Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 8672391, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8672391

Research Article

Search for Anomalous Quartic Couplings in Photon-Photon Collisions

M. Köksal,¹ V. Arı,² and A. Senol³

¹Department of Optical Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
²Department of Physics, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
³Department of Physics, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14280 Bolu, Turkey

Received 16 June 2016; Revised 23 September 2016; Accepted 18 October 2016

Academic Editor: Edward Sarkisyan-Grinbaum

Copyright © 2016 M. Köksal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

The self-couplings of the electroweak gauge bosons are completely specified by the non-Abelian gauge nature of the Standard Model (SM). The direct study of these couplings provides a significant opportunity to test the validity of the SM and the existence of new physics beyond the SM up to the high energy scale. For this reason, we investigate the potential of the processes , ,  and to examine the anomalous quartic couplings of vertex at the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) with center-of-mass energy 3 TeV. We calculate confidence level sensitivities on the dimension-8 parameters with various values of the integrated luminosity. We show that the best bounds on the anomalous , , , and couplings arising from process among those three processes at center-of-mass energy of 3 TeV and integrated luminosity of  fb⁻¹ are found to be  TeV⁻⁴,  TeV⁻⁴,  TeV⁻⁴, and  TeV⁻⁴, respectively.

1. Introduction

The SM of particle physics has been tested with a lot of different experiments for decades and it is proven to be extremely successful. In addition, the discovery of all the particles predicted by the SM has been completed together with the ultimate discovery of the approximately 125 GeV Higgs boson in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [1, 2]. However, we need new physics beyond the SM to find answers to some fundamental questions, such as the strong CP problem, neutrino oscillations, and matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. The self-interactions of electroweak gauge bosons are important and more sensitive for new physics beyond the SM. The structure of gauge boson self-interactions is completely determined by the non-Abelian gauge symmetry in the SM. Contributions to these interactions, beyond those coming from the SM, will be a supporting evidence of probable new physics. It can be examined in a model independent way via the effective Lagrangian approach. Such an approach is parameterized by high-dimensional operators which induce anomalous quartic gauge couplings that modify the interactions between the electroweak gauge bosons.

In writing effective operators associated with genuinely quartic couplings we employ the formalism of [3, 4]. Imposing global symmetry and local symmetry, dimension-6 effective Lagrangian for the coupling is given by

where is the tensor for electromagnetic field tensor, are the dimensionless anomalous quartic coupling constants, and is a mass-dimension parameter associated with the scale of new physics.

The anomalous quartic gauge couplings come out also from dimension-8 operators. There are three classes of operators containing either covariant derivatives of Higgs doublet () only, or two field strength tensors and two , or field strength tensors only. The first class operators contain anomalous quartic gauge couplings involving only massive vector boson. We will not examine them since these operators contain only quartic , , and interactions. In the second class, eight anomalous quartic gauge boson couplings are given by [5–7]

where the field strength tensor of the () and () is given by

Here, are the generators, , , is the unit of electric charge, and is the Weinberg angle. The dimension-6 operators can be expressed simply in terms of dimension-8 operators due to their similar Lorentz structures. The following expressions show the relations between the couplings for the vertex and and the couplings, needed to compare with the LEP results:

The operators containing four field strength tensors lead to quartic anomalous couplings are as follows:

where , , , , , , , and are dimensionless parameters which have no dimensions-6 analogue.

The experimental 95% CL bounds on dimension-6 couplings at the LEP by OPAL collaboration through the process are [8]

The 95% CL one-dimensional bounds on dimension-8 parameters at the LHC by ATLAS collaboration through with an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb⁻¹ at  TeV [9] are

In the literature, the anomalous quartic couplings have been performed with Monte-Carlo studies at the linear colliders via the processes [10, 11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [14], and [17]. For the hadron colliders, studies have been done on anomalous quartic couplings via the processes [18], [19], [20–23], [24], [25], and [26].

2. Photon Colliders

The LHC may not be an ideal platform to study new physics beyond the SM because of remnants arising from the strong interactions. On the other hand, the linear colliders usually supply a cleaner environment with respect to the hadron colliders. The CLIC is one of the most popular linear collider designs, and it will operate in three different center-of-mass energy stages. Probable operating scenarios of CLIC are planned with an integrated luminosity of  fb⁻¹ at  TeV,  fb⁻¹ at  TeV, and  fb⁻¹ at  TeV collision energy [27]. Having high luminosity and energy is extremely significant in terms of new physics research. Particularly, the anomalous quartic gauge couplings are described by means of high-dimensional effective Lagrangian which have very strong energy dependence. For this reason, the sensitivity to the anomalous couplings increases with energy much faster than the sensitivity to the SM ones, and they can be measured with better precision. Also, the colliders are more likely to produce three or more massive gauge bosons in the final states of the studying processes. As a result, these colliders will provide an occasion to investigate the anomalous quartic gauge boson couplings.

The expected design of the future linear collider will include operation also in and modes. In and processes, real photon beams can be generated by converting the incoming and beams into photon beams through the Compton backscattering mechanism. The maximum collision energy is expected to be 80% for collision and 90% for collision of the original collision energy. However, the expected luminosities are 15% for collision and 39% for collision of the luminosities [28]. Also when using directly the lepton beams, quasi-real photons will be radiated at the interaction allowing for processes like , , and to occur [29–34]. Alternatively, a photon emitted from either of the incoming leptons can interact with a laser photon backscattered from the other lepton beam, and the subprocess can take place. Hence, we calculate the process by integrating the cross section for the subprocess over the flux. Furthermore, photons emitted from both lepton beams can collide with each other and the subprocess can be produced, and the cross section for the full process is calculated by integrating the cross section for the subprocess over both fluxes. The quasi-real flux in and collisions is defined by the Weizsacker-Williams approximation (WWA). In the WWA, the electroproduction processes include a small angle of charged particle scattering. The virtuality of photons emitted by the scattering particle is very small. Hence, they are supposed to be almost real. There is a possibility to reduce the process of electroproduction to the photoproduction described by the following photon spectrum [32]:

where is mass of the scattering particle, , and . and are energy of photon and energy of scattered electron (positron), respectively. Many examples of investigation of possible new physics beyond the SM through photon-induced processes using the WWA are available in the literature [24, 35–61].

3. Production at , , and Collisions

In this section we will display the differential cross sections by considering the contributions of all three types of collisions separately, , , and , for the productions through the process and the subprocesses and . The representative leading order Feynman diagrams of these process are given in Figure 1. The dimension-8 anomalous interaction vertices in (2) and (5) are implemented in FeynRules [62] and passed to MadGraph 5 [63] framework by means of the UFO model [64].

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1: Tree-level Feynman diagrams for the processes (a) , (b) , and (c) .

3.1. Collision

The total cross section for the process has been calculated by using real photon spectrum produced by Compton backscattering of laser beam off the high energy electron beam. We show the total cross section of the process depending on the dimension-8 anomalous couplings , , , and for = 3 TeV in Figure 2. In addition to these, the total cross sections as function of anomalous quartic couplings assuming = 1 TeV are given in Table 1. In Figure 2, the cross sections depending on the anomalous quartic gauge couplings were obtained by varying only one of the anomalous couplings at a time while the others were fixed to zero. From these figures we can see that the contribution comes from coupling to the cross section which grows rapidly while , , and couplings are slowly varying. Hence the bounds on coupling are expected to be more sensitive in accordance with , , and . Similarly, sensitivities on and couplings are expected to be more restrictive than sensitivities on .

Table 1: The total cross sections as function of anomalous , , , and couplings assuming = 1 TeV for the processes , , and at CLIC with  TeV.

Modes

Total cross sections (pb)

31.0
2.21
28.36
103.5

1.96
0.14
1.80
6.60

Figure 2: The total cross sections as function of anomalous , , , and couplings for the process at CLIC with  TeV.

3.2. Collision

The is generated via the quasi-real photons emitted from both lepton beams collision with each other and participates as a subprocess in the main process . When calculating the total cross sections for this process, we take into account the equivalent photon approximation structure function using the improved Weizsaecker-Williams formula which is embedded in MadGraph. The total cross sections of the process as a function of , , , and for = 3 TeV are given in Figure 3 and tabulated in Table 1 assuming  TeV.

Figure 3: The total cross sections as function of anomalous , , , and couplings for the process at CLIC with  TeV.

3.3. Collision

One of the operating mode of the conventional machine is the mode. This mode includes collision of a Weisaczker-Willams photon () emitted from the incoming leptons and the laser backscattered photon (). Thus, the reaction participates as a subprocess in the main process . In Figure 4, we plot the total cross section of the process as a function of dimension-8 couplings for = 3 TeV. Also, the total cross sections as function of anomalous quartic couplings assuming = 1 TeV are given in Table 1.

Figure 4: The total cross sections as function of anomalous , , , and couplings for the process at CLIC with  TeV.

4. Bounds on Anomalous Quartic Couplings

The SM cross section of the processes , , and is quite small, because the process and the subprocesses and are not allowed at the tree level. They are only allowed at loop level and can be neglected. On the other hand, as stated in [65], the SM background and their interference contributions of the examined processes may be important for low center-of-mass energies such as 0.35 TeV and 1.4 TeV. However, the effect of the one-loop SM cross section at TeV of these processes is expected to give relatively small contributions and it can be neglected. For this reason, we analysis anomalous quartic couplings only at  TeV for three processes. Therefore, in the course of statistical analysis, the bounds of all anomalous quartic couplings at 95% CL are calculated using the Poisson statistics test since the number of SM background events of the examined processes is expected to be negligible events for the various values of the luminosities at  TeV. In this case, the upper bounds of number of events at the 95% CL can be calculated from the following formula:

where is the number of observed events and the value of can be obtained with respect to the value of the number of observed events. For calculating the limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings in case there is no signal, = 0, and then is always 3, for 95% CL. This upper limit on the number of events is translated, in each case separately, to an upper/lower limit on the anomalous quartic gauge couplings, using the cross section dependence on the anomalous quartic gauge couplings at the corresponding energy and multiplying the cross section by the branching ratio for leptonic decays and by the corresponding luminosity. The bounds at 95% CL on these couplings at the CLIC with = 3 TeV for various integrated luminosities are shown in Figures 5–7 for the examined processes. Here we consider that only one of the anomalous couplings changes at any time.

Figure 5: 95% CL sensitivity bounds of , , , and couplings for various values of integrated luminosities and  TeV through the process .

Figure 6: 95% CL sensitivity bounds of , , , and couplings for various values of integrated luminosities and  TeV through the process .

Figure 7: 95% CL sensitivity bounds of , , , and couplings for various values of integrated luminosities and  TeV through the process .

As can be seen from Figure 5, the sensitivity bounds of and couplings obtained from the process with = 3 TeV and  fb⁻¹ are calculated as  TeV⁻⁴ and  TeV⁻⁴ which are seven and six orders of magnitude better than the experimental bounds of the LHC, respectively. The expected best sensitivities on and couplings in Figure 5 are far beyond the sensitivities of the LHC. As can be seen from Table 2, when the luminosity reduction factor is taken into account, these limits become  TeV⁻⁴ and  TeV⁻⁴, respectively. So, the sensitivity of the limits calculated using luminosity reduction factors decreases by about 2.5 times for option and 1.6 times for option in collisions.

Table 2: 95% CL sensitivity bounds of , , , , , and couplings for 2000 fb⁻¹ integrated luminosity and = 3 TeV through the processes , , and . The values in the parentheses are calculated limits using the luminosity reduction factor.

Couplings
mode
mode
mode

(TeV⁻²)

(TeV⁻²)

(TeV⁻⁴)

(TeV⁻⁴)

(TeV⁻⁴)

(TeV⁻⁴)

We compare our results with the best bounds obtained from the phenomenological studies of the LHC, future hadron, and linear colliders in the literature. The bounds on and couplings arising from dimension-6 operators have been obtained by [20, 66]. For 95% CL with integrated luminosity of 200 fb⁻¹ at  TeV at the LHC, the sensitivities on the anomalous couplings are calculated as  TeV⁻² and  TeV⁻², respectively. However, the best sensitivities on and couplings for  fb⁻¹ at  TeV at the CLIC are at the order of 10⁻² TeV⁻² [14]. Also, [5, 67] have investigated the couplings of dimension-8 operators at 95% CL with integrated luminosity of 300 fb⁻¹ at  TeV and 3000 fb⁻¹ at  TeV, 33 TeV, and 100 TeV at the LHC and future hadron colliders. The bounds on the couplings arising from dimension-8 operators are given = 25 TeV⁻⁴ and = 38 TeV⁻⁴.

In Table 2, we show the best sensitivity bounds at 95% CL of and couplings for three processes with integrated luminosity 2000 fb⁻¹ at  TeV. As can be seen in Table 2, our best sensitivities on couplings by examining the process are about 10⁵ times better than the sensitivities calculated in [20, 66]. Our bounds can set more stringent sensitivity by three orders of magnitude with respect to the best sensitivity derived from the CLIC with  TeV. Finally, we can understand from Table 2 that the best bounds obtained through the process with integrated luminosity 2000 fb⁻¹ at  TeV improve the sensitivities of and couplings by up to a factor of 10⁴ compared to [5, 67]. However, we compare our results with the sensitivities of [67] which investigates phenomenologically coupling via process at = 14  TeV with 300 (3000) fb⁻¹ luminosity. The bound on coupling at = 33 TeV with  fb⁻¹ is  TeV⁻⁴ which is up to a factor of 10³ worse than our best bound. However, it can be seen from Figure 6 that bounds on coupling obtained from the process are more restrictive than the bounds on , , and couplings. The best sensitivities obtained for four different couplings from the process in Figure 5 are approximately an order of magnitude more restrictive with respect to the main process in Figure 7 which is obtained by integrating the cross section for the subprocess over the effective photon luminosity. Although the luminosity reduction factor is taken into account in and collision modes, the results show that collisions give the best bounds to test anomalous quartic gauge couplings with respect to and collisions. Principally, the sensitivity of the processes to anomalous couplings rapidly increases with the center-of-mass energy and the luminosity.

5. Conclusions

CLIC is envisaged as a high energy collider having very clean experimental conditions and being free from strong interactions with respect to the LHC. In addition, the number of SM events vanishes for , , and processes. Therefore, the observation of a few events at the final state of such processes would be an important sign for anomalous quartic couplings beyond the SM. For these reasons, we have estimated the improvement of sensitivity to anomalous quartic couplings with dimension-8 as function of collider energies and luminosities through the processes , , and . As a result, the CLIC as photon-photon collider provides an ideal platform to examine anomalous quartic gauge couplings at high energies and luminosities.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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