Theoretical Analysis of the Shaft

This paper represents the dynamic response of a steel shaft which is fixed at both ends by bearing. The shaft is subjected to both axial and bending loads. The behavior of the shaft in the presence of two transverse cracks subjected to the same angular position along longitudinal direction is observed by taking basic parameters such as nondimensional depth (b i /D), nondimensional length (L i /L), and three relative natural frequencies with their relative mode shapes. The compliance matrix is calculated from the stress intensity factor for two degrees of freedom.The dynamic nature of the cracked shaft at two cracked locations at a different depth is observed.The compliancematrix is a function of crack parameters such as depth and location of crack from any one of the bearings. The three relative natural frequencies and their mode shapes at a different location and depth obtained analytical and experimental method. Multiple adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (MANFIS) methodology (an inverse technique) is used for locating the cracks at any depth and location. The input of the MANFIS is provided with the first three natural frequencies and the first three mode shapes obtained from analytical method. The predicted result of the MANFIS (relative crack location and depth) has been validated using the results from the developed experimental setup.


Introduction
Generation and propagation of transverse crack in a shaft or rotor is a common phenomenon for every machine.Nowadays, it becomes a challenging task in front of a designer to identify the crack and take steps for precaution before damaging the whole structure.Zheng et al. [1] have formulated a learning algorithm based on radial basis function neural network for structural damage diagnosis.In their work, they have used fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, and neural network for development of the proposed model.The model has been designed with the data (modal frequencies obtained from finite element analysis).Their model is capable of predicting the delimitation location and size of the composite laminated beam successfully.They have found that the developed model is capable of predicting the results within an error of 18 percent.Bachschmid et al. [2] have analyzed the vibration response of a shaft line used in a turbo generator unit.They have used the quasilinear approach and finite element method to obtain the vibration signature (modal frequencies and amplitude of vibration).They have found out the effect of a crack along the shaft line on the dynamic response of the system at different speed of the shaft.They have expressed that the crack forces depend on the depth of crack and are proportional to static bending moments and inversely proportional to the third power of the shaft diameter.The maximum response of the shaft has been found during the resonant condition.Buezas et al. [3] have employed a genetic algorithm optimization method for crack detection in structural elements.The developed model has used the contact between the interfaces of the crack to address the damage diagnosis problem.They have simulated the crack as a notch or a wedge with a unilateral Signorini contact model.They have compared the dynamic response of the damage structure with the finite element model using the least square approach and claimed that the GA-based algorithm can detect the damage parameter in the structure system effectively.Zhang et al. [4] have used strain gauge and a servo hydraulic machine, a drop weight impact device to find out loading rate effect on the crack velocity in high strength concrete.They have conducted a three-point bend test on the high strength concrete specimen with strain gauges mounted on them to measure the crack velocity.They found that under high loading rate the crack propagates with slightly increasing velocity but under low loading rate the crack advances with increasing velocity.They have claimed that the peak strain crack velocity and strain rate will help in validating the numerical model to evaluate the rate dependence of the fracture behavior of high strength concrete.Singh and Tiwari [5] have developed a methodology to identify the number of cracks present in the shaft and to estimate their position and size.The technique has been developed using a transverse forced response of the shaft system which has been computed using finite element method and the Timoshenko beam theory.They have taken measures to reduce the effect of noise on the vibration response.Genetic algorithm has been used for predicting the position of the cracks and depths for a simply supported having two cracks.A study has been performed by Chomette and Sinou [6] to develop an optimal control and identification methodology for truss structure with multiple cracks.They have stated that in a control system, the presence of transverse crack can destabilized the performance of the system.In their investigation, they have fabricated a method to detect the presence of multiple cracks using the rational fraction polynomial algorithm.The efficiency of the proposed method has been validated by considering the crack parameter (location and depth) along with a crack orientation.Tlaisi et al. [7] have investigated the bending and torsional vibration response numerically and experimentally for uncracked and cracked shafts to develop online monitoring system for damage identification.In their work, the dynamics response of the over hung shaft has been calculated taking into account the effect of ball bearings and test frames which support the shaft structure with the help of modal analysis software and finite element analysis.They have claimed that the effect of a different depth on bending and torsional frequency gives a better insight to the vibratory behavior.Rubio et al. [8] have used closed-form polynomial expression to derive the flexibility function of crack shaft to measure the modal response both in bending and tension.They have considered the tip of the crack as an elliptical front for more realistic configuration of the crack present in a shaft.The validation of the developed analytical method has been done by comparing the result obtained from finite element method and experimental technique.They have found a very good agreement between the results from experimental and the proposed methodology.Naik and Maiti [9] presented formulation of a crack in a Timoshenko and an Euler-Bernoulli shafts based on compliance technique to analyse the free vibration taking into consideration the angular orientation.The analytical method has been developed using strain energy release rate and stress intensity factors.The equation proposed has been used to derive free transverse and torsional vibration.The results from the analytical approach have been compared with the frequencies obtained from finite element for different configuration of crack, and they found that the results are well in agreement.Saeed et al. [10] has presented single artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple adaptive neuro fuzzy interface system (ANFIS) for crack diagnosis in the curvilinear beams using changes in vibration parameter.They have used finite element method (FEM) to calculate the natural frequency and frequency response functions for intact and crack beam.They have found that the multiple ANN and the multiple ANFIS prediction errors are less than the single ANN.From their study, they have concluded that the multiple ANFIS can diagnose the crack presenting the beam with less error even in the presence of noise.Abraham [11] has discussed various neurofuzzy models for various applications.He has discussed three types of cooperative neurofuzzy models that have evolved during last decades.

Theoretical Analyses of Shaft
With the help of linear fracture mechanics theory, taking strain energy release rate and stress intensity factor, the natural frequencies and mode shapes of steel cracked shaft (fixed-fixed) can be calculated as follows.

Local Flexibility of a Cracked Shaft under Bending and
Axial Loading.The presence of a transverse surface crack of depth  1 and  2 on shaft of diameter  and length  introduces a local flexibility, which can be defined in matrix form, the dimension of which depends on the degrees of freedom.Here, a 2 × 2 matrix is considered.A shaft is subjected to axial force ( 1 ) and bending moment ( 2 ), shown in Figure 1, which gives coupling with the longitudinal and transverse motion.Figure 2 represents the position of crack from one of the fixed ends.The strain energy release rate at the fractured section can be written as (Tada et al., 1973): where (condition for plane strain), . (3)

Analysis of Vibration Characteristics of the Cracked
Shaft.A steel shaft of length "" diameter ", " with two cracks of depth " 1 " and " 2 " at a distance " 1 " and " 2 , " respectively, from the fixed end is considered.Taking V 1 (, ), V 2 (, ), and V 3 (, ) as the responses of the longitudinal vibration for the sections and  1 (, ),  2 (, ), and  3 (, ) as the responses of the bending vibration for the same sections, the function for the system can be defined as where ( = 1, 18).Constants are to be determined, from boundary conditions.The boundary conditions of the cantilever beam in consideration are At the cracked section: Also at the cracked section  1 , we have Due to the discontinuity of axial deformation to the left and right of the crack, the boundary conditions given in (8) arise.
Multiplying both sides of (15) by / 11  12 , we get Similarly, ( Due to the discontinuity of slope to the left and right of the crack the boundary conditions given in (9) arises.
Multiplying both sides of (16) by / 2  22  21 , we get where  1 = / 11 ,  2 = / 12 ,  3 = / 22 , and  4 = / 2  21 .Similarly, at the crack section  2 , we can have the following expression The normal functions, ( 8) to (11) along with the boundary conditions as mentioned previously, yield the characteristic equation of the system as This determinant is a function of natural circular frequency (), the relative locations of the crack ( 1 ,  2 ), and the local stiffness matrix () which in turn is a function of the relative crack depth ( 1 /,  2 /).
The results of the theoretical analysis for the first three mode shapes for uncracked and cracked beams are shown in Figure 4.

Analysis of MANFIS for Detection of Multiple Cracks
Introduction to MANFIS.Detection of fault in multistructural system is a challenge to the researcher before the system failure.It not only hampers to the production rate but also increase the maintenance cost.There are several methods developed to identify the transverse multiple crack in the shaft or beam before catastrophic failure.The development of new methods for health monitoring of structures are developed day by day.Neural network, fuzzy-logic, and genetic algorithm are some useful reverse techniques used for fault diagnosis of a damage structure for prediction of a crack in accurate position and depth which is a great achievement.The present paper represents an inverse technique using multiple adaptive neurofuzzy evolutionary systems (MANFIS) to identify multiple transverse cracks in the steel shaft fixed at both ends.The present shaft consists of two cracks at different locations and depths.
The present new technique known as MANFIS is one of the advanced methods based on fuzzy-logic and neural network which integrate the positive features of both techniques.It is a technique which can be applied to a system where multiple outputs are required.Therefore, it can be utilized for detecting the multicrack of a structure such as shaft.

3.1.
Steps to MANFIS.MANFIS consists of five layers, the first input layer is known as adaptive layer which takes six inputs such as the first three relative natural frequencies with their relative mode shape difference.The input layer is designed in the basic knowledge of fuzzy inference system.The other four layers including output are based on neural network.Fuzzy layer of the MANFIS is trend with various fuzzy linguistic terms with several fuzzy rules.The six parameters of the system such as the first three relative natural frequencies and the first three mode shape are input to the fuzzy layer.Both second and third layers are called fixed layers.Fourth and fifth layers of the MANFIS are also called adaptive layers.Relative crack location and relative crack depth are the outputs of the fifth layer of MANFIS.It is one of the best techniques employed for nonlinear and complex function.The extended work for ANFIS is known as MANFIS.The present advance technique is an appropriate method for predicting the position and depth of crack of a given shaft before failure.The result obtained from MANFIS is well in agreement with the experimental results.As it is a nondestructive technique (NDT) which can be applied to all types of vibrating systems.
The following logistic systems are prepared for MANFIS controller.The output parameter obtained by MANFIS is based on the following logistic system.

Advances in Fuzzy Systems
ANFIS ( 4) (15) Here, the membership functions are Δ 1 , Δ 2 , Δ 3 , Δ 4 , Δ 5 , and Δ 6 considered to be bell-shaped function.Which is defined as follows (Figure 5):  where   ,   , and   are the parameters for the fuzzy membership function.The value of   ,   , and   will change depending upon input parameters of the shaft.
Layer 3. The node represented in the third layer is fixed, and octagonal shaped is represented by the symbol "".The output of the third layer can be calculated by the ratio of firing strength of th.Rule ( , ) which is the sum of all firing strength: where  3,, given as a normalized firing strength.
Layer 4. The nodes represented in the fourth layer are rectangular shaped (adaptive node) and are represented with a node function: Advances in Fuzzy Systems  where  , is the normalized firing strength form (output) of the third layer and  , ,  , ,  , ,  , ,  , , V , , and  , are the set of parameters for crack location and depth.
Layer 5.The single node in this layer is a fixed node of octagonal nature represented by "Σ"; the results obtained from fifth layer are taken as the summation of all incoming signals: In the present ANFIS structure, six-dimensional space are provided to six shaft input parameter specified by " 1 ×  2 ×  3 ×  4 ×  5 ×  6 " region.Every region is governed by fuzzy rule.The first layer of ANFIS is meant for fuzzy subspace.The parameters present in the fourth layer are used for optimization purpose.The parameter obtained in the fourth layer can be estimated by the least square method during forward pass of nodes of hybrid algorithm.In the backward, pass error signals propagate backwards and premise the parameter and are updated by gradient descent method.The MANFIS architectures are presented in Figures 6 and 7.

Results and Discussions of MANFIS.
The following discussions can be made from the analysis of the results of the multiple adaptive neurofuzzy inference system to predict the relative crack locations and relative crack depths.The simulation results in current analysis indicate that the impact of crack locations and depths on the vibration characteristics of the shaft is quite evident.This is an important outcome of the numerical and experimental analysis which is used as a baseline for formulation of a multiple crack diagnostic tool using MANFIS technique.The bellshaped membership function used for designing the ANFIS system has been shown in Figure 5.The proposed MANFIS for multiple crack diagnosis and the detailed showing the different layers of the ANFIS system for crack detection have been presented in Figures 6 and 7, respectively.The suitability of the MANFIS technique has been checked by comparing the results with that of experimental analysis, and the comparison has been presented in Table 1.Ten sets of inputs (relative first three natural frequencies and relative first three mode shape differences) out of the several hundred inputs have been considered for the previously mentioned techniques, and the corresponding outputs in terms of relative first crack location ( 1 ), relative second crack location ( 2 ), relative first crack depth ( 1 ), and relative second crack depth ( 2 ) are presented in the Table 1.The first six columns of Table 1 present the inputs for the previously mentioned methodologies, that is, relative 1st natural frequency (inf), relative 2nd natural frequency (mnf), relative 3rd natural frequency (fnf), relative 1st mode shape difference (amd), relative 2nd mode shape difference (bmd), and relative 3rd mode shape difference (cmd), respectively.The rest of the columns from the table represent the outputs such as relative crack locations and relative crack depths from the respective techniques.From the analysis of the results presented in Table 1, it is found that the percentage deviation of the results of MANFIS is 2.45%.

Experimental Setup
Experiments are performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes for different crack depths on steel shaft specimen of length 1000 mm and diameter 150 mm.The experimental setup is shown in Figure 8.The amplitude of transverse vibration at different locations along the length of the steel shaft is recorded by positioning the vibration pickup and tuning the vibration generator at the corresponding resonant frequencies.The results for the first three models are plotted in Figure 9.

Discussions
From the analysis of the results obtained from the different techniques for crack diagnosis in the current paper, it is observed that the presence of cracks on the structure in Figure 1 has a substantial effect on its vibration response.The variations of dimensionless compliance with the relative crack depth have been presented in Figure 2. The effects of cracks on the first three mode shapes of the beam structure have been presented in Figure 3. Experimental analysis for the cracked beam carried out with the given setup is shown in Figure 8.The vibration signatures obtained from the theoretical and experimental analysis are used to design the MANFIS for hybrid technique.Methodology has been shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively.A comparison of results from MANFIS and numerical and experimental analysis are presented in Table 1.

Conclusions
Based on the results from the MANFIS technique, the following conclusions are drawn for multiple crack diagnosis in the steel shaft.
In the current investigation, a methodology based on measurement of natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system has been presented for identification of crack locations and their severities in a shaft using MANFIS having one input (fuzzy) layer, four hidden layers, and one output layer.Analyzing the results obtained from experimental and numerical methods, it is clear that the natural frequencies and mode shapes show a noticeable change due to the presence of cracks on the shaft.The first three relative natural frequencies and mode shape differences from the numerical and experimental analysis are used as inputs to the fuzzy segment (input layer) of the MANFIS.Relative crack locations and relative crack depths are the output from the developed controller.The predicted results of the MANFIS have been validated using the results from the developed experimental setup, and the results are found to be in close agreement.From the analysis of the results obtained from the newly designed controller, it is observed that the MANFIS predicts the position and severities of cracks with more accuracy than the other AI techniques discussed in this paper and can be suitably utilized for online multiple crack diagnosis in the dynamically vibrating structures.