Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 1739027, 10 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1739027

Research Article

Search for Excited Spin-3/2 Neutrinos at LHeC

A. Ozansoy,¹ V. Arı,¹ and V. Çetinkaya²

¹Department of Physics, Ankara University, Tandogan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
²Department of Physics, Dumlupinar University, Merkez, 43100 Kutahya, Turkey

Received 1 June 2016; Revised 21 September 2016; Accepted 19 October 2016

Academic Editor: Andrea Coccaro

Copyright © 2016 A. Ozansoy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

We study the potential of the next collider, namely, LHeC, with two options  TeV and  TeV, to search for excited spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 neutrinos. We calculate the single production cross-section of excited spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 neutrinos according to their effective currents describing their interactions between gauge bosons and SM leptons. We choose the decay mode of excited neutrinos and decay mode of -boson for the analysis. We put some kinematical cuts for the final state detectable particles and plot the invariant mass distributions for signal and the corresponding backgrounds. In order to obtain accessible limits for excited neutrino couplings, we show the and contour plots for excited spin-1/2 and excited spin-3/2 neutrinos, respectively.

1. Introduction

The Standard Model (SM) of the particle physics agrees with experimental results from the operating colliders. The first run of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) brought the expected Higgs boson discovery, so a crucial part of the SM has been completed. But there is still no satisfying explanation of the three-family structure of leptons and quarks and their mass hierarchy. An attractive explanation is lepton and quark compositeness [1–3]. In composite models, known leptons and quarks have a substructure characterized by an energy scale called the compositeness scale, A natural consequence of compositeness is the occurrence of excited states [4–7]. Phenomenologically, an excited lepton can be regarded as a heavy lepton sharing the same leptonic quantum number with the corresponding SM lepton. If leptons present composite structures, they can be considered as spin-1/2 bound states containing three spin-1/2 or spin-1/2 and spin-0 subparticles. Bound states of spin-3/2 leptons are also possible with three spin-1/2 [1–3] or spin-1/2 and spin-1 subparticles in the framework of composite models [8]. The motivations for spin-3/2 particles come from two different scenarios; spin-3/2 leptons appear in composite models [9–13] and a spin-3/2 gravitino is the superpartner of graviton in supergravity [14]. Theories beyond the Standard Model that contain exotic particles are discussed in [15–19].

Both excited spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 neutrinos can be produced at future high energy lepton, hadron, and lepton-hadron colliders. Elaborate studies on excited spin-1/2 neutrinos can be found in [20–30]. Also, one can find excited spin-1/2 neutrino production by ultra-high energy neutrinos in [31] and the impact of excited spin-1/2 neutrinos on process in [32].

The mass limit for excited spin-1/2 neutrinos obtained from their pair production ( process) by L3 Collaboration at  GeV, assuming , where and are the new couplings determined by the composite dynamics, is  GeV [33]. Assuming and , for single production of excited spin-1/2 neutrino in collisions taking into account all the decay channels, the H1 Collaboration sets the exclusion limit for the mass range of excited neutrino  GeV at 95% C.L. [34]. Recently, a search was performed by the ATLAS Collaboration taking into account pair production of excited spin-1/2 neutrinos either through contact or gauge-mediated interactions and their decay proceeds via the same mechanism. Considering events with at least three charged leptons with , with and with an integrated luminosity of of collisions at  TeV, a lower mass limit of 1.6 TeV is obtained for every excited spin-1/2 neutrino flavour [35].

Excited spin-3/2 neutrinos are not as well studied in the litterateur as the spin-1/2. An investigation of the production and decay processes of the single heavy spin-3/2 neutrino was performed in [36, 37]. A study of the potential of future high energy linear colliders to probe excited spin-3/2 neutrino signals in different decay modes by considering three phenomenological currents taking into account the corresponding background was done in [8].

Studies are ongoing for the development of a new collider, the Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC), with an electron beam of 60 GeV, to possibly 140 GeV, and a proton beam of the LHC [38–41] or in the future the Future Circular Collider lepton-hadron collider (FCC-eh) [42, 43]. The LHeC is the highest energy lepton-hadron collider under design and is considered as a linac-ring collider. Linac-ring type colliders were proposed in [44] and the physics potentials and advantages of these type lepton-hadron colliders are discussed in [45, 46]. Latest results for excited neutrino searches coming from the first collider HERA have showed that colliders are so competitive to and colliders and very important for the investigation of beyond SM physics [34, 38–41]. With the design luminosity of the LHeC is intended to exceed the HERA luminosity by a factor of ~100. So it would be a major opportunity to push forward the investigations done in the LHC.

This work is a continuation of the previous works on excited neutrinos [8, 25]. In this work, in Section 2 we introduce the phenomenological currents for excited neutrinos and give their decay widths. In Section 3, we consider single production of excited spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 neutrinos at colliders. We take into account the signal in decay mode of excited neutrinos as well as corresponding backgrounds at LHeC with  TeV and  TeV. We plot the invariant mass distributions for single production of excited neutrinos with spin-1/2 and spin-3/2. Last, we plot the contour plots for the excited neutrino couplings to obtain the exclusion limits. Investigation on excited fermions with spin-1/2 takes an important part in the physics program of LHeC [38, 39]. Although the latest limit for excited spin-1/2 neutrinos set by the ATLAS experiment is high, it is important to examine the excited neutrinos with different spins at high energy lepton-hadron colliders. This work is the only dedicated work which gives the comparative results for both excited spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 neutrinos to comprehend the potential of next collider.

2. Physical Preliminaries

An excited spin-1/2 neutrino is the lowest radial and orbital excitation according to the classification by quantum numbers. Interactions between excited spin-1/2 neutrino and ordinary leptons are of the magnetic transition type [47–49]. The effective current for the interaction between an excited spin-1/2 neutrino, a gauge boson (), and the SM lepton is given by

where is the new physics scale; is electromagnetic coupling constant with ; , and are the four momentum of the SM lepton, excited spin-1/2 neutrino, and the gauge boson, respectively. is the new electroweak coupling parameter corresponding to the gauge boson and with being the Dirac matrices. An excited neutrino has three possible decay modes, each one of which is related to a vector boson , and . These decay modes are radiative decay , neutral weak decay , and charged weak decay . Neglecting SM lepton mass we find the decay width of the excited spin-1/2 neutrino as

where , , and ; is the weak mixing angle and is the mass of the gauge boson. The couplings and are the scaling factors for the gauge couplings of and . Unless , the electromagnetic interaction of excited neutrino and SM neutrino exists. Branching ratios of excited spin-1/2 neutrino for two choices and are presented in Table 1. One may note that for the choice the branching ratio for the channel is ≈60%. Hence, to choose the mode for the analysis is more feasible.

Table 1: Branching ratios and total decay width of excited spin-1/2 neutrinos for . Here it is taken as .

)

300
1.91
30.5 (0)
10.7 (38.3)
58.9 (61.7)

500
3.36
28.9 (0)
11.1 (38.9)
60.0 (61.1)

750
5.12
28.4 (0)
11.3 (39.0)
60.3 (61.0)

1000
6.87
28.2 (0)
11.3 (39.1)
60.4 (60.9)

1500
10.35
28.1 (0)
11.4 (39.1)
60.5 (60.9)

2000
13.82
28.1 (0)
11.4 (39.1)
60.5 (60.9)

2500
17.28
28.1 (0)
11.4 (39.1)
60.5 (60.9)

3000
20.75
28.1 (0)
11.4 (39.1)
60.5 (60.9)

The two phenomenological currents for the interactions between an excited spin-3/2 neutrino, a gauge boson (), and the SM lepton are given by

where represents the Rarita-Schwinger vector-spinor [50].

Decay widths of excited spin-3/2 neutrinos for the decay mode for the two currents are given by

and for the neutral and charged weak decay modes ( and ), they are given as

where , , and . Branching ratios and total decay width of excited spin-3/2 neutrinos with and are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Also, total decay width of excited neutrinos as a function of their mass () is shown in Figure 1.

Table 2: Branching ratios and total decay width of excited spin-3/2 neutrinos with . Here it is taken as and .

300
1.21
24.0
34.4
41.6

500
3.89
12.5
39.0
48.5

750
11.11
6.5
41.2
52.3

1000
24.61
3.9
42.1
54.0

1500
78.89
1.8
42.8
55.3

2000
183.50
1.1
43.1
55.9

2500
355.20
0.7
43.2
56.1

3000
611.00
0.5
43.3
56.2

Table 3: Branching ratios and total decay width of excited spin-3/2 neutrinos with . Here it is taken as and .

300
0.55
8.8
38.4
52.8

500
2.71
3.0
41.8
55.3

750
9.31
1.3
42.7
56.0

1000
22.21
0.7
43.0
56.2

1500
75.26
0.3
43.3
56.4

2000
178.7
0.2
43.4
56.5

2500
349.2
0.1
43.4
56.5

3000
603.6
0.1
43.4
56.5

Figure 1: Total decay width of excited neutrinos according to their mass. Here, it is taken as and for excited spin-1/2 neutrinos and for excited spin-3/2 neutrinos for the two phenomenological currents.

3. Single Production at Collider

The excited spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 neutrinos can be produced singly at future colliders via channel exchange. In our calculations we use the program CALCHEP [51–53]. The Feynman diagrams for the subprocesses and are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Feynman diagrams.

Neglecting SM quark masses, the explicit formulas for the differential cross-section of the subprocesses and for the two phenomenological spin-3/2 currents and are

where is the CKM matrix element, is the Mandelstam variable, and is the square of center-of-mass energy of the collider. Also, differential cross-section expression for the excited spin-1/2 neutrino is

Total cross-section as a function of excited neutrino mass is shown in Figure 3 for the center-of-mass energies  TeV and  TeV.

Figure 3: Cross-sections for the excited neutrino production with and for spin-1/2 ones and for spin-3/2 ones at collider at  TeV and  TeV.

In our analysis we chose the mode because of the high branching ratio of the charged current decay channel. and decay modes will have larger uncertainty because of the missing transverse momentum () due to the neutrino in the final state. We consider the process and put some kinematical cuts for the final state detectable particles. We deal with the subprocess and impose the acceptance cuts

Feynman diagrams for the SM process are presented in Figure 4. The main background process that gives the same final state as excited neutrino signal is multijet neutral current deep inelastic scattering (NC DIS) events. After applying these cuts we obtained the SM background cross-section for the process as  pb for  TeV and  pb for  TeV. In order to discriminate the excited neutrino signal we plot the invariant mass distributions for the system for the masses  GeV at  TeV and for the masses  GeV at  TeV in Figures 5 and 6, respectively.

Figure 4: Feynman diagrams for the SM background process .

Figure 5: Invariant mass distributions of system for the single production of excited spin-1/2 for and excited spin-3/2 neutrinos with and for () at  TeV.

Figure 6: Invariant mass distributions of system for the single production of excited spin-1/2 for and excited spin-3/2 neutrinos with and for () at  TeV.

We plot the rate of as a function of excited neutrino mass in Figure 7 to examine the contribution of excited neutrinos to the process and also to investigate the separation of different excited neutrino models. Here corresponds the cross-section calculated for the presence of excited neutrino (signal) and Standard Model (background) both, and is the SM (background) cross-section. In these figures, the separation of spin-1/2, spin-3/2 with and spin-3/2 with excited neutrinos can be easily seen.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7: plots for  TeV (a) and  TeV (b). ( for the spin-1/2 and () for the spin-3/2.)

In order to get accessible limits for the excited neutrinos at high energy collider, we plot the contours for excited neutrinos with spin-1/2 and spin-3/2. We choose the boson decay as . Here we consider the statistical significance:

Here is the integrated luminosity of the collider and we choose as the LHeC design luminosity. Our results for the are shown in Tables 4 and 5.

Table 4: Statistical significance for collider with  TeV for excited spin-1/2 neutrinos and excited spin-3/2 neutrinos with and .

(GeV)

400
110.2
75.4
135.6

500
25.5
30.7
30.0

600
5.5
11.9
7.9

700
1.0
4.2
2.2

Table 5: Statistical significance for collider with TeV for excited spin-1/2 neutrinos and excited spin-3/2 neutrinos with and .

(GeV)

600
56.3
51.0
235.9

700
22.4
28.0
76.5

800
8.8
15.1
28.9

900
3.3
8.04
12.0

1000
1.2
4.2
5.3

For the criteria (95% C.L.) we plot the () contour plot for excited spin-3/2 neutrinos for both phenomenological currents and the contour plot for the excited spin-1/2 neutrinos. In Figures 8 and 9, we choose the excited neutrino mass  GeV for the analysis at  TeV and  GeV for the analysis at  TeV. We see from these figures the allowed regions for the and couplings for the masses  GeV at  TeV and  GeV at  TeV. The values which we chose in our calculations for the coupling parameters ( for the excited spin-3/2 neutrinos and for the excited spin-1/2 neutrinos) are compatible with the contour plots.

Figure 8: Contour plots for excited spin-3/2 neutrinos for the and .

Figure 9: Contour plots for excited spin-1/2 neutrinos.

4. Conclusion

We searched for the excited spin-3/2 neutrino signal at lepton-hadron collider LHeC for two different centers of mass energies. We used two different phenomenological currents for the spin-3/2 excited neutrinos, and we used the same value of couplings. Since there is no theoretical prediction for the single production of excited neutrinos and the effective currents have unknown couplings, we did not consider the interference between the currents. A more detailed calculation shows an important parameter space in which the interference terms could be important.

We also deal with the spin-1/2 excited neutrinos for comparison. Our analysis shows that the spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 excited neutrino signals discrimination is apparent at next colliders. Here we only take into account the effective currents describing the gauge interactions of excited and standard particles. It is possible to include the contact interactions which may enlarge the mass and coupling limits.

It is possible to search for single production of excited spin-3/2 neutrinos at the LHC but it has smaller cross-section than LHeC. Therefore, the potential of LHeC is better than LHC to determine the limits on couplings of excited spin-3/2 neutrinos.

Excited neutrinos with different spins would manifest themselves in three families. Here, we only investigated the excited electron neutrino. It is also possible to make the same analysis for excited muon neutrinos. Single production of excited muon neutrinos is possible at muon-hadron colliders. Physics of colliders was studied in [54]. One can find the main parameters of FCC-based collider in [43, 55].

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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