Association between CHFR and PARP-1, and Their Roles in Regulation of Proliferation and Apoptosis of B Cell Lymphoma

Background . Aberrant methylation of checkpoint with forkhead and ring ﬁ nger domains (CHFR) was found in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), whereas its role in carcinogenesis is not clear. CHFR can control poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase levels by causing its degradation. The study was aimed to explore the roles and mechanisms of CHFR in the pathogenesis of B-cell NHL. Methods . Short hairpin ribonucleic acid (ShRNAs) targeting CHFR and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) were transduced into Raji cells, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting were carried out to determine their expression. Afterwards, the CCK-8 assay and ﬂ ow cytometry were used to evaluate the cell growth and apoptosis. Tumor size and weight were determined using a xenograft model, and decitabine (5-Aza-dC) was used to further determine the methylation status of CHFR through a methylation speci ﬁ city-PCR assay. Results . 5-Aza-dC-treatment promoted the expression of CHFR and decreased the expression of PARP-1 at both messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels. 5-Aza-dC also accelerated Raji-cell apoptosis and restrained its growth in vitro and in vivo ( P < 0 : 05 ). These results were contrary to those observed in the shRNA-CHFR group but consistent with those observed in the shRNA-PARP-1 group. The expression pro ﬁ les of CHFR and PARP-1 in the xenograft model were consistent with those in the cellular model. Treatment with 5-Aza-dC led to demethylation of CHFR in nude mice. Besides, there may be a negative correlation between CHFR and PARP-1 in B-cell NHL cells. Conclusion . Our ﬁ ndings indicated that 5-Aza-dC could lead to the demethylation of the CHFR promoter and suppress Raji cell growth.


Introduction
Lymphoma is the most common malignancy during childhood and occurs in 16.6-23.2% of children with malignant tumors, second only to acute leukemia and intracranial tumors [1,2].Lymphoma tumors are classified into two groups, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).The latter has been widely studied because it accounts for 60% of malignant lymphomas, and often occurs in adolescents and adults with a poor prognosis and a higher chance of relapse.Recently, the incidence and mortality of B-cell NHL has increased despite treatments, such as high-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation.Because the alterations of genes and molecules contribute to the pathogenesis of cancers, it is essential to identify new potential targets for clinical targeted therapy.
Checkpoint with forkhead and ring finger domains (CHFR) is a mitotic checkpoint protein consisting of forkhead-associated (FHA), ring finger (RF), and cysteinerich (CR) domains.FHA is a prerequisite for the mitotic checkpoint complex, and RF mediates the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligase.CHFR arrests cells in the pre-mitotic stage and enhances cell viability by disrupting chromosome condensation and centrosome separation via Cdc2/cyclin B. CHFR is reported to be widely expressed in human tissues.The expression of CHFR is frequently down-regulated in tumors, suggesting that CHFR may be a tumor suppressor gene [3].Previous studies have shown that overexpression of CHFR could inhibit cell proliferation in HCT116 and RKO colon cancer cells, as well as in the Hs578T breast cancer cell line [4], indicating that CHFR may function as a negative regulator of proliferation, and may have anti-cancer effects [5].Additionally, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) was identified as a novel CHFR-binding protein, and CHFR could regulate mitosis via the ubiquitylation and degradation of PARP-1 in a variety of cancer cells, including cervical cancer cells (HeLa), breast cancer cells (SK-BR-3 and ZR-75-1), gastric cancer cells (HSC-44, MKN7, and MKN45), non-small cell lung cancer cells (LU99), and colorectal cancer cells (HCT116 and DLD-1) [6].The nuclear PARP-1 protein belongs to the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, and has a DNA binding domain.PARP-1, an enzyme, can catalyze the covalent attachment of polymers of ADP-ribose (PAR) moieties on itself and its target proteins [7].In addition, PARP-1 also plays an important role in DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, genome stability, and apoptosis [8][9][10].PARP-1 was reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of tumors due to its up-regulation of expression and activity in many types of cancer [11,12].A study of Chung et al. [13] showed that Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) down-regulated PARP-1 expression by PF-8 (a viral synthesis factor), and indicated that PF-8 could recruit host CHFR to target PARP-1 for proteasome degradation, thus promoting the efficient replication of KSHV cleavage.All these reports reveal the roles of PARP-1 in mitosis, and the interaction between CHFR and PARP-1 in cell cycle.However, the relationship between CHFR and PARP-1 is not clear in lymphoma.
Decitabine (5-Aza-dC) was approved for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006 [14].By covalently binding to methyltransferase, 5-Aza-dC leads to the demethylation and reactivation of the target gene.The abnormal hypermethylation of genes is widely detected in tumor tissues [15][16][17], which leads to the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes transcription [18].It is proposed that CHFR loss may be caused by promoter CpG hypermethylation [19][20][21][22].Accumulating evidence supports the role of the promoter hypermethylation-induced inactivation of CHFR in the pathogenesis of diverse tumors, including gastric cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer [21][22][23].The status of expression and DNA methylation of CHFR in NHL is rarely reported.
Previously, CHFR was found to be decreased in NHL, suggesting that CHFR may be involved in the development of B-cell NHL [24,25].In the present study, CHFR was manipulated to be up-regulated in 5-Aza-dC-treated NHL Raji cells, and down-regulated using short hairpin ribonucleic acid (ShRNA) shRNA interference [26].The purposes of this study were to explore the roles and mechanism of CHFR in the pathogenesis of NHL cells.These findings may support the use of CHFR and PARP-1 as potential therapeutic targets for lymphoma treatment.

Materials and Methods
2.1.Cell Culture.Human NHL Raji cells were purchased from the cell bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing, China), and maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), 100 kU/L penicillin, and 100 mg/L streptomycin in a CO 2 thermostat at 37 °C.

Experimental Group.
Based on previous results [24], Raji cells were treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as a blank control or 5-Aza-dC.After that, for lentivirus particle transfection, the Raji cells were divided into shRNA-CHFR, blank, and negative control (NC) groups; or shRNA-PARP-1, blank, and NC groups.At least three replicates were included in each group.
2.3.5-Aza-dC Treatment and Lentivirus Transfection.Raji cells were seeded into the culture flask, and then treated with 5-Aza-dC (10 μmol/L) for 24 hours.An equal amount of PBS was used as blank control.The cells were then harvested after 24 hour for further analysis.
2.5.Western Blotting.Raji cells with different treatments were harvested and lysed in a lysis buffer.The protein expression of CHFR and PARP-1 was determined using western blotting as previously described [28,29] Then, 10 μL CCK-8 was added to each well and the mixed samples were incubated for 24 and 48 hours.The inhibitory rate was calculated using the equation: 1 − (OD450 exp − OD450 blank)/(OD450 con − OD450 blank), where 'exp' indicates cells overexpressing or down-regulating targeted genes.

Cell Apoptosis Assay.
The cell apoptosis of Raji cells was determined using Annexin V-FITC cell apoptosis assay kit (Beyotime Biotechnology) following the recommendations of the manufacturer.1 × 10 6 Raji cells with different treatments (blank, NC, and sh-CHFR or shRNA-PARP-1 groups) were collected in a centrifuge tube (10 mL), and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes.After washing with PBS, the cells were centrifuged again, and labelled with 5 μL Annexin V and 5 μL 7AAD (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lake, NJ, USA) for 5 minutes in the dark.Apoptotic cells were detected using a flow cytometer (BD Biosciences).
2.8.Tumor Xenograft Model.When Raji cells grew to the logarithmic phase, the cells were treated with PBS or 5-Aza-dC, or transfected with shRNA-CHFR or shRNA-PARP-1 or shRNA-NC for 48 hours.After that, the cells with different treatments were harvested, and then counted the viable cells in each group.After that, the cell suspension was adjusted to 3 × 10 7 cells/mL with serum-free medium.
A total of 20 four-to-six-week-old male nude mice were divided into five groups using a random number table method (n = 4): blank group, 5-Aza-Dc group, shRNA-CHFR group, shRNA-PARP-1 group, and shRNA-NC group.The mice in the 5-Aza-dC group, shRNA-CHFR group, shRNA-PARP-1, and shRNA-NC group were, respectively, subcutaneously injected with cell suspension (200 μL) treated with 5-Aza-dC and transfected with shRNA-CHFR or shRNA-PARP-1 or shRNA-NC for 48 hours to the right subaxillary, once every two days for five times.The mice in the blank group were injected with the cell suspension that was treated with PBS.At day 10, the tumor xenograft model was defined to be successful if the short diameter was 0.42 cm [30].The tumor volumes and body weights of all the mice were dynamically monitored.The following equation was used to calculate the tumor volume: where a represents the longer diameter of the tumor and b represents the shorter diameter of the tumor.At day 24, all the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation method, and the tumor weight and volume were recorded.At the same time, all the nude mice were dissected to observe whether there were metastases, such as lung nodules, visible to the naked eye.The obtained tumor tissues were stored at −80 °C for subsequent experiments.All the animal experiments were in line with the ARRIVE guidelines and the animal ethics committee of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.

Detection of Cell Apoptosis and Tumor Microvascular
Density In Vivo.The tumor tissues in the different groups were collected for cell apoptosis using Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL).The tumor tissues were fixed, embedded in paraffin, and then cut into 5-μm sections.After that, the tumor sections were dewaxed, dehydrated by gradient ethanol, digested by 20 g/L protease K at room temperature, and then stained by TUNEL method.After sealed with neutral resin, the images were observed under a microscope at 200× magnification.The presence of brown reagent in the nucleus was considered as positive, and the presence of blue nucleus was considered as negative.The negative and positive controls were set at the same time.At least three visual fields were counted in each section, and then the cell apoptosis rate was calculated.
The tumor microvascular density in the different groups was assessed by immunohistochemistry of CD34.The tumor sections were dewaxed, dehydrated by gradient ethanol, and incubated in BSA for 30 minutes after antigen repair.Afterwards, the samples were incubated with anti-CD34 antibody, and then incubated with the secondary antibody.After 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining and hematoxylin contrast staining, the samples were sealed with neutral resin, and the pictures were found under a microscope at 200× magnification.Three areas with the highest blood vessel density were determined in each section under low power lens, and then the number of microvessels in each area was counted under high power lens, and the values of microvascular density were calculated.The negative and positive controls were set at the same time.

Statistical Analysis.
All the data in this study were expressed as mean ± SD ( X ± S) and analyzed using SPSS20.Differences between two groups were analyzed by t-test, and differences among multiple groups were calculated using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).P < 0:05 was considered statistically significant.

Lentivirus-Mediated Transfection of CHFR and PARP.
In order to screen the optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI), the Raji cells were transfected with different MOI of sh-CHFR and sh-PARP lentivirus for 72 hours, and the fluorescence intensity was determined.At 72 hours postinfection, the fluorescence intensity of these cells gradually increased along with the MOI values (Figure 1(a)).A MOI value of 30 was decided to be optimal given the virus titers and cytotoxicity.Moreover, we detected a stronger Green fluorescent protein (GFP) intensity at 72 hours post-infection, with an infection rate >80%.The cells after transfection were observed under a light microscope (Figure 1(b)).Additionally, there was no significant difference in the cell viability among the control cells and the cells transfected with different MOI of shRNA NC after cultured for 24, 48, and 72 hours (P > 0:05; Figure 1(c)).This indicated that shRNA NC lentivirus packaging did not significantly affect the viability of Raji cells.Therefore, we chose the MOI value of 30 for further cell transfection.

The Effect of 5-Aza-dC on Expression Levels of CHFR and
PARP-1 in Raji Cells.In order to see the effects of 5-Aza-dC on the expression levels of CHFR and PARP-1 in Raji cells, the cells were treated with 5-Aza-dC (10 μmol/L) for 24 hours, and then RT-qPCR and western blotting were performed.Compared with the control group, the expression level of CHFR was significantly increased (P < 0:05), whereas the expression level of PARP-1 was significantly decreased (P < 0:05; Figure 2(a)).Additionally, the change tendency of CHFR and PARP-1 detected by western blotting was similar to that measured by RT-qPCR (Figure 2(b)).These results indicated that 5-Aza-dC could upregulate the expression of CHFR and down-regulate the expression of PARP-1.
After that, the methylation of CHFR in the Raji cells was measured.After being amplified with methylated or unmethylated primers, there were no bands in the blank control group (only the medium, lane 7 and 8).However, in the positive control group (the normal peripheral blood treated with Sssl methyl transferase, lane 5 and 6), and the control group (the Raji cells with PBS, lane 3 and 4), the bands were observed after amplification with the methylated primers (lane 5 and 3), which indicated that CHFR was methylated in the Raji cells.After the Raji cells treated with 5-Aza-dC, the bands (lane 1 and 2) were both visualized after amplification with the methylated and unmethylated primers, as well as compared with the control group (lane 3), the band after amplification with methylated primers in the treatment group (lane 1) was weaker and lighter, which implied that 5-Aza-dC could partially demethylate CHFR in the Raji cells (Figure 2(c)).

The Expression Levels of CHFR and PARP-1 after Cell
Transfection.Raji cells were transfected with NC sh sequences, sh-CHFR, or sh-PARP lentivirus for 48 hours, and then the expression levels of CHFR and PARP-1 were determined using RT-qPCR and western blot.The cells in the blank group were without treatment.It is obvious that there were no significant differences in the mRNA expression levels of CHRF and PARP-1 between the blank group and NC group (P > 0:05; Figures 3(a) and 3(b)).Compared with the blank group, the expression level of CHFR was significantly decreased in the ShRNA-CHFR group (P < 0:05), whereas the expression level of PARP-1 was significantly increased in the ShRNA-CHFR group (P < 0:05; Figure 3(a)).However, after PARP-1 silencing, the expression level of CHFR was evidently increased in the ShRNA-PARP-1, and the expression level of PARP-1 was decreased (P < 0:05; Figure 3(b)).Additionally, western blotting showed the similar trends after CHFR or PARP-1 silencing (Figures 3(c) and 3(d)).These results suggested that silencing CHFR could reduce the expression level of CHFR, and increase the expression level of PARP-1, whereas silencing PARP-1 could promote the expression level of CHFR, and inhibit the expression level of PARP-1.

The Effects of CHFR and PARP-1 on Cell Viability and
Apoptosis of Raji Cells.Further to investigate the effects of CHFR and PARP-1 on the growth of Raji cells, the Raji cells with CHFR/PARP-1 knockdown were established using lentivirus packaging, and then cultured for 24 and 48 hours.The cells in the blank group were without treatment.After that, CCK-8 kit and flow cytometer were used to determine their viability and apoptosis.It is obvious that there was no significant difference in the cell viability of Raji cells between the blank group and NC group (P > 0:05; Figure 4).The cell viability was significantly higher in the ShRNA-CHFR group than that in the blank group cultured for 24 or 48 hours (P < 0:05; Figure 4(a)).However, after silencing PARP-1, the cell viability of Raji cells was evidently inhibited compared with the blank group (P < 0:05; Figure 4(b)).

The Role of CHFR Promotor Methylation in Tumor
Xenograft Mice In Vivo.To further explore the roles of CHFR and PARP-1 in vivo, the nude mice were injected with the suspension of cells previously treated with different treatments at 6 × 10 6 cells/time.After fed for 24 days, the tumor size and volume of all mice were measured and recorded.Small visible tumors were observed at one week after the subcutaneous injection of Raji cells.The shorter diameter reached to 0.4 cm two weeks later, and the tumor size was gradually increased in a time-dependent manner (Figures 6(a), 6(b), and 6(c)).At day 24, it is obvious that the tumor volume or weight was significantly lower in the 5-Aza-dc and ShRNA-PARP-1 groups than that in the blank group (P < 0:05), whereas it was significantly higher in the ShRNA-CHFR group (P < 0:05; Figure 6(d)).No significant differences were found in the tumor volume/weight, cell apoptosis rate, and tumor microvascular density between the blank and ShRNA-NC groups (P > 0:05; Figures 6(d), 6(e), and 6(f)).Compared with the blank group, the cell apoptosis rate was significantly increased in the 5-Aza-dc and ShRNA-PARP-1 groups (P < 0:05); whereas was significantly reduced in the ShRNA-CHFR group (P < 0:05; Figure 6(e)).The tendency of the tumor microvascular density in the different groups was opposite to that of the cell apoptosis rate (Figure 6(f)).
Additionally, there were no significant differences in the expression of CHFR and PARP-1 between the blank and ShRNA-NC groups (P > 0:05; Figure 6(g)).Compared with the blank group, the CHFR expression was significantly up- 5 Analytical Cellular Pathology regulated in the 5-Aza-dC and ShRNA-PARP-1 groups; whereas it was obviously down-regulated in the ShRNA-CHFR group (P < 0:05; Figure 6(g)).However, the trend of PARP-1 expression level was opposite to that of CHFR expression (Figure 6(g)).Besides, CHFR methylation was then determined in the tumor tissues using MSP.The results of CHFR in the tumor tissues were similar to those in the Raji cells (Figure 6(h)).No bands (lane 7 and 8) were observed in the blank control (the normal mice), as well as the bands (lane 5 and 3) were found in the control group (the Raji cellsinduced mice injected with PBS) and positive control group (the normal peripheral blood treated with Sssl methyl transferase) after amplification with the methylated primers.After the Raji cells-induced mice treated with 5-Aza-dC treatment, the bands (lane 1 and 2) were observed after amplification with the methylated and unmethylated primers, and the band

Discussion
CHFR, a gene of mitotic checkpoint, regulates a delay of mitotic stress at G2/M phase [25], and controls both a new prophase checkpoints early in mitosis and chromosome segregation later in mitosis to maintain genomic stability [31].PARP-1 is the most abundant and founding member of the PARP family, and its high expression is detected in various tumors, including breast, ovarian, bladder, colorectal, and gastric cancers [32][33][34][35], as well as NHL Raji cells [35].A recent study reported that in CHFR-expressing cells, mitotic stress induced the autoPARylation of PARP-1, leading to an enhanced interaction between CHFR and PARP-1, and increase in the polyubiquitination/degradation of PARP-1, which implied that the interaction between CHFR and PARP-1 plays an important role in cell cycle regulation and cancer therapeutic strategies [6].Besides, PARP-1 expression is significantly higher in malignant lymphoma compared with normal lymph nodes [36], and downregulation of PARP-1 inhibits the cells in the G2/M phase [6].Our study further investigated the relationships between CHFR and PARP-1 in vitro and in vivo in NHL.
PAR-binding zinc-finger (PBZ) domain is a receptor of PARPs in the CR region of CHFR, and mutations in the PBZ domain contribute to a loss of CHFR's mitotic checkpoint function [37,38].Evidences have shown that G2/M arrest is prolonged in PARP-1-deficient cells, and PARP-1 and PARylation play essential roles in cell entrance into mitosis, chromosomal aggregation, and cell division [39][40][41].In the mitotic stress condition, the reduction in PARP-1 protein levels has been reported to lead to prophase cell cycle arrest, and CHFR can function in cell cycle arrest by lowering PARP-1 levels before entering mitosis where adequate PARP-1 will be required [6].A previous study of Kashima et al. [8] also showed that CHFR can control PARP levels by causing its degradation, but that was in the conditions of mitotic stress and cell arrest, caused by this mechanism, and in fact led to increased cell survival.However, in this study, PARP-1 expression was significantly up-regulated in the CHFR knocked down Raji cells; as well as CHFR expression was also significantly up-regulated in the shRNA-PARP-1 Raji cells.These data suggested CHFR and PARP-1 had a crosstalk in the normal condition, and there may be a negative correlation between CHFR and PARP-1 in NHL Raji cells.Combined with our results, we speculate that CHFR interacts with PARP-1 not only under stress or damaged conditions, but also possibly under normal conditions.Furthermore, we explored the roles of CHFR and PARP-1 in NHL in vivo and in vitro.Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that CHFR knockdown could enhance Raji cell viability, suppress cell apoptosis, and promote tumor formation; whereas silencing PARP-1 could inhibit Raji cell viability and tumor growth, and induce Raji cell apoptosis.PARP-1 initiates a variety of cellular responses, including DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint control, apoptosis, and transcription in the nucleus [6]; as well as dysregulation of PARP-1 is closely associated with the DNA damage and tumor development [42,43].CHFR can recognize the PARylation signals at the sites of DNA damage, and the loss of CHFR can prolong the retention time of PARP-1 at damage sites, which may inhibit DNA damage repair and induce the accumulation of DNA damage [43,44].Lacking  10 Analytical Cellular Pathology of CHFR is not enough to induce apoptosis, whereas on the contrary, promotes cell transformation and tumorigenesis [44].In the absence of CHFR, PARP-1 inhibitor is added to capture PARP-1 at the DNA damage sites, and the cellular ability to repair DNA damage may be breached, thus resulting in tumor cell apoptosis [45].A study of Li et al. [44] also confirmed that CHFR could abolish DNA damage repair, and made gastric tumor cells sensitive to PARP inhibitor therapy.Another study reported that PARP-1 knockdown in the H1299 cells reduced cell migration and colony formation, as well as inhibit the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers, thereby, protecting non-small cell lung cancer [45].Additionally, Liang et al. found that angiotensin II induced oxidative stress and DNA damage with the increased PARP-1 expression and activity, whereas PARP-1 knockdown by siRNA could reverse the effects caused by angiotensin II, which suggested that supmay have protective effects on abdominal aortic aneurysm [46].Although the mechanisms of PARP-1 knockdown are different from those of PARP-1 inhibitors, we can also conclude that CHFR and PARP-1 might affect Raji cell growth and NHL tumor progression via regulating DNA damage repair.However, the specific relationships between CHFR and PARP-1 in NHL, as well as the roles of CHFR and PARP-1 interaction in DNA damage of NHL Raji cells under different conditions warrant to be further studied.
Aberrant methylation of CHFR was found to be associated with many cancers, and 5-Aza-dC is a DNA-demethylating agent.A previous study [47] reported that 5-Aza-dC treatment decreased trophoblast migration and invasion capacity, and induced mesenchymal to epithelial transition through DNA methylation of epithelial marker genes.Gao et al. showed that CHFR hypermethylation was a frequent event in acute myeloid leukemia, and is independently related to an adverse outcome [48].Thereout, we hypothesized that CHFR methylation may be associated with NHL, and then determined the CHFR methylation in this study after 5-Aza-dC treatment.We observed that 5-Aza-dC treatment could up-regulate CHFR and downregulate PARP-1 in Raji cells, and inhibit the tumor growth through the CHFR demethylation in vitro and in vivo.Methylation is partial methylation, and the occurrence of methylation and demethylation processes is associated with tumorigenesis [49].The CHFR expression in vitro and in vivo may be related to the demethylation of some other transcription factors, such as RUNX3 [50], HLTF [51], and RNF8 [52].Based on our research, we speculated that the existence of CHFR in the cells and tissues might be related to the PARP-1 demethylation, but the specific reasons need to be investigated in the future.Cha et al. [53] indicated that CHFR was expressed in HCT-116 cells, whereas was up-regulated after 5-Aza-dC treatment; as well as combination with 5-Aza-dC suppressed the growth of HCT-116 cells.Our previous study also reported that CHFR was expressed, but lower in the NHL cells and tissues; as well as 5-Aza-dC could eliminate the hypermethylation of CHFR, enhance CHFR expression and cell apoptosis, whereas repress the cell viability of Raji cells [24].Combined with these findings, it can be inferred that CHFR can be methylated in the lymphoma, and 5-Aza-dC may inhibit tumor formation and Raji cell growth via CHFR demethylation in NHL.
PARP-1 inhibitors have been reported to be used as tumor inhibitors in combination with DNA damaging agents, but few studies have reported the efficacy of PARP-1 knockdown in lymphoma.In this research, we also found that the effects of PARP-1 interference were similar to those of 5-Aza-dC, which imply that PARP-1 knockdown combined with demethylation agents may be more effective for cancer therapy [54,55].Our study provides an experimental basis for combined treatment including chemotherapy and demethylation agents.However, the precise mechanisms by which CHFR regulates PARP-1, mitosis, and DNA damage in NHL cells remain unknown, and the roles of 5-Aza-dC in altering the methylation status of other tumor suppressor genes, in addition to CHFR, requires extensive investigation.Furthermore, the roles of PARP-1 in cells and cell biology are more complex, and need to be further explored.
In conclusion, there may be a negative correlation between CHFR and PARP-1 expression in NHL cells under normal conditions, and 5-Aza-dC-treatment may inhibit the growth of NHL cells by regulating CHFR/PARP-1.Additionally, 5-Aza-dC may reduce tumor formation and suppress Raji cell growth via demethylation of CHFR.Our findings will help to improve our understanding of lymphoma therapy, and provide basis for CHFR and PARP-1 as potential therapeutic targets for lymphoma management.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Lentivirus-mediated transfection efficiency after 72 hours post-infection.(a) Fluorescence intensity in Raji cells after transfection with different MOI for 72 hours under a fluorescence microscope.(b) The cellular morphology after transfection for 72 hours under a light microscope.(c) The cell viability of the cells transfected with different MOI of shRNA negative control (NC) after cultured for 24, 48, and 72 hours using cell counting kit-8.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: The effects of 5-Aza-dc on the expression levels of CHFR and PARP-1, as well as CHFR methylation in Raji cells.(a) The mRNA expression levels of PARP-1 and CHFR in the cells treated with 5-Aza-dc for 24 hours determined by real-time quantification PCR (RT-qPCR).(b) The protein expression levels of PARP-1 and CHFR in the cells treated with 5-Aza-dc for 24 hours measured by western blotting.(c) The methylation of CHFR in Raji cells using methylation specificity-PCR (MSP; M: methylation; U: unmethylation; 1, 2: treatment group, the Raji cells treated with 5-Aza-dC; 3, 4: control group, the Raji cells treated with PBS; 5, 6: positive control group, the normal peripheral blood treated with SssI methyl transferase; 7, 8: blank control group, only the medium).*P < 0:05, compared with the control group.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: The effects of CHFR and PARP-1 on the cell viability of Raji cells using cell counting kit-8.The relative cell viability of Raji cells after the cells' transfection with sh-CHFR (a) and sh-PARP-1 (b) lentivirus for 24 and 48 hours determined by cell counting kit-8.*P < 0:05, compared with the blank group.

Figure 5 :Figure 6 :
Figure 5: The effects of CHFR and PARP-1 on the cell apoptosis of Raji cells.The cell apoptosis of Raji cells after the cells' transfection with sh-CHFR (a) and sh-PARP-1 (b) lentivirus for 24 and 48 hours measured using flow cytometry.*P < 0:05, compared with the blank group.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: The effects of CHFR and PARP-1 on the tumor xenograft model in vivo.The nude mice were injected with the cell suspension with different treatment for 24 hours.(a) The tumor size in different groups after fed for 24 days.((A) Normal mice, mice without treatment; (B) 5-Aza-dC group, mice injected with 5-Aza-dc-treated cell suspension; (C) ShRNA-PARP-1 group, mice injected with sh-PARP-1transfected cell suspension; (D) blank group, mice injected with PBS cell suspension; (E) ShRNA-CHFR group, mice injected with sh-CHFR-transfected cell suspension; and (F) ShRNA-NC group, mice injected with sh-NC-transfected cell suspension).(b) Tumor dissection in each group.(c) Tumor growth curves in the mice of the blank, 5-Aza-dc, ShRNA-PARP-1, ShRNA-CHFR, and ShRNA-NC groups.(d) The tumor volume and weight in the mice of the different groups.(e) Cell apoptosis rate in tumors of the different groups.(f) Tumor microvascular density in the different groups.(g) The mRNA expression levels of CHFR and PARP-1 in the different groups.(h) Determination of methylation of CHFR in mice using MSP (M: methylation; U: Unmethylation; 1, 2: treatment group, the Raji cellsinduced mice treated with 5-Aza-Dc; 3, 4: control group, the Raji cells-induced mice with PBS; 5, 6: positive control group, the normal peripheral blood treated with SssI methyl transferase; and 7, 8: blank control group, the normal mice).*P < 0:05, compared with the blank group.# P < 0:05, compared with the 5-Aza-dc group.△ P < 0:05, compared with the ShRNA-PARP-1 group.$ P < 0:05, compared with the ShRNA-CHFR group.