Evaluating Students’ User Experience on Student Management Information Systems

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Introduction
Technology plays a vital role in the digitalization of models and processes in the educational sector.Institutions leverage technology to manage administrative procedures and integrate it as a tool to assist in teaching and learning activities.Computerised systems provide value to HEIs by generating meaningful, reliable, timely, and accessible information [1].Tese systems collect data on students and staf.Te data are analysed to generate reports that help make strategic decisions regarding students, courses, programmes, departments, and staf.Accreditation and other regulatory bodies use the statistical data to monitor the activities and assess the efectiveness of HEIs.Students use their management information systems to register their courses and hostels online and check the course timetables and exam schedules.Tey also use the systems to access their results and transcripts.SMIS helps to efciently manage students' personal information and academic details and optimize the institution's management processes to enhance productivity [2][3][4][5].
When users interact with websites, software systems, applications, and products, an experience is created based on the user's feelings [6].Te development of user applications has shifted from centering around technology to focusing on user-centricity.Developers engage in UX research to improve the UX of applications.Te user experience may vary based on the type of application and the platform/device running the app.Developers and system analysts utilise some techniques to develop apps to meet the users' needs, personas, empathy maps, wireframes, and prototypes [6].A UX evaluation is necessary to measure the application's usability and user satisfaction.Feedback from the evaluation is used to improve the application's efectiveness and efciency and enhance the user's experience [7][8][9].UX design activities should be incorporated into the development process and even after completion.
Continuous exploration of user needs will help to continually improve the user experience.A poorly designed SMIS interface becomes a source of frustration, and the student discontinues using the application.An application that matches the student's experience maintains the interest to continue using the app to derive value and enhance their productivity [10].Similarly, the UX of applications signifcantly impacts the intention and continuance use of the application.Mirmehdi [11] developed a structural model to analyse and test the dimensions among users of branded apps.Te research also investigated the dimensions of the user experience of branded apps and their efects on the continuance intention of use.
Research has been conducted widely in several countries to evaluate the UX of applications.Some of these countries include Germany [12,13], Indonesia [14][15][16][17], Kuwait [10], Saudi Arabia, and Jordan [9].However, studies evaluating UX of applications have not been sufciently addressed in the African region, specifcally in Ghana.Also, few studies have been conducted on using UX to examine the students' continuance use of a system.Tus, conducting a study on students' UX of SMIS in HEIs such as technical universities will enhance students' interest in continuing to use the SMIS.Also, it will provide students feedback on SMIS UX that can be incorporated into future release updates of the SMIS.In addition, it will provide management of HEIs with valuable insights on key UX characteristics that need to be considered when investing in SMIS.Terefore, this study sought to investigate students' experience of using the SMIS, an SMIS deployed at KTU.In addition, a research model based on UX characteristics is proposed to test how UX characteristics signifcantly impact students' intention to continue using the SMIS.
Te rest of the article is organized as follows.Section 2 reviews the related literature.Section 3 presents the research model and hypotheses.Sections 4 and 5 present the research methodology and results.Section 6 presents discussion and implications.Section 7 and 8 present limitations and conclusion.

Related Studies
Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the UX of systems or applications.A study was conducted by Salehudin et al. [17] to investigate the UX of multimedia for professional teacher education.Te result from the study showed that attractiveness, efciency, dependability, stimulation, and novelty were rated as excellent.In contrast, the scale of perspicuity was rated above average according to the interval benchmark of UEQ.In addition, all scores are above 0.8, which shows that the evaluation of UX is positive.
In another study by Laksono et al. [18], they evaluated students' UX by using a UEQ scale and a sharable content object reference model, that is, a learning management system (LMS).Teir fndings from the UEQ scale showed that attractiveness, dependability, stimulation, and novelty were rated as bad, whereas perspicuity and efciency were rated below average.Similarly, the results showed that interaction and content were rated as bad, whereas management was rated as below average.Teir fndings showed that students had poor UX.Also, Ali and Ramlie [19] conducted a study on students' UX of learning with a hologram tutor.Teir results showed that attractiveness, effciency, perspicuity, dependability, stimulation, and novelty obtained positive mean scores.Tus, their fndings showed that students' learning experience with a hologram tutor was promising and positive.Similarly, AlGothami and Saeed [20] evaluated the UX of end-users of the COVID-19 mobile application.Teir fndings showed that attractiveness, perspicuity, efciency, dependability, stimulation, and novelty obtained positive mean scores above 0.80.Tus, end-users were generally satisfed with their UX, while using the mobile application.
Bayu and Setiawan [14] suggested that attractiveness, effciency, perspicuity, dependability, stimulation, and novelty signifcantly infuenced users' experience on the enterprise resource planning.In addition, their fndings also showed that dependability, stimulation, and novelty were rated in the excellent category, while perspicuity, attractiveness, and efciency were rated in the good category.In general, the enterprise resource planning met users' expectations.Martin and Mauritsius [21] conducted a study on UX on an e-commerce application in Indonesia.Teir results showed that attractiveness, dependability, stimulation, novelty, and task success signifcantly infuence the application's use.Mlekus et al. [22] examined UX characteristics that positively infuenced technology acceptance.Teir fndings suggested that perspicuity and dependability positively infuenced perceived ease of use, while stimulation signifcantly impacted behavioral intention.
In their work, Saleh et al. [9] evaluated UX on LMS.Teir fndings showed that attractiveness, perspicuity, efciency, dependability, stimulation, and novelty have positive mean scores, with perspicuity having the highest positive mean score.Teir results indicated that end-users had a positive experience with the LMS.In addition, they compared UX on LMS to benchmark datasets of other software and applications.Teir results showed that, except for dependability that had an above average score, attractiveness, perspicuity, efciency, stimulation, and novelty were all ranked as good.In general, the LMS has adequate UX to be accepted and used.Saleh et al. [23] in their study observed that attractiveness, perspicuity, efciency, dependability, stimulation, and novelty have high positive mean scores.Compared with the UEQ benchmark datasets, attractiveness, efciency, dependability, and stimulation were all considered excellent.Novelty and perspicuity were categorized as good.Tus, the application's UX evaluation had a positive impression, and end-users were generally satisfed in using the application.Similarly, Kushendriawan et al. [24] conducted a study that 2 Advances in Human-Computer Interaction evaluated the UX of a mobile health application.Teir results indicated that attractiveness, perspicuity, efciency, novelty, stimulation, and dependability all had positive mean score values.In comparison with the UEQ benchmark datasets, attractiveness, efciency, dependability, novelty, perspicuity, and stimulation were all categorized as good.Tis result indicates that the overall quality of the application is high, and end-users are generally satisfed with their UX.Also, Martono [25] investigated UX on a monitoring information system.Te results showed that attractiveness, perspicuity, efciency, novelty, stimulation, and dependability all had high positive mean score values, with novelty having the highest mean score value.In addition, they compared UX on the monitoring system to benchmark datasets of other software and applications.Teir results showed that, except for attractiveness that had an above average score, perspicuity, efciency, and stimulation were ranked as good.In addition, the novelty was rated as excellent.In general, the design of the monitoring system met the user's expectations.In a research conducted by Gunawan et al. [26], their fndings showed that all the six scales, namely, attractiveness, perspicuity, dependability, stimulation, novelty, and efciency, obtained an average score of above 2.0.In addition, the benchmark comparison of their application and the benchmark datasets showed that all six scales were categorized as excellent.Tus, the system meets users' expectations.
A study was carried out by Paramitha et al. [16] to evaluate a web-based system's user interface and UX.Te results showed that attractiveness, perspicuity, efciency, and novelty were categorized as good, while dependability and stimulation were categorized as above average and excellent, respectively.Te fndings from the study indicated that the UX of the web-based application is good.Results of a similar study conducted to evaluate the usability of a mobile-based application using UEQ showed that attractiveness, perspicuity, efciency, dependability, stimulation, and novelty obtained high positive mean scores [26].Also, compared to the benchmark dataset, attractiveness and stimulation were categorized as excellent.Efciency, dependability, and novelty were categorized as good, while perspicuity was categorized as above average.In general, the application was accepted by the end-users.Several of the reviewed studies focused on evaluating the UX of systems.However, few studies focused on how UX can infuence continuance intention to use a system.Moreover, not many studies have been conducted on evaluating UX in educational systems such as SMIS and its continuance usage.In addition, studies examining UX on educational systems in HEIs in Africa, specifcally in the Ghanaian HEIs, have not been adequately addressed.Terefore, this study sought to evaluate UX on SMIS and how it impacts the continuance use of such a system within a Ghanaian HEI context.

Research Model and Hypotheses
3.1.Research Model.Amoroso and Chen [28] defned continuance intention as "the level of the strength of one's intention to continuously perform a specifed behavior, which is a proxy of actual continuous use of an information system or technology."Tis study defnes the continuous intention to use the SMIS as the student's willingness to continue using the SMIS.As demonstrated by some studies [28][29][30][31][32], the continuous intention construct is crucial for defning how a technology or system is utilised after it has been adopted.Tus, this study adopts continuance intention as a dependent variable to explain students' continuance use of SMIS.UX is the key to develop a bond between a user and a product, system, or service [33].In addition, UX is considered a determining factor for the success of a technology [33].In measuring UX, Laugwitz et al. [34] developed a UEQ.Furthermore, users' overall impression of a product can be measured quickly and easily by using UEQ, which is a fast and direct measurement of UX [13].In addition, results from several studies have shown that UEQ is a reliable measurement instrument for measuring UX [19].
Tus, as shown in Figure 1, we propose a research model using UEQ constructs.Te proposed research model, which examines the continuance intention of students to use the SMIS, integrated the continuous intention construct with the UEQ constructs.

Attractiveness (ATT).
Schrepp et al. [13] defned attractiveness as the "overall impression of the product."Do users like or dislike it?Is it attractive, enjoyable, or pleasing?Tis study defnes attractiveness as a student's overall impression of the SMIS.Ali and Ramlie [19] observed in their fndings that students perceived the hologram tutor attractive after interacting with it.Similarly, AlGothami and Saeed [20] observed that the participants perceived the application as attractive.In a study by Udjaja and Lailany [35], the respondents felt that the Android-based game was attractive.Also, Martin and Mauritsius [21] noted that attractiveness positively infuenced the Tokopedia application's use.In the study conducted by Saleh et al. [9], it was observed that participants believed that the learning management system was attractive.We hypothesize that H1.Attractiveness will have a signifcant efect on the continuance intention of students to use the SMIS

Perspicuity (PER).
In this study, perspicuity is defned as how students can easily get familiar with the SMIS.PER, considered a pragmatic quality, was found to signifcantly infuence the perceived ease of use of a system [22].Similarly, perspicuity signifcantly infuences users' UX of a system [14].Also, Ali and Ramlie [19] found that the hologram tutor was easy for students to get used to.AlGothami and Saeed [20] in their study found that participants could easily get familiar with the application.Similarly, Udjaja and Lailany [35] found that respondents were able to easily get familiar with the Androidbased game.Findings from Saleh et al. [9] showed that participants found it easier to use the LMS.Terefore, we hypothesize that H2.Perspicuity will signifcantly afect the continuance intention of students to use the SMIS Advances in Human-Computer Interaction

Efciency (EFF).
Efciency is defned in this study as to how students can solve their tasks using the SMIS without unnecessary efort.Bayu and Setiawan [14] in their study's result indicated that efciency infuenced the UX of a system.Also, Hussain et al. [36] observed that efciency signifcantly afected the use of mood tracker applications.Similarly, students indicated that interacting with the hologram tutor and completing a learning task were without any unnecessary efort [19].AlGothami and Saeed [20] noted in their study that participants completed the task by using the application without any unnecessary efort.Similarly, Saleh et al. [9] noted that participants considered the LMS efcient.Hence, we hypothesize that H3.Efciency will signifcantly afect the continuance intention of students to use the SMIS

Dependability (DEP).
Dependability is defned in this study as how students feel in control of the interaction with the SMIS.Mlekus et al. [22] identifed that dependability positively afected the perceived ease of use of a system.Also, Bayu and Setiawan [14] noted that dependability afects the UX of a system.Similarly, it was observed that participants felt in control of the interaction with the application AlGothami and Saeed [20].Findings from Martin and Mauritsius [21] showed that dependability infuenced respondents' use of the Tokopedia application.Krisnawati et al. [37] in their study noted that users felt in control of the interaction with the online exam system.Terefore, it is hypothesized that H4.Dependability will signifcantly impact the continuance intention of students to use the SMIS

Stimulation (STI).
Stimulation is defned as "Is it exciting and motivating to use the product?Is it fun to use?" [13].In this study, we defne stimulation as how students are excited or motivated to use the SMIS.Bayu and Setiawan [14] observed in their fndings that stimulation had a positive efect on the UX of a system.Similarly, the results from the study conducted by Ali and Ramlie [19] showed that students were excited and motivated to use the hologram tutor.Findings by AlGothami and Saeed [20] showed that participants were excited and motivated to use the application.Similarly, stimulation was observed to have a positive efect on the use of the Tokopedia application [21].Also, it was observed from the study conducted by Saleh et al. [9] that participants were motivated to use the LMS.Tus, we hypothesize that H5.Stimulation signifcantly afects the continuance intention of students to use SMIS 3.2.6.Novelty (NOV).Schrepp et al. [13] defned novelty as "Is the product innovative and creative?Does it capture users' attention?"In this study, we defne novelty as how 4 Advances in Human-Computer Interaction students consider the SMIS innovative and creative.Mlekus et al. [22] in their study's result suggested that novelty signifcantly impacted users' behavioral intention to use a system.Similarly, novelty was found to have a signifcant efect on the user experience of a system (Bayu and Setiawan [14]).Also, Ali and Ramlie [19] noted that students considered the hologram tutor to be innovative and creative.Te application which was considered innovative and creative by participants in a study conducted by the authors in references [20,21] showed that novelty had a positive impact on the use of the Tokopedia application.Tus, the following hypothesis is proposed: H6. Novelty signifcantly afects students' continuance intention to use SMIS

Research Methodology
4.1.Measurement Instrument.In this study, the UEQ, a measurement instrument developed originally by Laugwitz et al. [34], that has been tested and widely acknowledged as a valid test for measuring user experience by several studies, was adopted to collect data.Tere are two sections in the questionnaire.Te frst section presents the demographic profle of the responders.It comprises four items refecting gender, age, the faculty to which a student belongs, and the student's education level.Te second section has the six main UEQ constructs, which consist of twenty-six items, with each item consisting of two terms with opposite meanings.In addition, there is a construct measuring students' continuance intention to use SMIS, which has fve items.Te six main constructs of UEQ consist of attractiveness, perspicuity, efciency, dependability, stimulation, and novelty.Attractiveness consists of the following six items: annoying/enjoyable, good/bad, unlikable/pleasing, unpleasant/pleasant, attractive/unattractive, and friendly/ unfriendly [13].Perspicuity has four items, which consist of the following items: understandable/understandable, easy to learn/difcult to learn, complicated/easy, and clear/confusing [13].Also, efciency has the following four items: fast/ slow, inefcient/efcient, impractical/practical, and organized/cluttered [13].Similarly, dependability has the following four items: unpredictable/predictable, obstructive/ supportive, secure/not secure, and meets expectations/does not meet expectations [13].Stimulation has the following four items: valuable/inferior, boring/exciting, not interesting/interesting, and motivating/demotivating [13].Te novelty consists of the following four items: creative/dull, inventive/conventional, usual/leading-edge, and conservative/innovative [13].In all, there are thirty-one items measuring all constructs on a seven-point Likert scale.Before the data collection, twenty-fve students and colleagues with expertise in measurement instruments examined the questionnaire to ensure that it was well-structured.Te UEQ measurement instrument was modifed to make the questions easier to comprehend and accommodate the context within which students use the SMIS.Te underlying constructs of the UEQ measurement instrument were, however, maintained.

Data Collection.
User-driven evaluations of software's usability and quality frequently employ questionnaires [20].Tus, an online questionnaire was adopted to collect data to evaluate students' continuance intention to use the SMIS and their UX.Te online questionnaire survey was designed based on UEQ and distributed via students' social media platforms.One recommended method for carrying out online surveys is convenience sampling [38].Tus, convenience sampling was used in this study.Te data were collected at KTU during the second semester of the academic year 2021/2022.Te online survey was completed by 415 students from diferent faculties at diferent levels of study.
According to Hair et al. [39], "the minimum sample size should be ten times the maximum number of arrowheads pointing at a latent variable anywhere in the PLS path model."In our study, the proposed research model has six arrowheads pointing at our latent variable.As a result, 60 should be the minimum sample size when applying the 10 times rule.However, our sample size of 415 is sufcient and exceeds the study's minimum sample size requirement when using the PLS path model.Of the 415 respondents, 236 (56.87%) were females and 179 (43.13%) were males.In addition, most respondents were between the ages of 17 and 24.Also, most respondents were pursuing a Higher National Diploma programme.Table 1 provides the respondents' profles.

Data Analysis.
Te study used the PLS-SEM method and the UEQ data analysis tool (Excel) to evaluate the model.Te PLS-SEM method was used to evaluate the measurement model's reliability and validity.In addition, the PLS-SEM method was used to test the relationships among the constructs in the proposed research model.Te UEQ data analysis tool (Excel) was also employed in analysing the UEQ data in terms of mean, variance, Guttman's Lambda-2 coefcients, and benchmarks.

Measurement Model.
Cronbach's alpha coefcient (α), composite reliability (CR), Guttman's Lambda-2 coefcient (λ-2), average variance extracted (AVE), and the Fornell-Larcker criterion were used to examine the model's reliability and validity.Te reliability of the measurement model was evaluated using α, CR, and λ-2.It has been recommended by the authors in reference [40] that α values between 0.6 and 0.7 are deemed acceptable.In addition, values of α that are 0.8 or higher are considered a good level.Also, the authors in [39] stated that CR values that are more than or equal to 0.70 could be regarded as acceptable.Similarly, λ-2 values greater than 0.70 are acceptable [41,42].Table 2 shows that the values of α are more than 0.8.Similarly, from Table 2, we see that the values of CR are greater than 0.70.Also, from Table 3, the values for λ-2 are greater than 0.70.Consequently, the proposed model is reliable.AVE was used to test the measurement model's validity.A value of 0.50 or higher for the AVE is considered acceptable [39].All AVE values in Table 2 are above 0.60.Tus, the proposed model's convergent validity is established.

Advances in Human-Computer Interaction
According to the authors in reference [39], the Fornell-Larcker criterion for determining the discriminant validity of a measurement model requires the square root of AVE of a construct be greater than the correlations of other constructs below that particular construct.Table 4 shows that the square root of the AVE for any construct is higher than the correlations for any constructs that are beneath it.Tis proves that the proposed model's discriminant validity is established.

Structural Model.
After validating the measurement model, the structural model was analysed and the relationships among the constructs in the proposed research model were examined.Te results of the structural model test are shown in Table 5 and Figure 2. Out of the six hypotheses, fve are supported, while one of them is not supported.Attractiveness (β = 0.386, p < 0.01) is positively related to students' continuance intention to use SMIS, and thus H1 is supported.Perspicuity (β = −0.213,p < 0.10) was found to signifcantly infuence students' continuance intention to use SMIS, and thus H2 is supported.Efciency (β = −0.410,p < 0.05) proves to be a signifcant determinant of continuous intention to use SMIS, which supports H3.However, dependability (β = 0.043, p > 0.10) did not signifcantly infuence students' continuous intention to use SMIS.Consequently, H4 was not supported.Stimulation (β = 0.434, p < 0.01) and novelty (β = 0.559, p < 0.01) were positively related to continuance intention to use the SMIS.Hence, H5 and H6 were supported.From Figure 2, ATT, PER, EFF, DEP, STI, and NOV explained 47.6% of the variance in continuance intention to use SMIS. 3 show the results obtained from the mean and variance UEQ scales.ATT has a mean and variance value of 1.521 and 1.81, respectively.Also, DEP has a mean value of 1.850 and a variance value of 0.62.Similarly, EFF has 2.028 and 0.53 for mean and variance values, respectively.Te mean value for NOV is 1.811, while the variance value is 0.66.Also, PER has a mean and a variance value of 1.570 and 1.99, respectively.STI has a mean value of 1.468 and a variance value of 1.86.

Benchmark
Score.UEQ provides a benchmark dataset of 452 evaluations updated regularly [12,13].Te data obtained after evaluating SMIS for user experience were analysed in comparison to the benchmark scores of other Te results from the analysis indicate that the system had a good and excellent user experience rating, as shown in Figure 4. Te results from Table 7 show that DEP, EFF, and NOV were rated excellent with mean scores of 1.850, 2.028, and 1.811, respectively.Also, ATT, PER, and STI were rated good with mean scores of 1.521, 1.570, and 1.468, respectively.

Discussion and Implications
Te study aimed to investigate UEQ constructs infuencing students' continuous use of SMIS in a Ghanaian technical university.In addition, the study also examined the UX of SMIS.Te proposed research model used constructs from the UEQ and incorporated continuous intention to use constructs.Te constructs from the UEQ have shown from prior studies to be a reliable measurement instrument in measuring UX [19].Consequently, our fndings have shown that constructs from the UEQ signifcantly infuence students' continuance intention to use SMIS.Except for     Advances in Human-Computer Interaction dependability, all other constructs were signifcant in determining students' continuance use of SMIS.Also, the fndings on examining the UX of SMIS showed that DEP, EFF, and NOV were rated excellent, while ATT, PER, and STI were rated good.Tis study's fndings indicate that the relationship between ATT and CIK (Continuance Intention to use KCS SMIS) is signifcant for the students' continuous intention to use SMIS.Tis fnding suggests that students' overall impressions of the SMIS would positively infuence their continuance intention to use the SMIS.Tus, confrming the fndings of some previous research [9,[19][20][21]35].Also, the fndings of the UX of SMIS showed that attractiveness, which is the overall impression a student has of the SMIS, was rated good.Tis fnding shows that 10% of the results in the benchmark dataset were better than the evaluated ATTof SMIS.However, 75% of the benchmark dataset results were worse of compared to the ATT of SMIS.Tus, the UX of SMIS can be considered satisfactory.Also, ATT obtained a positive mean score of 1.521, which implies that students had a positive impression and were generally satisfed with the SMIS.
Similarly, this research showed that the relationship between PER and CIK is signifcant.Tis fnding implies that when students easily get familiar with the SMIS, they will continue to use the SMIS.Tis result corroborates the fndings of previous research [9,19,20,22,35,36].PER, which explains how students can easily get familiar with the SMIS, was rated as good.Tis implies that 10% of the results in the benchmark dataset were better than the evaluated PER of SMIS.However, 75% of the results from the benchmark dataset were worse of as compared to the PER of SMIS.Furthermore, the fndings showed that PER had a positive mean score of 1.570.Tus, students considered their UX of SMIS satisfactory.
In this study, there is a signifcant relationship between EFF and CIK, and the fndings showed that EFF positively infuenced the continuance intention of students to use the SMIS.Terefore, when students assert that they can solve their tasks using the SMIS without unnecessary efort, they will continue to use the SMIS.Tis result is consistent with prior research [9,14,19,20,36].Also, the fndings of the UX on SMIS showed that EFF was categorized as excellent.Tis result showed that the evaluated EFF of SMIS is among the top 10% of the results from the benchmark dataset.Similarly, EFF obtained the highest positive mean score value of 2.028.Tis demonstrates that the SMIS provides sufcient students' UX to be successful.Also, the study's results showed that the relationship between DEP and CIK is not signifcant for the students' continuance intention to use the SMIS.Tis relationship's insignifcance suggests that students have had control of interaction with other similar systems that did not inure to their benefts.Tus, their ability to be in control of the interaction with the SMIS does not necessarily infuence their continuance use of the SMIS.Tus, this fnding is inconsistent with previous research fndings [14,[19][20][21][22]. DEP, which explains whether students feel they are in control of the interaction with the SMIS, was categorized as excellent.Tis result showed that the evaluated DEP of the SMIS is among the top 10% of the results from the benchmark dataset.In addition, the results indicated that DEP had a positive value of 1.850.Tis demonstrates that the SMIS provides sufcient UX to be successful.Tis implies that students felt generally satisfed with the UX on SMIS.
Similarly, this study's fndings indicated that STI positively infuenced CIK.Tis result shows that when students are excited and motivated to use the SMIS, they will continue to use it.Tis fnding corroborates the results of previous research [9,14,19,20,21].Findings of the UX on SMIS indicated that STI was categorized as good.Tis implies that 10% of the results in the benchmark dataset were better than the evaluated STI of SMIS.However, the evaluated STI of the SMIS was better than 75% of the results from the benchmark dataset.Furthermore, the results showed that STI obtained a positive mean score of 1.468.Tus, students opined that they had adequate UX on SMIS to continue its usage.
Te study's fndings showed that novelty positively infuenced students' continuance intention to use the SMIS.Tis result suggests that if students consider the SMIS to be innovative and creative, it will signifcantly afect their intention to continue using such a system.Tis fnding confrms the fndings of previous research [14,[19][20][21][22]. NOV, which explains how students consider the SMIS to be creative and innovative was rated as excellent.Tis result showed that the evaluated NOV of the SMIS is among the top 10% of the results from the benchmark dataset.Tis demonstrates that the SMIS provides sufcient UX to be successful.Also, NOV obtained a positive mean score of 1.811.Tis implies that students had positive UX on SMIS.
Te study's outcome provides some practical implications for UX designers, developers, and management of technical universities to consider in ensuring continuous usage of SMIS.Te results showed that attractiveness signifcantly infuenced students' continuous intention to use the SMIS.Similarly, the UX fndings showed that attractiveness was rated good.Tus, UX designers and developers must ensure that they design and develop SMIS that will be more attractive, enjoyable, and pleasing to the students.Also, the fndings showed that perspicuity positively impacted students' intention to continue using the SMIS.In addition, it was rated as good.Tus, UX designers are encouraged to design front-end interfaces that are visually appealing and engaging to users.
Furthermore, UX designers and developers should ensure that they provide SMIS that is not complex to interact with.Rather such systems should have easy-to-use interfaces that will Similarly, efciency has been shown to be important in signifcantly infuencing students' intention to continue using the SMIS.In addition, it was rated as excellent.It is important for development teams to ensure that the functionalities of SMIS are efcient and perform the necessary tasks without much efort.Terefore, UX designers and developers should provide a system enabling students to accomplish a learning task without much efort.In addition, they should provide help functionalities and system user manuals that can assist students in performing learning tasks efortlessly.Te study also revealed that stimulation positively afects students' continuance intention to use the SMIS.Also, UX fndings showed that it was rated good.It implies that when students are excited and motivated about using the SMIS, they will continue using the SMIS.Tus, the management of technical universities must create some excitement and awareness about the SMIS via social media platforms, university websites, and posters.In addition, management should consider instituting some reward mechanisms that will motivate students to continue using the system.Te study also showed that novelty positively impacted students' continued use of the SMIS.Consequently, UX designers and developers must ensure that they provide an innovative and creative SMIS.Management of technical universities must ensure that when they request for SMIS, such a system must have key UX characteristics such as attractiveness, perspicuity, efciency, stimulation, and novelty as part of the user requirement specifcation document.vital elements in the value of systems and should be more involved during the development.Tus, the management must ensure that there is a collaboration between the development team and students during the design and development of the SMIS.Prototypes of systems could be designed to elicit feedback from students during the development process.In addition, students must be involved in evaluating the system after it has been deployed.
From a theoretical perspective, by utilizing the UEQ constructs as a base model and incorporating continuance intention to use, we proposed a research model that can be used to examine continuance intention to use SMIS.Te study's fndings provide researchers from other developing countries the opportunity to replicate this study in examining continuance intention to use SMIS from the context of UX characteristics.Also, the study contributes to the body of knowledge on the continued use of SMIS using UX characteristics from the perspective of Ghanaian higher educational institutions (HEIs).Furthermore, the study also contributes to the literature on evaluating SMIS based on UX characteristics.Tus, researchers from other developing countries can replicate this study by adopting UX characteristics to evaluate SMIS.

. Limitations
Our study has some limitations that could be addressed through further research to improve its fndings.We discovered that using convenience sampling resulted in an unbalanced distribution of respondents from diferent faculties, potentially afecting the overall representation of respondents in the study area.Terefore, fndings from this study cannot be generalized to refect all the faculties in the study area.We recommend that future studies should explore other sampling techniques that will address a well-balanced representation of respondents in the target study area.Te continuance use of the SMIS might not only depend on the scales of UEQ, but other factors could infuence the continuance use of the system.We also recommend that future studies explore other factors with the UEQ to examine the continuance use of the system.

Conclusion
With the increasing number of HEIs in developing countries investing in the implementation and deployment of SMIS, there is a need for the management of such institutions to ensure that such systems meet the expectations of students, which will then lead to their continuance usage.Tus, this study sought to examine students' continuance intention to use SMIS using UEQ and evaluated students' UX on SMIS.A research model for examining the continuance intention to use SMIS was proposed and validated.Te study's fndings showed that attractiveness, perspicuity, efciency, stimulation, and novelty infuenced students' continuance intention to use the SMIS.However, dependability was insignifcant in infuencing students' continuance intention to use the SMIS.Furthermore, in evaluating students' UX on SMIS, dependability, efciency, and novelty were rated excellent, while attractiveness, perspicuity, and stimulation were rated as good.Te fndings from the study provide UX designers and developers insights into designing and developing a more attractive, enjoyable, and not complex SMIS that is pleasing and easy to interact with.Also, the fndings show that UX designers and developers should provide user guides to assist students in performing learning tasks effortlessly.Te fndings also show that the management of HEIs should create some excitement and awareness about the use of SMIS via social media platforms, university websites, and posters.In addition, the management of HEIs should institute mechanisms for rewarding students who continue using the SMIS and they should ensure continuous collaboration between the SMIS developers, the ICT department, and the student body.Furthermore, the fndings of the study also contribute to the literature on students' user experience on SMIS in HEIs and its continuance usage.

Data Availability
Te data used to support the fndings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Graph of mean values of UEQ scales.

Table 2 :
Construct reliability and validity.

Table 5 :
Results of the structural model analysis.

Table 6 :
Mean and variance of UEQ scales.

Table 7 :
Benchmark comparison interpretation of SMIS.