCO films, the corresponding line profiles of CeO 2 films of samples (a) and (e) were plotted in Figures 6(a) and 6(b), respectively.As shown in Figure 6, the grain height was in the range of −50 nm∼50 nm, and the gap between in grain boundaries of sample (a) was much smaller than that of sample (e).In the sputter process, the sputter atoms diffused and nucleated on the substrate surface.However, YBCO is a multielement oxide with different atom radii of Y, Ba, and Cu.For different surface morphologies of CeO 2 films such as sample (e), the gap between grain boundaries was deeper and the grain boundaries area was larger than that of sample (a).If metal atoms diffused from one grain of CeO 2 surface to another, it should overcome the superior potential barrier, while the potential barrier of a Ba atom is bigger than that of Cu and Y atoms.Therefore, if the grain boundary area was large, Ba atoms would be enriched on the grain boundaries, which led to the deviation of YBCO chemical contents, and as observed white particles formed on the surface in Figure 4(e), which was identified as the CuO nonconductive particles.Further demonstrations are necessary for a better understanding by transmission electron microscopy which is ongoing.

Conclusions
The influence of surface morphologies of CeO 2 cap layers on the microstructure and critical current density of YBCO films was systematically investigated.YBCO films on the flat surface revealed high quality epitaxial -axis oriented growth and had much better superconducting properties.As the  rms of the buffer layer increased, the nonconductive particles and -axis grains on the surface of YBCO were observed, leading to deteriorating the   of YBCO films.A model was proposed to understand the phenomena, demonstrating  that the surface morphology of buffer layers had a strong effect on the current carrying capacity of YBCO coated conductors.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: AFM images of different CeO 2 cap layers.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: SEM images of YBCO films deposited on different surface morphologies of buffer layers.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: The relationship between the   of YBCO films and surface morphologies of CeO 2 layers.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: The corresponding line profiles of CeO 2 films (a) of sample (a) and (b) of sample (e).

Table 1 :
The  rms of the buffer layers and the values of out-of-plane and in-plane textures of the corresponding YBCO films.CeO 2 films from (a) to (e) are shown in Table 1.The XRD -2 scan, -scan of CeO 2 (200) peak, and -scan of CeO 2 (111) plane are shown in Figures 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c), respectively; all the Y 2 O 3 /YSZ/CeO 2 films are completely -axis oriented with representative in-plane FWHM value of 5.2 ∘ and out-ofplane FWHM value of 3.2 ∘ .