First-Principles Investigation of Structural, Electronic, and Room Temperature Ferromagnetism in Si-Doped Monolayer BN

We performed spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of silicon(Si-) doped monolayer boron nitride (BN). +e present study revealed that structural parameters like bond length, bond angle, and lattice parameters increase as Si-doped in the B site of monolayer BN. However, the bandgap of monolayer BN is reduced in the presence of the Si dopant. Moreover, the obtained magnetic moment and analysis of the total density of states (TDOS) show that Si-doped monolayer BN displays ferromagnetism. +e calculated ferromagnetic transition temperature (Tc) value for Si concentration of 12.5% is 476K which exceeds room temperature.+e findings are avenues to enhance the application of monolayer BN for spintronics.


Introduction
Two-dimensional materials (2D) have become a focus of research for scientists in the field of material sciences since the first successful exfoliation of single-layer graphene, owing particularly to the prospect of taking advantage of their exceptional electronic properties in novel devices [1]. Among the family of 2D materials, multilayered boron nitride (BN) compounds have received the attention of researchers [2] due to its exceptional mechanical [3], optical [4], catalytic [5], and thermal [6] properties. Especially, in the monolayer limit, its structural properties are closely related to hexagonal graphene [7]. As different theoretical and experimental results indicate BN can exist in different crystal structures, namely, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) [8], rhombohedral boron nitride (r-BN) [9], cubic boron nitride (c-BN) [10], and wurtzite [11]. Monolayer BN is comprised of alternating boron and nitrogen atoms in a honeycomb arrangement, consisting of sp 2 -bonded twodimensional (2D) layers [12,13]. Within each layer of hexagonal BN, boron and nitrogen atoms are bound by strong covalent bonds, whereas the layers are held together by weak Van der Waals forces as in graphite. It has been reported the bond length of h-BN 1.451Å is closer with graphene with bond length 1.425Å [14]. e other attractive aspect of graphene is its semimetallic nature where the valence and conduction bands meet each other at the Dirac point [15]. Unlike zero bandgaps metallic graphene, intrinsic BN is an insulator with a direct wide bandgap [16]. e main challenges to the practical application of pristine or undoped BN is primarily its wide bandgap nature. e DFT calculation like local density approximation (LDA) estimated the bandgap of single layer BN to be 4.7 ev [17], which is less than that from calculations obtained by using Green function and the screened Coulomb interaction approximation (GWA) (5.95 eV) [18] and experimentally reported optical bandgap (5.5 eV) [19]. However, there are different theoretical and experimental evidence on the possibility of controlling the bandgap of h-BN. Among those, Wang et al. reported that the bandgap of BN can be modulated by doping with semiconductor like C [20]. In addition, recent DFT studies have shown that the bandgap of undoped h-BN can be reduced from 5.97 to 4.1Å with 12.5% AL-doping [21]. Furthermore, Yue et al. have reported significant bandgap reduction of pristine h-BN by Si-doping [22]. e other drawback of BN for the material application is related to its paramagnetic nature in pure state [23]. For information storage and spintronics (using a spin degree of freedom for electronics), ferromagnetic ordering at a certain finite temperature is essential. Yuan and coworkers demonstrated that the doping of transition metal in h-BN sheet can alter the magnetic properties of pristine BN [24]. Moreover, Zhou et al. found that nonmagnetic semiconductor like Si doping on semiconductor G induces ferromagnetism [25]. Furthermore, more recently, it has been reported that semiconductor silicon-(Si-) doping can alter the electronic properties of monolayer BN by reducing the band gap [26,27]. However, the detailed investigation of how structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of pristine hexagonal monolayer BN can be altered in the presence of Si substitution doping is not yet studied.
In the present study, the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of Si-doped hexagonal BN are studied in detail using spin-polarized DFT. For the first time, we have proposed room temperature ferromagnetic transition temperature in Si-doped monolayer hexagonal BN. Our results will bring a step forward to modulate structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of a wide bandgap semiconductor (insulator) by doping another semiconductor which is relatively closer in atomic size to the mother compound.

Computational Details
First-principles calculations were performed based on spinpolarized DFT using the Quantum Espresso code [28]. e generalized gradient approximation of the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE-GGA) was the formula used for the electronic exchange-correlation potential [29]. e plane-wave basis set with a cutoff energy of 20 Ry and 60 Ry for structural relaxation and calculation, respectively, was used after performing the convergence test. To investigate the doping effects of Si impurities on monolayer BN, the BN was modeled by a supercell of (4 × 4 × 1), as shown in Figure 1. A vacuum region of 15Å was set along the Z-axis to avoid any interaction along the z-axis. Integrations over the Brillouin zone (BZ) were sampled based on a Monkhorst-Pack 2D grid [30]. e atomic positions were optimized until the force acting on each atom becomes less than 0.05 eV/Å. Boron (B) [He] 2s 2 2p 1 , nitrogen (N) [He] 2s 2 2p 3 , and silicon (Si) [Ne] 3s 2 3p 2 valence electrons were considered for the simulation.

Effect of Si-Doping on Structural Properties of Pure
Monolayer BN. After structural optimization, the calculated lattice constant is 2.512Å. However, after the substitution of a single Si atom, the lattice constant is 2.582Å. e calculated Si-N bond length is 1.6160Å, which is much larger than the B-N sp 2 bonds (1.450 4Å) of the pristine h-BN sheet, as given in Table 1. e calculated results agree with previously reported DFT calculation [27]. Similarly, the bond angle for Si-doped monolayer BN (B-N-Si) is measured to be 121°, which indicates a small increment of the bond angle in comparison to pristine band angle 120°. us, the increase in bond length and bond angle results from the corrugation induced by the radius of the Si atom (1.17Å) bigger than the atomic radius of B (0.96Å) atom.

Defect Formation Energy and Structural Stability.
To examine the relative stability of Si atoms in pristine monolayer BN, we have calculated the formation energy (E form ) using the following equation [32,33]: (1) where E tot (Si, BN) and E tot (BN) are the total energies of doped and pure monolayer BN, respectively. e integer n i in equation (1) indicates the corresponding number of species that have been added to or removed from the supercell of monolayer BN, and μ Si and μ B are the chemical potentials of Si and B atoms, respectively. e calculated defect formation energy is employing the above equation (1) to be 4.83 eV and 1.71 eV for boron-rich and nitrogen-rich growth conditions, respectively. Our calculated results for boron-rich BN growth condition is closer to recently reported 4.86 eV, the formation energy Si-doping on BN for neutral defect [34]. Especially, our calculated formation energy for nitrogen-rich growth conditions is relatively small (1.71 eV). us, relatively small values of formation energy reveal that relative stability of Si impurities in monolayer BN and the doped Si atoms are closely bonded with neighboring B and N atoms of the mother compounds for nitrogen-rich BN growth condition than B-rich BN growth condition.

Total Density of States and Partial Density of States.
For a complete understanding of electronic states and individual contribution of atomic orbitals, we have plotted the total density of states (TDOS) and corresponding partial density of state (PDOS). As shown in Figure 2(a), the Fermi level of pristine monolayer BN is found at the middle of the valence band and conduction band. In addition, the spin-up state and spin-down state are symmetric, which confirm the semiconductor and nonmagnetic properties, respectively. However, in the presence of Si dopant, there are some additional localized impurity states seen in the spin-up state (Figure 2(b)) but not on the spin-down state. Moreover, symmetry in spin-up and spin-down TDOS are broken for the doped case. Furthermore, as impurity concentration increases, the defect states are broadening, as shown in Figures 2(b) and 2(c), which indicates the possibility of controlling the bandgap by manipulating the concentration of Si dopant.
Besides this, to get a clear understanding of which orbital is more contributing to the electronic properties, the partial density of states (PDOS) for the pure and single Si-doped BN was plotted. As shown in Figure 3(a), the major contributions for the state in the vicinity of Fermi level drive from nitrogen p orbital followed by boron p orbital for pure BN.  However, for a single Si-doped BN, the main contribution in the vicinity of Fermi level is derived from silicon 3-p orbital electrons, as shown in Figure 1(b).

Band Structure of Pure and Silicon-Doped Monolayer
Boron Nitride. To understand the nature of bandgap as well as the effect of Si-doping on energy band structure, the energy band structures were plotted for pure and single Sidoped in 4 × 4 × 1 monolayer BN supercells. As shown in Figure 4(a), the valence band maximum (VBM) and conduction band minimum (CBM) are located at K-high symmetry points of 2D hexagonal BZ for the pure and doped system, indicating that the type of the bandgap is direct in nature. On the other hand, in Si-doped monolayer BN, the Fermi energy moves up to CBM, which suggests that in the Si-doped system, the carriers are more likely electrons (Ntype of conductivity) and some localized states are formed. e isosurface charge plot shown in Figure 1(c) confirms this. Our result agrees with other latest findings [35]. In   [26] and less than the previously reported experimental optical band gap of 5.5 eV [17]. is is due to known limitations of DFT calculation like LDA and GGA overestimate the lattice parameters and underestimate the bandgap.

Effect of Si-Doping on Magnetic Properties of Pure
Monolayer BN. To understand how the state is distributed, the total spin-polarized density of states (DOS) for pure and single Si-doped monolayer BN was plotted. As shown in Figure 2(a), the nature of DOS for up and down spin channels is symmetric for the pure MLBN system; thus, symmetric behavior of up and down spin channels of DOS indicates that these materials bear paramagnetic (nonmagnetic) semiconductor nature. As given in Table 2, the calculated total magnetic moment per supercell of pure monolayer BN is μ m � 0μ B . However, for single and two Sidoped monolayers BN, the total magnetic moment per supercell is 1.0μ B and 2.0μ B , respectively. e calculated results are in good agreement with the recent DFT calculation [35]. Hence, the doped monolayer BN becomes ferromagnetic. e origin of magnetism seems to be an isolated Si atom that has the electron configuration [Ne] (3s 2 3p 2 ) with one electron greater than the B atom electron configuration [He] (2s 2 2p 1 ). erefore, the substitution of Si with B introduces a single electron per dopant. us, the wave function electron overlaps with the nearest neighbor nitrogen p-orbitals and boron p-orbitals and the phenomenon of spin splitting happened.

Magnetic Interaction in Silicon-Doped Monolayer Boron
Nitride.
e magnetic interaction between Si atoms in doped BN is studied by calculating the magnetic energy (ΔE), the total energy difference of ferromagnetic state E Tot (FM), and antiferromagnetic state E Tot (AFM) at the same impurity separation using the relation [32,33] where E FM and E AFM are the total energies of the supercell in ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) states, respectively. Using the result in Table 2, the calculated △E is found to be −0.017 882 81 Ry. us, our calculated results show that the FM phase is more stable than AFM for the nearest neighbor impurity configuration.

Ferromagnetic Transition Temperature in Si-Doped
Monolayer BN. e ferromagnetic transition temperature (T c ) below which the material maintains spontaneous magnetization is the most decisive parameter to characterize magnetic materials. By mapping the Heisenberg Hamiltonian together with the mean-field approximation, we have calculated T C for 12.5% Si-doped monolayer BN using relation [32,33] where N imp is the number of impurities of silicon doped in super cell and K B is the Boltzmann constant. Using the value of △E in Table 2, the number of silicon doped in monolayer BN is N � 2. But, it is well known that the magnetic ordering in the doped system is strongly influenced by percolation. us, the    [32,33], where T corr c is the corrected critical temperature calculated using the Ising model for hexagonal lattice and T MFA c predicted the critical temperature using mean-field theory as given in equation (3). e calculated Tc using mean filed approximation for 12.5% Sidoped monolayer BN and the corresponding corrected values are to be 940 K and 476 K, respectively. Hence, our result reveals that Si-doped monolayer BN is a promising candidate for room-temperature 2D dilutes magnetic semiconductors for spintronics applications even at high temperatures.

Conclusion
In this study, we have investigated the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of Si-doped monolayer using spinpolarized DFT. e substitution of the Si atom in the pure monolayer BN supercell affects its structural properties; the band length increases from 1.450 4Å to 1.616 0Å, the band angle 120°-121°, and the lattice constant increases from 2.512Å to 2.582Å. Moreover, we have shown that the substitution of the Si atom in the pristine graphene supercell turns the insulator of the pristine graphene into a relatively narrow gap semiconductor. It is found that Si-doped monolayer BN is ferromagnetic. e calculated Curie temperature using the mean-field approximation together with spin-polarized DFT is found to be 474 K, 12.5%. In light of our result, we suggest that Si monolayer BN is a good candidate for 2D magnetic semiconductors for spintronics applications.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.