Advances in High Energy Physics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 814985, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/814985

Research Article

Exact Solutions of the Mass-Dependent Klein-Gordon Equation with the Vector Quark-Antiquark Interaction and Harmonic Oscillator Potential

M. K. Bahar1,2 and F. Yasuk¹

¹Department of Physics, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey

²Department of Physics, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70100 Karaman, Turkey

Received 10 December 2012; Accepted 23 December 2012

Academic Editor: S. H. Dong

Copyright © 2013 M. K. Bahar and F. Yasuk. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Using the asymptotic iteration and wave function ansatz method, we present exact solutions of the Klein-Gordon equation for the quark-antiquark interaction and harmonic oscillator potential in the case of the position-dependent mass.

1. Introduction

The movement of a particle with harmonic oscillations around an equilibrium position creates one of the most fundamental problems of physics. The basic structure of different systems such as vibration of the diatomic molecules, oscillations of atoms in crystal lattices, or nucleons in core is a harmonic oscillator problem [1]. Further, the quantum theory of electromagnetic fields is closely related to the examples of the harmonic oscillator [2, 3]. When a particle is in a strong potential field, the relativistic effect must be considered. However, in relativistic and nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, many authors have adequately the harmonic oscillator problem [4, 5]. But, it has never been investigated for relativistic particles with position-dependent mass (pdm). Quantum mechanical review of relativistic spin-0 particles with pdm in the harmonic oscillator potential is very important in terms of understanding physical behavior of systems as the above-mentioned systems. The studies of quantum and relativistic quantum systems with pdm have received increasing attention in the literature. Systems with pdm have been found to be very useful in studying the physical and electronic properties of semiconductors, quantum wells and quantum dots, quantum liquids, ³He clusters, graded alloys, and semiconductor heterostructures [6]. To study the quasi-exactly solvable and exactly solvable nonrelativistic Schrödinger, relativistic Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations in the presence of pdm having a suitable mass distribution functions in one, three, and/or any arbitrary D-dimensional cases for different potentials have been used in different methods by many authors [7–21].

In this study, in addition to the examination of the harmonic oscillator potential, relativistic spin-0 particles with pdm have also been investigated in the quark-antiquark interaction potential. This type of potential and some of central potentials have recently been studied using different techniques [22–25]. The quark-antiquark interaction potential consists of harmonic, linear, and Coulomb potential terms. As we know, the quark-antiquark interaction potentials are a spherically symmetrical potential. The spherically symmetrical potential model also presents a good description of heavy quarkonium mass spectra such as charmonium and bottomonium. The interaction potentials for such systems are of a confining type called the Cornell potential. The Cornell potential consists of two terms, namely, the Coulomb and linear terms. The Coulomb term is responsible for the interaction at small distances and the linear term leads to the confinement. This type of interaction potential is also supported by lattice quantum chromodynamics calculations [26]. The quark-antiquark interaction has also been studied using the Coulomb term plus the power potential [27].

The organization of this paper is as follows. In the second section, the AIM is given shortly. In the third section, the general formalism of the Klein-Gordon equation for spin-0 particles with pdm has been considered. The relativistic energy eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions have been presented for the harmonic oscillator and quark-antiquark interaction potentials preserved in the fourth and fifth section, respectively. Finally, conclusions are given in the last section.

2. Basic Equations of the AIM

We briefly outline the AIM here; the details can be found in [28–30]. The AIM was proposed to solve second-order differential equations of the form:

where and are in , and these variables are sufficiently differentiable. The differential equation (1) has a general solution as follows:

if , for sufficiently large ,

where

The termination condition of the method together with (4) can be also written as follows:

For a given potential, the idea is to convert the relativistic wave equation to the form of (1). Then, and are determined and and parameters are calculated. The energy eigenvalues are obtained by the termination condition given by (5). However, the exact eigenfunctions can be derived from the following wave function generator:

where and is the iteration step number, and it is greater than .

3. Formalism of the Klein-Gordon Equation with Pdm

In the relativistic quantum mechanics, for spin-0 particles with pdm, the Klein-Gordon equation is defined as follows:

where and are Lorentz vector and scalar potential, respectively, is mass function, and is the energy of particle. Let us decompose the radial wave function as follows:

where is the radial wave function and is the angular dependent spherical harmonics, and this reduces (8) into the following Schrödinger-like equation with position-dependent mass:

4. In Case of Harmonic Oscillator Potential

4.1. The Eigenvalues

In case of harmonic oscillator to investigate spin-0 particles with pdm, we should solve (9). In this solution, we use atomic units . However, in (9), we prefer to use mass function similar to type of harmonic oscillator potential as follows:

where and are positive constants. The selection as in (10) of position dependent mass function is more suitable both physically and mathematical. Already, in physical applications, the position-dependent mass creates a new effective potential by shifting potential profile of the system.

In this study, in the absence of scalar potential, vector harmonic oscillator potential is defined as

where is the angular frequency and is elastic coefficient.

In the presence of vector potential and by taking , if (10) and (11) are inserted into (9), it is obtained that

where , , .

In (12), while approaches zero and infinite, solving of (12) are , , respectively. Therefore, the reasonable physical wave function is proposed as follows:

Substituting (13) into (12), we have second-order homogeneous linear differential equation:

Defining a new variable , so doing, we have solvable differential equation by AIM as follows:

By comparing (15) with (1), and values are obtained, and using (4) we calculate and . In this way,

Combining these results obtained by the AIM with quantization condition given by (5) yields

If the set of equations , , and are generalized, the indirect energy eigenvalues statement turns out to be

When (18) and are compared, it is found for energy eigenvalues that

4.2. The Eigenfunctions

The exact eigenfunctions can be derived from the following generator:

Using (3) and (20), the eigenfunctions are obtained as follows:

Finally, the following general formula for the exact solutions is acquired as

Hence, we write the total radial wavefunction as follows:

where is normalization constant.

5. In Case of Quark-Antiquark Interaction Potential

5.1. The Eigenvalues and Corresponding Eigenfunctions

In this section, we present the solution of the Klein-Gordon equation for the quark-antiquark interaction potential. This potential is defined as

where , , and are constants. In atomic units , we solve (9) in the absence of scalar potential. Consider the position-dependent mass function:

On substituting (24) and (25) into (9), we find that

where , , , and .

To solve (26), applying an ansatz to the radial wavefunction ,

If (27) is inserted into (26), it is obtained that

and can be obtained with the help of (29). Then, and . Editing (28),

In (31), if the first nonvanishing coefficient is , should be equal to zero:

We choose as a physically acceptable solution from (32). Moreover, if the th nonvanishing coefficient is , but , then, from (31), it has to be . At that rate,

Using together (29) and (33), we obtain the energy eigenvalues. Namely,

, and must satisfy the determinant relation for a nontrivial solution:

In order to appreciate this method, we present the exact solutions for the cases as follows.

If , and . So,

We will obtain energy eigenvalues by using (34). But, we cannot ignore (36) Because it is a restriction on the parameters of the potential and the quantum number.

The corresponding eigenfunction for is given as

where is the normalization constant.

If , . In this case, it is obtained that

which is a restriction on the parameters of the potential and the angular momentum quantum number.

The corresponding eigenfunction for is given as

where is the normalization constant.

Following in this way, we can generate a class of exact solutions by setting . Generally, if  , but . So, the energy eigenvalues is obtained by using (34). The corresponding eigenfunction is

where are normalization constants.

6. Conclusions

This paper has presented a different approach, the AIM, to calculate the bound state solutions of the relativistic Klein-Gordon with the harmonic oscillator potential in the case of the pdm. For arbitrary quantum number state, we have exactly obtained the energy eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions for the case of mass function by AIM. The advantage of the AIM is that it gives the eigenvalues directly by transforming the second-order differential equation into a form of . The exact wavefunctions are easily constructed by iterating the values of and . The method presented in this study is general and worth extending to the solution of other interactions. For the quark-antiquark interaction potential, to solve Klein-Gordon equation with pdm, we have used wave function ansatz method. While using this method, the most important factor to be considered is a corresponding restriction on the parameters of the quark-antiquark potential and the quantum number.

Acknowledgment

The authors wish to thank Professor Shi-Hai Dong.

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