Shower and Slow Particle Productions in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at High Energy

The multiplicity distributions of shower, grey, and black particles produced in interactions of He, C, O, Ne, and Si with emulsion (Em) at 4.1–4.5 AGeV/c beam energies, and their dependence on target groups (H, CNO, and AgBr) is presented and has been reproduced by multisource thermal model. The multiplicity and the angular distributions of the three types of particles have been investigated. The experimental results are compared with the corresponding ones from the model. We found that the experimental data agrees with theoretical calculations using multisource thermal model.


Introduction
Study of the secondary charged particles produced in heavy ion collisions is attracting a great deal of attention during the recent ten years.Since the first run of the Dubna Synchrophasotron, in 1980, a lot of data for nuclear fragmentation in light-and heavy-ion collisions at high energy have been collected [1][2][3][4][5].The measurements show that the average multiplicity of shower, grey particles increases with increase in projectile mass, but the average multiplicity of black particles is approximately constant.These observations have generated a flurry of theoretical activities [6][7][8][9][10][11].
Many models have been introduced to describe the multiparticle production in the nucleus-nucleus (N-N) interactions; some of them concern the dynamical evolution of interacting systems [12][13][14][15][16][17][18].Others concern the thermal characteristics of final-state particles and fragments.One of these thermal models is the multisource thermal model, proposed to explain the multiplicity and angular distributions, based on the assumption that many emission sources are assumed to be formed in the interactions [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].The aim of the present research is to check the model validity for describing the basic characteristics of particle production in the interactions of nuclei with emulsion at 4.1-4.5A GeV/c, mainly beams of 4.1 A GeV/c 22 Ne and 4.5 A GeV/c ( 4 He, 12 C, 16 O, and 28 Si) from Dubna Synchrophasotron.

Multisource Thermal Model
2.1.Multiplicity Distribution.The physics picture of the following discussions is based on the multisource thermal model [31][32][33][34], which is mainly used in the descriptions of particle (fragment) emission angles, azimuthal angles, and transverse flows in nucleus-nucleus (NN) collisions.In the model, many emission sources of particles and fragments are assumed to be formed in high energy collisions.According to the interaction mechanisms or event sample, the sources are divided into  groups (subsamples).The source number in the th group is assumed to be   .Each source contributes multiplicity distribution to be an exponential distribution.
The multiplicity (  ) distribution contributed by the th source in the th group is an exponential function: where Advances in High Energy Physics is the mean multiplicity contributed by the th source in the th group.As in [31], we assume that The multiplicity ( ch ) distribution contributed by the th group is the fold of   exponential functions; that is, It is an Erlang distribution.The total multiplicity distribution contributed by the  groups can be written as where   is the relative weight contributed by the th group.
In the Monte Carlo calculation, let   denote random variable in [0, 1].For the th group, we have The multiplicity distribution is obtained by a statistical method.Meanwhile, the mean multiplicities contributed by the th group and the  groups are given by respectively.
Generally speaking [35],  = 1 for  −  + , ( − ), and  −  collisions at not too high energies (less than a few hundred GeV).The parameters for the collisions are ⟨  ⟩ and   .For the mentioned collisions at very high energies (greater than a few hundred GeV),  = 2 or 3 due to the different interaction mechanisms existing in the event samples.For  and N-N collisions at a fixed impact parameter,   can be regarded as the number of participant nucleons.The weight   in ( 5) is obtained by the geometrical weight of the impact parameter.This formula was first proposed by Liu et al. to describe the multiplicity distributions of final-state particles produced in "elementary" particle interactions and heavy ion collisions at high energies.The basis of the formula is a multisource model and each source contributes multiplicity distribution to be an exponential form.The model treats uniformly the finalstate particles and nuclear fragments by the same formula.It is shown that the model is successful in the descriptions of multiplicity distributions of different types of particles and projectile fragments.

Emission Angle of Particles.
According to the multisource thermal model suggested by Liu et al. [31][32][33][34][35][36], many emission sources are assumed to be formed in the interactions.Let the beam direction of the incoming projectile be the oz-axis, and let the reaction plane be the xoz plane.Each source is assumed to emit particles isotropically in the source rest frame.As the first approximation, the three components  \ ,, of the particle momentum in the source rest frame are assumed to obey Gaussian distributions with the same deviation width  [37].Considering the motion of the emission source and the interactions among emission sources, the particle momentum components   ,   , and   in the final state in the laboratory reference frame are different from those in the rest frame of the emission source.The simplest relations between   and  \  ,   and  \  , and   and  \  are linear: where   ,   , and   are free parameters and   is the parameter that characterizes the width of the momentum distribution in the source reference frame.  ,   ,   ,   ,   , and   are free parameters.Let  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 , and  6 denote random variables distributed in [0, 1]; we have because  \  ,  \  , and  \  obey a Gaussian distribution law.The emission angle  of a target fragment in the laboratory reference frame is given by Considering ( 9)-( 11), we have Table 1: The average multiplicities of the charged secondary particles emitted in 4 He-, 12 C-, 16 O-, 22 Ne-, and 28 Si-Em interactions and those emitted in the interactions with the different groups of target nuclei (H, CNO, Em, and AgBr) compared with those obtained by the model.

Multiplicity Characteristics.
To study the multiplicity behavior of the target fragmentation as function of mass number of the target nucleus   , we classify the emulsion nuclei based on  ℎ ( ℎ =   +   ) into three groups [38]: two types of light nuclei (H and CNO) and one type of heavy nuclei (AgBr).Collisions with H target nuclei are events with  ℎ = 0, 1, collisions with only one bound nucleon in CNO or AgBr target nuclei these events having 2 ≤  ℎ ≤ 7 are mostly interactions with CNO targets with some admixture of peripheral AgBr interactions.All events with  ℎ ≥ 8 are only due to AgBr interactions.It should be noted that the classification of events in emulsion is not unique; however, there is no perfect method for classifying events due to the limitations of the emulsion technique [39].Table 1 illustrates the average values of shower, grey, black, and heavy particles produced in interactions of different projectiles with Em at momentum 4.1-4.5A GeV/c.The experimental data has been taken from [40] and the data available from the High Energy Physics Group at Sana'a University.
The comparison between the average values of the multiplicities ⟨  ⟩, ⟨  ⟩, and ⟨  ⟩ obtained experimentally and those obtained by multisource thermal model shows a fair agreement between the model and the experiment for a wide range of projectiles.
It can be noticed from this table that the values of ⟨  ⟩ are nearly independent of the nature of incident projectiles, while ⟨  ⟩, ⟨  ⟩, and ⟨ ℎ ⟩ show their dependence on the projectile mass number   .This fact indicates that the target evaporation fragments do not seem to depend on the mass of the projectile.
Figure 1 presents the multiplicity distributions of shower particles in interactions of 28 Si, 22 Ne, 16 O, 12  distributions obtained by the multisource thermal model calculations are also shown as curves.All the distributions are normalized to one. 4He is represented by solid histogram, 12 C by dashed one, 16 O by dotted one, 22 Ne by dash-dotted one, and 28 Si by beaded one.It can be noticed from this figure that the model is in good agreement with the experimental data for the projectiles.The height of the multiplicity distribution of   decreases with increase in projectile mass, while the position of the peak moves to higher multiplicities with increasing   .The distributions get wider with increasing   where the distributions have larger tails.This may reflect the effect of the target mass number on the number of collisions of 28 Si, 22 Ne, 16 O, 12 C, and 4 He with the target nuclei.
Similarly the multiplicity distributions of grey particles are illustrated in Figure 2. It can be seen that the dependence of the height of the distributions on   gets weaker than that in case of shower particles.Also one can notice that the distributions for 28 Si, 22 Ne, 16 O, 12 C, and 4 He with AgBr interactions are broader than those for 28 Si, 22 Ne, 16 O, 12 C, and 4 He with Em, H, and CNO.
The same features can be observed for black particles (  ) distributions given in Figure 3 as for   .Figure 3 a tow-peak structure.The two peaks are around 0 and 10; this could be due to interactions with light-and heavy-target nuclei, respectively.
Finally, in Figure 4, we investigate the heavy particles ( ℎ =   +   ) distribution.Two obvious peaks are observed here, one around multiplicity 0 and the other one at 5. The first peak could be due to interactions with H and the second one with CNO.There is one around 20, but it is flattened, and this could represent the collision with AgBr.In all the above distributions, the model can reproduce Table 2: Parameter values for multiplicity distributions for shower, grey, black, and heavy particles.The values of ⟨ 1 ⟩, ⟨ 2 ⟩, and ⟨ 3 ⟩ and  1 ,  2 , and  3 , and  1 ,  2 , and  3 for 4 He-, 12 C-, 16 O-, and 28 Si-Em at 4.5 A GeV/c and 22 Ne-Em at 4.1 A GeV/c.  16 O-, and 28 Si-H at 4.5 A GeV/c and 22 Ne-H at 4.1 A GeV/c. the multiplicity characteristics for the different particles, and the experimental distributions are in agreement (within errors) with the theoretical ones.The parameter values of ⟨ 1 ⟩, ⟨ 2 ⟩, and ⟨ 3 ⟩,  1 ,  2 , and  3 , and  1 ,  2 , and  3 for multiplicity distributions for shower, grey, black, and heavy particles along with  2 /dof are illustrated in Tables 2-5.Table 2 shows these parameter values for Em, while the parameter values for H, CNO, and AgBr are given in Tables 3, 4, and 5, respectively.

Angular Distributions.
The angular distributions for the different secondary charged particles   ,   , and   emitted in 28 Si, 22 Ne, 16 O, 12 C, and 4 He interactions with Em, together with their corresponding distributions obtained by the multisource thermal model, are given in Figures 5-7.It is evident from these figures that the values of   ,   , and   are nearly independent of the nature of incident projectiles.Figure 5 illustrated the angular distributions of shower particles.The curves are the distributions obtained by the model calculations.From Figure 5, it can be noticed that the peak increases with increase in projectile mass and the model is in agreement with experimental data in describing angular distributions of the shower particles.
The angular distributions of grey particles,   , are illustrated in Figure 6.For comparison, distributions obtained by the model calculations are also shown.The model agrees with experimental data in describing angular distributions for the grey particles.Also, it is notable that the angular distributions Advances in High Energy Physics  4 He-(solid triangle), 12 C-(open square), 16 O-(solid square), 22 Ne-(open circles), and 28 Si-(solid circles) Em collisions at (4.1-4.5)A GeV/c.The symbols represent the experimental data.Capone the curves are our calculated results by multisource thermal model.Figure 6: Angular distributions of grey particle produced in 4 He-(solid triangle), 12 C-(open square), 16 O-(solid square), 22 Ne-(open circles), and 28 Si-(solid circles) Em collisions at (4.1-4.5)A GeV/c.The symbols represent the experimental data.Capone the curves are our calculated results by multisource thermal model.  of grey particles become wider than those of shower particles with displacement of the peak position to higher values of .From Figure 5 to Figure 7, we observe that the angular distributions of shower, grey, and black particles produced are independent of projectile mass.The peak position shifts towards higher values of  with increase in product mass, that is,    <    <    , which is clear in Table 6.The parameter values for angular distributions for shower, grey, and black particles   ,   , and   and   ,   , and   are given in Table 7.

Conclusion
We conclude that multisource thermal model gives uniform description of the target fragmentation in interaction of 4 He, 12 C, 16 O, 22 Ne, and 28 Si with emulsion at 4.1-4.5A GeV/c.This model has succeeded in reproduction of the general characteristics of interactions of nuclei with emulsion such as average multiplicities, multiplicity distributions, and angular distributions of particles produced in N-N collisions.  4 He-, 12 C-, 16 O-, and 28 Si-Em at 4.5 A GeV/c and 22

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: The normalized multiplicity distributions for shower particles produced in the interactions of projectiles with (a) Em, (b) H, (c) CNO, and (d) AgBr, respectively.The histograms represent the experimental data, while the curves are the corresponding ones calculated according to the multisource thermal model.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: The normalized multiplicity distributions for the grey particles produced in the interactions of projectiles with (a) Em, (b) H, (c) CNO, and (d) AgBr, respectively.The histograms represent the experimental data, while the curves are the corresponding ones calculated according to the multisource thermal model.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: The normalized multiplicity distributions for black particles produced in the interactions of projectiles with (a) Em, (b) H, (c) CNO, and (d) AgBr, respectively.The histograms represent the experimental data, while the curves are the corresponding ones calculated according to the multisource thermal model.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Normalized multiplicity distributions for heavy particles produced in the interactions of projectiles with Em at (4.1-4.5)A GeV/c.The histograms represent the experimental data, while the curves are the corresponding ones calculated according to the multisource thermal model.

Figure 7
illustrated the angular distributions of black particles,   .For comparison, distributions obtained by the

Table 6 :
The peak position of angular distributions for shower, grey, and black particles.calculations are also shown.The model agrees with experimental data.It can be noticed that the angular distributions for black particles are nearly symmetrical around the peak position.

Table 7 :
Parameter values for angular distributions for shower, grey, and black particles.The values of   ,   , and   and   ,   , and   for Ne-Em at 4.1 A GeV/c.