Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Advances in Hematology
Volume 2009 (2009), Article ID 187125
doi:10.1155/2009/187125

Clinical Study

Complex Variant t(9;22) Chromosome Translocations in Five Cases of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Ana Valencia,¹ José Cervera,¹ Esperanza Such,¹ Eva Barragán,² Pascual Bolufer,²  Oscar Fuster,² Rosa Collado,³ Jesús Martínez,¹ and Miguel A. Sanz¹

¹Department of Hematology, La Fe University Hospital, 46009 Valencia, Spain
²Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biopathology, La Fe University Hospital, 46009 Valencia, Spain
³Department of Hematology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain

Correspondence should be addressed to Ana Valencia, valencia_ana@gva.es

Received 27 March 2009; Revised 2 June 2009; Accepted 10 June 2009

Recommended by Connie J. Eaves

The Philadelphia () chromosome arising from the reciprocal t(9;22) translocation is found in more than 90% of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients and results in the formation of the chimeric fusion gene BCR-ABL. However, a small proportion of patients with CML have simple or complex variants of this translocation, involving various breakpoints in addition to 9q34 and 22q11. We report five CML cases carrying variant Ph translocations involving both chromosomes 9 and 22 as well as chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 8, or 10. G-banding showed a reciprocal three-way translocation involving 3q21, 5q31, 7q32, 8q24, and 10q22 bands. BCR-ABL fusion signal on der(22) was found in all of the cases by FISH.

Copyright © 2009 Ana Valencia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Introduction

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph¹), resulting from a balanced translocation between the long arms of chromosome 9 and 22, the t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) [1]. In the formation of the Ph¹ chromosome, the region of the c-ABL oncogene is transposed from 9q34 to the region of the BCR gene on chromosome 22 to form a fusion gene BCR-ABL, which encodes a fusion protein with constitutive tyrosine kinase activity [2]. Although the vast majority of patients with CML show the classical t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) translocation, variant Ph translocations are present in 5%–10% of CML cases. These are cytogenetically classified as simple variants involving chromosome 22 and a chromosome other than 9, and complex variants that involve chromosomes 9, 22, and one or more other chromosomes [3]. In almost all the cases with variant Ph¹ chromosome, the BCR-ABL rearrangement can be detected by molecular methods or by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

In this work, we described five patients diagnosed with CML carrying different complex variant Ph translocations involving chromosomes 9, 22 as well as one other chromosome. They were studied by G-banding, FISH, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Patients

Between March 1999 and November 2005, 81 CML patients were diagnosed in our laboratory. Informed consent was obtained from the patient or the patient's guardians in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the local ethical committee. Of them, five patients (6%) showed variant Ph translocations involving chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 8, or 10. Main clinical characteristics of these patients are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Clinical characteristic of the patients. M: male, F: female, WBC: white blood cell count, PLT: platelet count, BM: bone marrow, Eo: eosinophils, Bso: basophils, HU: hydroxyurea, IFN: interferon , Auto: autologus, PBSC: peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.

Case
Sex/Age
WBC (10⁹/L)
PLT (10⁹/L)
BM Blasts (%)
BM Eo/Bso (%)
Phase at diagnosis
Treatment
Follow-up (months)

(a)
M/75
306
390
0
6/1
Chronic
HU, imatinib
30

(b)
F/50
671
408
2
11/2
Chronic
HU, imatinib
+12

(c)
F/59
123
250
0
—
Chronic
HU, imatinib
+18

(d)
M/56
431
222
0
5/0
Chronic
HU, auto-PBSC, IFN, imatinib
+71

(e)
F/71
689
479
2
5/2
Chronic
HU, imatinib
+86

2.2. Cytogenetic Study

Conventional cytogenetic analysis was performed on unstimulated 24-hour culture of a bone marrow (BM) specimen. The cells were cultured and processed by conventional methods, and the chromosomes were stained with trypsin-Giemsa banding (GTG-banding). The karyotype was described according to the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN, 2005) [4].

2.3. FISH Analysis

FISH analysis was performed on prepared slides of methanol/acetic-fixed BM cells using the BCR/ABL extra signal (ES) dual-color probe kit (Vysis Inc., Downers Grove, IL). Briefly, fresh slides were prepared from the cytogenetic pellet stored in fixative at 20°C and dehydrated with ethanol. Probes and slides were codenatured at 75°C for 1 minute and cohybridized overnight at 37°C in a HYBrite denaturation/hybridization system (Vysis). Slides were washed and counterstained with -6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stain. Fluorescent signals were visualized under a Nikon Eclipse E600 microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a CCD camera and analyzed using ISIS image analysis software (Metasystems Inc., Germany).

2.4. Quantitative, Real-Time, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (QT-RT-PCR) of the Chimeric BCR-ABL Transcript

RNA was extracted from BM cells of the patient using the MagNa Pure LC mRNA HS kit (Roche Diagnostics GmbH Mannheim, Germany) automated on the MagNa Pure robot (Roche Diagnostics GmbH Mannheim). Reverse transcription was performed in a final volume of 25 L, following the manufacturer's instructions (TaqMan Reverse Transcription Reagents, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). After cDNA synthesis, QT-RT-PCR was performed to detect chimeric transcripts derived from the translocation t(9;22). QT-RT-PCR assays were carried out with LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics GmbH Mannheim), using LightCycler Fast Start DNA Master hybridization Probes (Roche Diagnostics GmbH Mannheim). For detecting BCR/ABL fusion transcript, the samples were analyzed using the primers and specific labeled probes described by Bolufer et al. [5]. BCR/ABL amplified products were normalized to ABL amplifications for each sample using the primers A2 and CA3 described by Cross et al. [6].

3. Results

The group of five patients consisted of 3 females and 2 males, ranging in age at diagnosis from 50 to 75 years. All the patients were in chronic phase at presentation and were treated accordingly to what was considered the standard treatment in each moment receiving hydroxyurea, interferon-α and imatinib. One patient underwent autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation after failure of interferon-.

Cytogenetic analysis by G-banding revealed the presence of five reciprocal three-way variant translocations of the classical t(9;22)(q34;q11). The chromosome breakpoints involved in these complex variant translocations were the following: 3q21, 5q31, 7q32, 10q22 and 8q24 (Figure 1). In addition, patients (a) and (d) also present additional abnormalities: patient (a) showed a complex karyotype with at least two main unrelated clones, whereas patient (d) showed numerical abnormalities of chromosomes 15 and 22. BCR/ABL dual-color FISH demonstrated in all cases the usual pattern of BCR/ABL fusion gene on the Ph¹ chromosome (not shown) that presents the usual 22q morphology. In spite of the complexity of these translocations, deletions adjacent to the t(9;22) breakpoint on the derivative chromosome 9 were not detected. Further characterization of the chimeric BCR-ABL transcript by QT-RT-PCR detected the b3a2 fusion transcript in all the patients. These results of cytogenetic and molecular analysis are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2: Cytogenetic and molecular results.

Case
Karyotype
ABL deletions
RT-PCR
BCR-ABL/ABL (%) diagnosis
BCR-ABL/ABL (%) after imatinib

(a)
46, XY, t(5;9;22)(q31;q34;q11)/45, X, idem, Y/46, X, idem, +8/46, XY, +8, t(5;9;22)/46, XY, 4, t(5;9;22), 7, +der(X)? t(X;1)(p11.4;q21), +mar
NO
b3a2
11.09
0.11

(b)
46, XX, t(9;22;10)(q34;q11;q22)
NO
b3a2
1.75
0.014

(c)
46, XX, t(7;9;22)(q34;q11;q32)
NO
b3a2
13.56
0.004

(d)
45, XY, t(3;9;22)(q21;q34;q11), 15/46, XY, idem, +22/46, XY
NO
b3a2
11.06
Negative

(e)
46, XX, t(8;9;22)(q24.1;q34;q11)
NO
b3a2
N.A
Negative

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure 1: Partial karyotypes of the variant translocations. The letters correspond to the various patient cases.

At present, all the patients are doing well in hematological and complete cytogenetic remission following standard dose imatinib treatment, except for patient (a) who died of congestive heart failure not related with imatinib treatment. Patients (d) and (e) showed complete disappearance of the fusion transcript after 71 and 86 months of follow-up, respectively. Patients (a)–(c) reduced the BCR-ABL transcripts levels in more than 2 logs (Table 2).

4. Discussion

In the present report we analyzed five patients with CML carrying complex Ph¹ translocations involving various partner chromosomes by cytogenetics, FISH, and molecular methods. In each case, chromosomal translocations lead to a BCR-ABL fusion, as occurs in the standard t(9;22) translocation [2]. The third chromosome present in each of these variant translocations is known to be implicated in some cases of Ph-positive CML cases. Besides, the involvement of bands 3q21 (3 cases), 5q31 (2 cases), 7q32 (1 case), 8q24 (3 cases), and 10q22 (9 cases) had also been previously reported in other cases of CML [7]. Nevertheless, it becomes difficult to report the exact number of cases with such complex translocations due to the large amount of variability in cytogenetics nomenclature observed before ISCN, 2005.

Evaluation of the prognostic significance of these translocations has been analyzed in case reports or small series giving controversial results. However, it has been recently reported that patients with variant translocations have a similar prognosis to those with classical Ph¹ translocations when treated with imatinib mesylate [8–10]. In our series, all the patients are at present in hematological and complete cytogenetic remission following standard-dose imatinib treatment after 12 to 86 months of follow-up. Regarding molecular remission, patients (d) and (e) showed complete disappearance of the fusion transcript after 71 and 86 months, respectively. Patients (a)–(c) did not reach complete disappearance of the fusion transcript but reduced the levels in more than 2 logs. Patient (a) showed a lighter reduction probably due to the complex karyotype at diagnosis.

Deletions of der(9) have been recognized in 10%–15% of patients in the chronic phase, being more frequently found in variant translocations. These deletions are thought to occur at the time of the Ph¹ translocation and are known to be associated with a worse survival [11]. However, a recent study has suggested that imatinib mesylate may overcome the adverse prognostic significance of der(9) deletions [12]. In our study, none of the patients had a deletion of a sizable portion on the derivative chromosome 9.

In conclusion, we described five low-frequency complex variant t(9;22) translocations representing 6% of the CML cases diagnosed in our center during approximately seven-year period. Despite low numbers, in our experience patients carrying complex Ph¹ translocations do not differ significantly in hematological and clinical features from those with standard translocation.

References

S. Faderl, M. Talpaz, Z. Estrov, et al., “The biology of chronic myeloid leukemia,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 341, pp. 164–172, 1999.

C. L. Sawyers, “Chronic myeloid leukemia,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 340, pp. 1330–1340, 1999.

J. L. Huret, “Complex translocations, simple variant translocations and Ph-negative cases in chronic myelogenous leukaemia,” Human Genetics, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 565–568, 1990.

ISCN, “Guidelines for Cancer Cytogenetics. Supplement to: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature,” L. G. Shaffer and N. Tommerup, Eds., Karger, Basel, Switzerland, 2005.

P. Bolufer, G. F. Sanz, E. Barragán, et al., “Rapid quantitative detection of BCR-ABL transcripts in chronic myeloid leukemia patients by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase-chain reaction using fluorescently labeled probes,” Haematologica, vol. 85, no. 12, pp. 1248–1254, 2000.

N. C. P. Cross, T. P. Hughes, L. Feng, et al., “Minimal residual disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia in first chronic phase: correlations with acute graft-versus-host disease and relapse,” British Journal of Haematology, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 67–74, 1993.

F. Mitelman, Ed., ISCN: Guidelines for Cancer Cytogenetics. Supplement to an International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature, Karger, Basel, Switzerland, 1995.

M. M. T. El-Zimaity, H. Kantarjian, M. Talpaz, et al., “Results of imatinib mesylate therapy in chronic myelogenous leukaemia with variant Philadelphia chromosome,” British Journal of Haematology, vol. 125, no. 2, pp. 187–195, 2004.

B. Johansson, T. Fioretos, and F. Mitelman, “Cytogenetic and molecular genetic evolution of chronic myeloid leukemia,” Acta Haematologica, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 76–94, 2002.

S. Marktel, D. Marin, N. Foot, et al., “Chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase responding to imatinib: the occurrence of additional cytogenetic abnormalities predicts disease progression,” Haematologica, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 260–267, 2003.

P. B. Sinclair, E. P. Nacheva, M. Leversha, et al., “Large deletions at the t(9;22) breakpoint are common and may identify a poor-prognosis subgroup of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia,” Blood, vol. 98, no. 9, pp. 2879–2880, 2001.

A. Quintas-Cardama, H. Kantarjian, M. Talpaz, et al., “Imatinib mesylate therapy may overcome the poor prognostic significance of deletions of derivative chromosome 9 in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia,” Blood, vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 2281–2286, 2005.