Advances in Condensed Matter Physics
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 5686394, 4 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5686394

Research Article

Critical Temperature for Ordered-Disordered Phase Transformation in Cu₃Au under Pressure

Pham Dinh Tam,¹ Bui Duc Tinh,2,3 Nguyen Quang Hoc,³ and Pham Duy Tan⁴

¹Le Quy Don University of Technology, 100 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
²Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, Vietnam
³Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
⁴College of Armor, Tam Dao, Vinh Phuc, Vietnam

Correspondence should be addressed to Bui Duc Tinh; tinhbd@hnue.edu.vn

Received 18 July 2017; Accepted 19 October 2017; Published 12 April 2018

Academic Editor: Jörg Fink

Copyright © 2018 Pham Dinh Tam et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We use the statistical moment method to study the dependence of the critical temperature for Cu₃Au on pressure in the interval from 0 to 30 kbar. The calculated mean speed of changing critical temperature to pressure is 1.8 K/kbar. This result is in a good agreement with the experimental data.

1. Introduction

The ordered-disordered phase transformation in Cu₃Au under pressure has been studied by experimental methods such as electrical‐resistance measurements made while the sample is at high temperature and under pressure [1] and the X-ray diffraction and resistance measurement. The transitional process in the Cu₃Au alloy from the disordered to the ordered state and the relaxation process in the phase change in Cu₃Au have been investigated by measuring the time dependence of the X-ray superstructure line width and the electrical resistivity [2]. The ordering kinetics of the order-disorder phase transition in Cu₃Au has been investigated by X-ray diffraction [3].

A coarse-grained model for a Cu₃Au system undergoing an order-disorder transition is constructed. The model is characterized by a Ginzburg-Landau Hamiltonian with a three-component order parameter and the symmetry of the Cu₃Au system. The ordering dynamics of this model subjected to a temperature quench are then studied by use of Langevin dynamics. The model is analyzed with a generalization of the recently developed first-principles theory of unstable thermodynamic systems [4]. The ordered-disordered phase transition in alloy Cu₃Au also is investigated theoretically by applying statistical methods for ordered phenomena such as the Kirkwood method, the pseudopotential method, and the pseudochemical method [5, 6]. However, these works only considered the dependence of ordered parameter on temperature and considered the critical temperature at zero pressure.

In this paper, the dependence of critical temperature on pressure in alloy Cu₃Au is studied by using the model of effective metals and the statistical moment method (SMM). We obtained a rather simple equation describing this dependence. Our numerical calculations are in a good agreement with the experimental data.

2. Hemholtz Free Energy of Cu₃Au Alloy by Using the SMM

Using the thermodynamic theory of alloy in [5, 7], we analyze the ordered alloy Cu₃Au into a combination of four effective metals , , , and . Then, the Helmholtz free energy of alloy Cu₃Au can be calculated through the Helmholtz free energy of these effective metals and has the form

where is the probability so that the atom occupies the lattice site of -type and these probabilities are determined in [8], , and are the Helmholtz free energy of effective metals , , , and , respectively, and is the configurational entropy.

The Helmholtz free energy of effective metals is calculated by the SMM analogously as for pure metals [9] and is equal to

where are parameters of the pure metal [9], is the probability so that the atom of -type and the atom of -type are side by side, and is the ordered energy and is determined by [6]

where , and are the interaction potential between atoms Cu-Cu, Au-Au, and Cu-Au, respectively, on same distance and and are the difference of interaction potentials and the difference of derivatives of second degree for interaction potential to displacement of atom pairs and , respectively, on same distance .

Substituting (2) into (1), we obtain the expression of the Helmholtz free energy for alloy Cu₃Au as follows:

where is the mass of atom and are the Helmholtz free energies of pure metals Cu and Au, respectively, and the configurational entropy of alloy has the form [6]

3. Critical Temperature for Cu₃Au Alloy under Pressure

The ordered-disordered phase transition in alloy Cu₃Au is the phase transition of first type [8], where the following relations are satisfy simultaneously:

where is the equilibrium long-range ordered parameter at the temperature and pressure and is determined from condition (6) and is the equilibrium long-range ordered parameter at the critical temperature .

The probabilities and are represented through the ordered parameter by the following relations [6, 8]:

where is the correlational parameter. This parameter has small value and is ignored.

Substituting (4) into (6) and (7), paying attention to (8), and carrying out some calculations, we obtain two equations in order to determine and as follows:

where and and are the lattice parameters of alloy Cu₃Au at the critical temperature in the ordered zone and the disordered zone, respectively.

From (9) we find the dependence of on temperature and pressure as follows:

Second term in right side of (10) depends on temperature and pressure. At phase transition point in (9), and Therefore, from (9) and (10) we find the equation in order to determine as follows:

Because the parameters and are somewhat different, has very small contribution to (12). Therefore, approximately does not depend on temperature and pressure and is determined at the critical point and zero pressure.

Using the expressions of and in [9, 10] at the temperature and pressure , we obtain

Substituting this value of into (12), we find the ordered parameter Substituting this value of into (11), the dependence of critical temperature on pressure has the form

4. The Results and Discussion

At the critical temperature (~100 K), are very near unit and we can take On the other hand, from [11] we find So, (13) has the following simple form:

Applying the potential Lennard-Jones () [12] to interactions Cu-Cu and Au-Au and the expression of in [11], we have

where is measured in unit of  m.

From (14), (15) and the equation of parameter for alloy Cu₃Au in [10], we find the dependence of the critical temperature on pressure. Our numerical calculations of the dependence of with the values of pressure from 0 to 30 kbar are given in Table 1 and represented in Figure 1.

Table 1: Solutions of (13) at different pressures .

(kbar)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30

2.7618
2.7591
2.7563
2.7536
2.7509
2.7480
2.7453

(K)
665
676
686
695
704
711
718

Figure 1: The dependence of the critical temperature for alloy Cu₃Au on pressure.

From Figure 1 we see that, in the interval of pressure from 7 to 21 kbar, the critical temperature depends near linearly on pressure with the mean speed of changing  K/kbar. This result agrees with experiments [1], where the rate of change of the critical temperature with pressure is 2.1 K/kbar from 7 to 21 kbar. The kinetics of the order transformation below are adequately described by the homogeneous reaction rate equation and an activation volume of 6.8 cm³/mole of atoms. The magnitude of this activation volume indicates that the formation of vacancies on the gold sublattice is the rate‐limiting step in the homogeneous ordering process.

If ignoring the second term in right side of (11) (this term depends on pressure and temperature), we obtain the expression of ordered parameter calculated by other statistical methods [8].

In conclusion, the obtained dependence of critical temperature on pressure (see (14)) in alloy Cu₃Au has simple analytic form and numerical result in a good agreement with the experimental data.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was carried out by the financial support from HNUE, the Le Quy Don University of Technology.

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