Heisenberg Algebra in the Bargmann-Fock Space with Natural Cutoffs

According to the equivalence principal in general relativity, gravitational field is coupled to everything. This means that photons in Heisenberg gedankenexperiment are actually coupled with electrons gravitationally and this leads to modification of the standard uncertainty principle. It has been characterized that gravity in very small length scales causes serious change in the structure of spacetime. It causes minimal uncertainty in positions of atomic and subatomic particles [1–15]. In fact, there is absolutely smallest uncertainty in position measurement of any quantum mechanical system and this feature leads nontrivially to the existence of a minimal measurable length in the order of Planck length. Existence of this natural cutoff requires deformation of the standard Heisenberg uncertainty principle to the so-called generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) (see, for instance, [13, 14, 16–20]). In one dimension of position and momentum operators, the deformed Heisenberg algebra can be represented as

According to the equivalence principal in general relativity, gravitational field is coupled to everything.This means that photons in Heisenberg gedankenexperiment are actually coupled with electrons gravitationally and this leads to modification of the standard uncertainty principle.It has been characterized that gravity in very small length scales causes serious change in the structure of spacetime.It causes minimal uncertainty in positions of atomic and subatomic particles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].In fact, there is absolutely smallest uncertainty in position measurement of any quantum mechanical system and this feature leads nontrivially to the existence of a minimal measurable length in the order of Planck length.Existence of this natural cutoff requires deformation of the standard Heisenberg uncertainty principle to the so-called generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) (see, for instance, [13,14,[16][17][18][19][20]).In one dimension of position and momentum operators, the deformed Heisenberg algebra can be represented as In general, for two symmetric operators  and , we have So the generalized uncertainty principle can be deduced as While in ordinary quantum mechanics Δ can be made arbitrarily small by letting Δ grows correspondingly, this is no longer the case if (3) holds.If for decreasing Δ, Δ increases, the new term (Δ) 2 on the right hand side of (3) will eventually grow faster than the left hand side.Hence Δ can no longer be made arbitrarily small [16,18].To obtain this minimal uncertainty, we saturate inequality in (3) and solve the resulting equation for Δ, The reality of solutions requires positivity of the term in square root, leading to This being the smallest uncertainty in position measurement leads nontrivially to the existence of a minimal measurable length.In fact, a key characteristic of quantum theory is the emergence of uncertainties, and one might expect that the distance observable would also be affected by uncertainties.Actually, various heuristic arguments suggest that for such a distance observable the uncertainties might be more pervasive; in ordinary quantum theory one is still able to measure sharply any given observable, though at the cost of renouncing all information on a conjugate observable, but it appears plausible that a quantum-gravity distance observable would be affected by irreducible uncertainties.Quantum gravity suggests that in the Planck-scale regime there should be some absolute limitations on the measurability of distances.This restricted resolution of spacetime structure is referred to as spacetime fuzziness "foamy or fractal spacetime" [21].This picture replaces point-like structures with a smeared, distributional structure.The effect of smearing could be mathematically implemented as a substitution rule; the Dirac-delta function representing position of point-like particles is replaced everywhere with a Gaussian distribution with minimal width of the order of the Planck length.
On the other hand, in the context of the Doubly special relativity (DSR) theories (for review see [22][23][24][25][26][27]), one can show that a test particle's momentum cannot be arbitrarily imprecise.In fact, there is an upper bound for momentum fluctuations [28][29][30][31].As a nontrivial assumption, this may lead to a maximal measurable momentum for a test particle (see [20,[32][33][34]).In this framework, the GUP that predicts both minimal observable length and maximal momentum can be written (with ℎ = 1) as follows [32,33]: Since (Δ) 2 = ⟨ 2 ⟩ − ⟨⟩ 2 , by setting ⟨⟩ = 0 to obtain absolute minimal length, we find This GUP contains both a minimal length and a maximal momentum.To see how a maximal momentum arises in this setup (see [20] for details), we note that with GUP (7) the absolute minimal measurable length is given by Δ min (⟨⟩ = 0) ≡ Δ 0 = 3/2.Due to duality of position and momentum operators, it is reasonable to assume Δ min ∝ Δ max .By saturating the inequality in relation (7), we find This results in So we obtain Now by using the value of Δ min , we find The solution of this equation is So, there is an upper bound on particle's momentum uncertainty.As a nontrivial assumption, we assume that this maximal uncertainty in particle's momentum is indeed the maximal measurable momentum.This is of the order of Planck momentum.
After introducing minimal length and maximal momentum as natural cutoffs and also introduction of the notion of spacetime fuzziness, we introduce another cutoff, the minimal momentum.It is known that for large distances, where the curvature of space-time becomes important, there is no notion of a plane wave on a general curved spacetime [17] (see also [35]).This means that there appears a limit to the precision with which the corresponding momentum can be described.One can express this as a nonzero minimal uncertainty in momentum measurement.In this framework, we define new GUP with minimal length, minimal momentum, and maximal momentum as follows: where  is a positive constant.By saturating this inequality and solving the resulting equation, we obtain Δ as So, the minimum uncertainty for position measurement is given by and minimum uncertainty for momentum measurement is Now by setting the value of Δ min in ( 14), we attain the maximum uncertainty for momentum measurement as follows: Thus we have shown that the uncertainty relation ( 13) encodes properly the existence of natural cutoffs.
Advances in High Energy Physics 3

Hilbert Space Representation with Natural Cutoffs
There are distinct approaches toward quantum gravity that all imply the presence of an observable minimal length belonging to the Planck length category.The minimal length makes serious problems in representation in the coordinate space of quantum mechanics.In case the minimal momentum is not taken into consideration, the representation of the momentum space would be sufficient to formulate the Hilbert space.But, whenever the minimal momentum is accounted for, the representation of the momentum space would lose the credibility it has in the standard quantum mechanics.Hence, modifications in Hilbert space representation with the help of natural cutoffs seem to be necessary.So far, the formulation of the Hilbert space has been done separately based on the minimal length [16], minimal length and minimal momentum [17], and minimal length and maximal momentum [20].The present paper aims to simultaneously treat the Hilbert space in the presence of all natural cutoffs, that is, the minimal length, the minimal momentum, and the maximal momentum, and the consequences are to be reviewed as well.This is going to be done through a new, generalized Hilbert space called the Bargmann-Fock space that includes -algebraic variables.

Heisenberg Algebra with Natural Cutoffs. Hinrichsen and
Kempf in [17] defined the associative Heisenberg algebra with minimal length and minimal momentum addressed by the following commutation relation with ,  ≥ 0: Here we add a new ingredient: the existence of a maximal measurable momentum.With this extra ingredient, the associative Heisenberg algebra in the presence of all natural cutoffs contains the following commutation relation: We are going to use the platform of [17] in our setup.For this purpose, we transform (19) in a manner that is comparable with (18) (or equation (2) of [17]).In this viewpoint, ( 19) can be rewritten as follows: The importance of this commutation relation lies in the fact that it contains all natural cutoffs.In fact, both UV and IR sectors of the underlying quantum theory are addressed properly in this commutation relation.By comparing (18) and (20), we see that these two relations are related through the transformations So, the mathematical framework of Hinrichsen-Kempf pioneer work [17] can be applied to the present problem.We note that when one considers both minimal length and minimal momentum hypothesis, representation of position and momentum spaces breaks down.In this situation, there is no continuous Hilbert space representation and we have to build a generalized Hilbert space representation as follows.
2.2.Heisenberg Algebra in Bargmann-Fock Space.Existence of natural cutoffs requires a generalized Heisenberg algebra in Fock space developed in the context of quantum groups.In this framework, due to the fundamental structure of spacetime, all operators are anticommutative.In Bargmann-Fock space the following relations for  and  hold: where the constants ,  carry units of length and momentum and are related by and  is the deformation parameter.Based on the deformed algebra in Fock space, we obtain the commutation relation with minimal length, minimal momentum, and maximal momentum, as follows: or through (21) and (22), Note that these transform to ordinary quantum mechanics results where we set  = 1.The corresponding uncertainty relation is as follows: )) or simply as Based on this uncertainty relation, there are uncertainties in position and momentum as follows: Note that Δ max can be obtained through the procedure adopted in Section 1.

Some Analysis on Maximal Localization States
Now we consider the states | ml  ⟩ of maximal localization around a position  and we set the expectation value of the momentum to be zero For maximal localization states in the presence of both minimal length and minimal momentum, we use the following equation [16,17]: We note that we used (21) to arrive at this relation, but the terms 1/2√ have canceled each other in  and ⟨⟩.Now by setting  in the above equation, we have Adding the existence of maximal momentum as a new ingredient through transformation of ( 21) and ( 22), we find

Maximal Localization States in Bargmann-Fock Space.
We consider the states | ml  ⟩ to be maximally localized around a position .Following [17], to calculate these states, we expand the | ml  ⟩ based on -Hermite polynomials in Fock basis where () is the normalization factor defined as follows: −3  2  () .
where we have used the following relations: to define raising and lowering operators in Fock space.Such that  and  † obey generalized commutation relations [17]  † −  2  †  = 1. (38) Now by using (33) to solve (35), we obtain the following recursion relation