Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 6384357, 15 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6384357

Research Article

Multifractal Analysis of Charged Particle Multiplicity Distribution in the Framework of Renyi Entropy

Swarnapratim Bhattacharyya,¹ Maria Haiduc,² Alina Tania Neagu,² and Elena Firu²

¹Department of Physics, New Alipore College, L Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, India
²Institute of Space Science, Bucharest, Romania

Correspondence should be addressed to Swarnapratim Bhattacharyya; swarna_pratim@yahoo.com

Received 3 March 2018; Accepted 22 May 2018; Published 26 June 2018

Academic Editor: Sakina Fakhraddin

Copyright © 2018 Swarnapratim Bhattacharyya et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

A study of multifractality and multifractal specific heat has been carried out for the produced shower particles in nuclear emulsion detector for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c in the framework of Renyi entropy. Experimental results have been compared with the prediction of Ultra-Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model. Our analysis reveals the presence of multifractality in the multiparticle production process in high energy nucleus-nucleus interactions. Degree of multifractality is found to be higher for the experimental data and it increases with the increase of projectile mass. The investigation of quark-hadron phase transition in the multiparticle production in ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5 AGeV/c in the framework of Ginzburg-Landau theory from the concept of multifractality has also been presented. Evidence of constant multifractal specific heat has been obtained for both experimental and UrQMD simulated data.

1. Introduction

The study of nonstatistical fluctuations and correlations in relativistic and ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions has become a subject of major interest among the particle physicists. Bialas and Peschanski [1, 2] proposed a new phenomenon called intermittency to study the nonstatistical fluctuations in terms of the scaled factorial moment. In high energy physics intermittency is defined as the power law behavior of scaled factorial moment with the size of the considered phase space [1, 2]. This method has its own advantage that it can extract nonstatistical fluctuations after extricating the normal statistical noise [1, 2]. The study of nonstatistical fluctuations by the method of scaled factorial moment leads to the presence of self-similar fractal structure in the multiparticle production of high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions [3]. The self-similarity observed in the power law dependence of scaled factorial moments reveals a connection between intermittency and fractality. The observed fractal structure is a consequence of self-similar cascade mechanism in multiparticle production process. The close connection between intermittency and fractality prompted the scientists to study fractal nature of multiparticle production in high energy nucleus-nucleus interactions. To get both qualitative and quantitative idea concerning the multiparticle production mechanism fractality study in heavy-ion collisions is expected to be very resourceful.

2. Fractals-Multifractals and Monofractals

The term “fractal” was coined by Mandelbrot [4] from the Latin word fractus which means broken or fractured. Mandelbrot introduced the new geometry called the fractal geometry to look into the world of apparent irregularities. A fractal pattern is one that scales infinitely to reproduce itself such that the traditional geometry does not define it. In other words a fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometrical shape that can be split into parts, each of which is at least approximately reduced size copy of the whole [4]. Sierpinski triangle, Koch snow flack, Peano curve, Mandelbrot set, and Lorentz attractor are the well-known mathematical structures that exhibit fractal geometry [4]. Fractals also describe many real world objects such as clouds, mountains, coastlines, etc.; those do not corresponds to simple geometrical shape [4]. Fractals can be classified into two categories: multifractals and monofractals [4]. Multifractals are complicated self-similar objects that consist of differently weighted fractals with different noninteger dimensions. The fundamental characteristic of multifractality is that the scaling properties may be different in different regions of the systems [4]. Monofractals are those whose scaling properties are the same in different regions of the system [4]. As the scaling properties are dissimilar in different parts of the system, multifractal systems require at least more than one scaling exponent to describe the scaling behavior of the system [5]. A distinguishing feature of the processes that have multifractal characteristics is that various associated probability distributions display power law properties [6, 7]. Multifractal theory is essentially rooted in probability theory though draws on complex ideas from each of physics, mathematics, probability theory, and statistics [6]. Apart from multiparticle production in high energy physics, multifractal analysis has proved to be a valuable method of capturing the underlying scaling structure present in many types of systems including diffusion limited aggregation [8–10], fluid flow through random porous media [11], atomic spectra of rare-earth elements [12], cluster-cluster aggregation [13], and turbulent flow [14]. In physiology, multifractal structures have been found in heart rate variability [15] and brain dynamics [16]. Multifractal analysis has been helpful in distinguishing between healthy and pathological patients [17]. Multifractal measures have also been found in man-made phenomena such as the Internet [18], art [19], and the stock market [20–22]. Multifractals have also been used in a wide range of application areas like the description of dynamical systems, rainfall modelling, spatial distribution of earthquakes and insect populations, financial time series modelling, and Internet traffic modelling [6, 7].

It should be mentioned here that the most important property of fractals is their dimensions [4, 6, 7]. Fractal dimension is used to describe the size of the fractal sets [4, 6, 7]. For example, the dimension of an irregular coastline may be greater than one but less than two, indicating that it is not like a simple line and has space filling characteristics in the plane. Likewise, the surface area of a snowflake may be greater than two but less than three, indicating that its surface is more complex than regular geometrical shapes and is partially volume filling [4, 6, 7]. Fractal dimension can be calculated by taking the limit of the quotient of the log change in object size and the log change in measurement scale, as the measurement scale approaches to zero [4]. The differences came in what is meant by the measurement scale and how to get an average number out of many different parts of the geometrical objects [4, 6, 7]. Fractal dimension quantifies the static geometry of an object [4].

Generalized fractal dimension is a well-known parameter which reflects the nature of fractal structure [4]. From the dependence of generalized fractal dimension on the order q a distinguishable characterization of fractality is possible [4]. Decrease of generalized fractal dimension with the order of moment signals the presence of multifractality. On the other hand if remains constant with the increase of order q monofractality occurs. It has been pointed out in [23] that if Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) state is created in hadronic collisions, a phase transition to hadronic matter will take place. The hadronic system will show monofractality in contrast to an order dependence of generalized fractal dimension , when a cascade process occurs [23].

Hwa [24] was the first to provide the idea of using multifractal moments , to study the multifractality and self-similarity in multiparticle production. According to the method enunciated by Hwa [24] if the particle production process exhibits self-similar behavior, the moments show a remarkable power law dependence on phase space bin size. However, if the multiplicity is low, the moments are dominated by statistical fluctuations. In order to suppress the statistical contribution, a modified form of moments in terms of the step function was suggested by Hwa and Pan [25]. Takagi [26] also proposed a new method called Takagi moment method ( moment) for studying the fractal structure of multiparticle production. Both the and the techniques have been applied extensively to analyze several high energy nucleus-nucleus collision data [27–35]. Very recently some sophisticated methods have also been applied to study the fractal nature of multiparticle production process [36–45].

3. Entropy and Fractality

In high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions, entropy measurement of produced shower particles may provide important information in studying the multiparticle production mechanism [46]. In high energy collisions, entropy is an important parameter and it is regarded as the most significant characteristic of a system having many degrees of freedom [46]. As entropy reflects how the effective degrees of freedom change from hadronic matter at low temperature to the quark-gluon plasma state at high temperature, it is regarded as a useful probe to study the nature of deconfinement phase transition [46]. Entropy plays a key role in the evolution of the high temperature quark-gluon plasma in ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) experiments and in Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments [46]. In nucleus-nucleus collisions, entropy measurement can be used to not only search for the formation of Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) state but it may also serve as an additional tool to investigate the correlations and event-by-event fluctuations [47]. Different workers have investigated the evolution of entropy in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions at different times [48–64]. The entropy of produced particles can easily be calculated from the multiplicity distribution of the data. If is the probability of producing n particles in a high energy interaction the entropy S is defined by the relation [65]. Mathematically this entropy is called the Shannon entropy [66].

Apart from studying the well-known Shannon entropy, people are interested to explore the hidden physics of Renyi entropy [66–69] as well, mainly motivated by the inspiration of A. Bialas and W. Czyż [51, 64, 70]. According to C.W Ma and Y.G. Ma [71] the difference between qth order Renyi entropy and order Renyi entropy is found just to be a q dependent constant but which is very sensitive to the form of probability distribution. Renyi entropy can play a potential role to investigate the fractal characteristics of multiparticle production process [72, 73]. The advantage of this method to study the fractal properties of multiparticle production process is that it is not related to the width and resolution of the phase space interval [72, 73]. This method can be applied to events having higher as well as lower multiplicity. This method never suffers from the drawback of lower statistics.

In terms of the probability of multiplicity distribution , the q th order Renyi entropy can be defined as [51, 64, 70]

If = , then (1) can be written as

Generalized fractal dimension can be evaluated from the concept of Renyi entropy according to the relation

where is the central rapidity value in the centre of mass frame and is given by

Here is the centre of mass energy of the concerned collision process,   is the rest mass of pions, and    denotes the average number of participating nucleons.

The generalized fractal dimension is related to the anomalous fractal dimension by a simple mathematical relation [74]

Goal of our present study is to carry out an investigation of multifractality and multifractal specific heat in shower particle multiplicity distribution from the concept of Renyi entropy measurements in ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c. We have compared our experimental results with the prediction of Ultra-Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model. Importance of this study is that so far very few attempts have been made to explore the presence of multifractality in multiparticle production process in the framework of higher-order Renyi entropy in high energy nucleus-nucleus interactions.

4. Experimental Details

In order to collect the data used for the present analysis, stacks of NIKFI-BR2 emulsion pellicles of dimensions 20cm10 cm600 were irradiated by the ¹⁶O, ²⁸Si, and ³²S beam at 4.5 AGeV/c obtained from the Synchrophasotron at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia [75–78]. According to Powell [79], in nuclear emulsion detector particles emitted and produced from an interaction are classified into four categories, namely, the shower particles, the grey particles, the black particles, and the projectile fragments. Details of scanning and measurement procedure of our study along with the characteristics of these emitted and produced particles in nuclear emulsion can be found from our earlier publications [75–78].

One of the problem encountered in interpreting results from nuclear emulsion is the nonhomogeneous composition of emulsion which contain both light (H,C,N, and O) and heavy target nuclei (Ag, Br). In emulsion experiments it is very difficult to identify the exact target nucleus [75]. Based on the number of heavy tracks () total number of inelastic interactions can be divided into three broad target groups H, CNO, and AgBr in nuclear emulsion [75]. Detailed method of target identification has been described in our earlier publication [75]. For the present analysis we have not considered the events which are found to occur due to collisions of the projectile beam with H and CNO target present in nuclear emulsion. Our analysis has been carried out for the interactions of three different projectile ¹⁶O, ²⁸Si, and ³²S at 4.5 AGeV/c with the AgBr target only. Applying the criteria of selecting AgBr events ( >8) we have chosen 1057 events of ¹⁶O-AgBr interactions, 514 events of ²⁸Si-AgBr, and 434 events of ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5 AGeV/c [75]. Our analysis has been performed on the shower tracks only. We have calculated the average multiplicity of shower tracks in each interaction and presented the values in Table 1 [75–78].

Table 1: This represents the average multiplicities of the shower particles for all the interactions in case of the experimental and the UrQMD data.

Interactions
Average Multiplicity

Experimental
UrQMD

¹⁶O-AgBr
(4.5AGeV/c)
18.050.22
17.790.21

²⁸Si-AgBr
(4.5AGeV/c)
23.620.21
27.550.22

³²S-AgBr
(4.5AGeV/c)
28.04.14
30.840.17

5. Analysis and Results

In a very recent paper [80] we have investigated the Renyi entropy of second order of shower particles using ¹⁶O, ²⁸Si, and ³²S projectiles on interaction with AgBr and CNO target present in nuclear emulsion at an incident momentum of 4.5 AGeV/c. In this paper we have extended our analysis of Renyi entropy to the study of fractality in multiparticle production of ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c.

In order to study the fractal nature of multiparticle production from the concept of Renyi entropy we have calculated the Renyi entropy values of order q=2-5 from relations (1) and (2) for all the three interactions. The calculated values of Renyi entropy of different orders of the produced shower particles in ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c have been presented in Table 2. It may be mentioned here that the values of the second-order Renyi entropy have been taken from our recent publication [80]. From the table it can be noted that for all the interactions Renyi entropy values are found to decrease as the order number increases. The variation of Renyi entropy with order q has been presented in Figure 1 for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions. Error bars drawn to every experimental point are statistical errors only. Using (3) and (4) we have calculated the values of generalized fractal dimension for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions. Calculated values of generalized fractal dimension for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions have been presented in Table 3. From the table it may be noted that the values of generalized fractal dimension decrease with the increase of order number suggesting the presence of multifractality in multipion production mechanism. Presence of multifractality during the production of shower particles indicates the occurrence of cascade mechanism in particle production process. From Table 3 it may also be noted that the values of the generalized fractal dimension remain almost the same within the experimental error for ¹⁶O-AgBr and ²⁸Si-AgBr interactions. But for ³²S-AgBr interactions the values are higher in comparison to the other two interactions. The variation of   against the order q has been shown in Figure 2 for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions.

Table 2: This represents the experimental and UrQMD simulated values of Renyi entropy for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c.

Interactions
Order
  values of Renyi Entropy  
  simulated values of Renyi Entropy  

-AgBr
2
3.47.04
3.05.02

3
3.41
2.99

4
3.37
2.95

5
3.34
2.92

-AgBr
2
3.76.05
3.29.06

3
3.69
3.21

4
3.63
3.17

5
3.59
3.13

-AgBr
2
3.91.04
3.36.08

3
3.84
3.28

4
3.79
3.24

5
3.74
3.20

Table 3: This represents the experimental and UrQMD simulated values of generalized fractal dimension for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c.

Interactions
Order
  values of Generalized fractal dimension  
  simulated values of Generalized fractal dimension  

-AgBr
2
.892.007
.826.002

3
.877
.810

4
.866
.799

5
.858
.791

-AgBr
2
.897
.829

3
.880
.808

4
.866
.798

5
.857
.788

-AgBr
2
.924
.836

3
.907
.815

4
.896
.805

5
.884
.796

Figure 1: It represents the variation of Renyi entropy with order number q for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c in case of experimental and UrQMD simulated events.

Figure 2: It represents the variation of generalized fractal dimension with order number q for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c in case of experimental and UrQMD simulated events.

Now it will be interesting to see how the analysis will look like if one uses Shannon entropy instead of Renyi entropy. However, Shannon entropy cannot be calculated for different orders and hence we can only calculate the values of information fractal dimension for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions. We have calculated the values of Shannon entropies derived from the concept of Gibbs-Boltzmann theories of entropy and tabulated the values in Table 4. The values of information fractal dimension for the three interactions have also been calculated and presented in the same table. Comparing Tables 2 and 4 it may be noticed that the values of Shannon entropy for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions are little higher than those of Renyi entropies.

Table 4: This represents the values of Shannon entropy S and Information dimension for all the three interactions in case of the experimental as well as the UrQMD simulated data.

Interactions
Shannon Entropy S
Experimental value
Information dimension
Experimental data
Shannon Entropy S
UrQMD simulated Value
Information dimension
UrQMD data

3.59.12
.922±.001
3.19.01
.864±.002

3.87.14
.924±.002
3.44.06
.866±.003

4.00.16
.924±.002
3.50.09
.870±.003

From the values of the generalized fractal dimension calculated from Renyi entropy values we have evaluated the values of anomalous fractal dimension and hence the ratio of has been calculated. In Table 5 the calculated values of have been presented for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions. It is worthwhile to point out that the spiky structure of density distribution of shower particles can also be investigated with the help of a set of bunching parameters [81]. The higher-order bunching parameters can be expressed in terms of lower-order parameters resulting in a linear expression for the anomalous fractal dimension [82].

so that

A nonzero value of the implies the multifractal behavior [82]. We have applied this theory to our study in order to quantify the fractal nature of shower particle production. We have plotted the variation of against the order number in Figure 3 for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions. The calculated values of    the slope parameter have been presented in Table 6 for our data. The value of signifies the degree of multifractality. From the table it may be seen that for all the interactions the value is greater than zero. This reconfirms the multifractal nature of multiparticle production mechanism. Moreover, value characterizing the degree of multifractality is found to depend on the mass number of the projectile beam. Degree of multifractality is found to increase with the increase of projectile mass as evident from Table 6.

Table 5: This represents the experimental and UrQMD simulated values of and for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c.

Interactions
Order
Experimental  values of
Experimental  values of
  simulated values of  
simulated values of  

-AgBr
2
1.00.02
1.00.02
1.00.03
1.00.02

3
1.14
2.28
1.09
2.18

4
1.24
3.72
1.15
3.45

5
1.31
5.24
1.20
4.80

-AgBr
2
1.00.02
1.00.02
1.00.02
1.00.02

3
1.16
2.32
1.12
2.24

4
1.30
3.90
1.18
3.54

5
1.39
5.56
1.24
4.96

-AgBr
2
1.00.02
1.00.02
1.00.02
1.00.02

3
1.22
2.44
1.13
2.26

4
1.37
4.11
1.19
3.57

5
1.53
6.12
1.24
4.96

Table 6: This represents the value characterizing the degree of multifractality obtained from the plot   with order number q for -AgBr, -AgBr, and -AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c in case of experimental and UrQMD simulated events.

Interactions
value characterizing the degree of multifractality obtained from the plot    with order number q

Experimental
UrQMD

-AgBr
(4.5AGeV/c)
.2060.011
.1320.006

-AgBr
(4.5AGeV/c)
.262.011
.1560.017

-AgBr
(4.5AGeV/c)
.348.014
.1560.019

Figure 3: It represents the variation of with order number q for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c in case of experimental and UrQMD simulated events.

R.C Hwa suggested that [83] from the concept of multifractality a qualitative and quantitative investigation of quark-hadron phase transition in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions is possible. In analogy with the photo count problem at the onset of lasing in nonlinear optics, the coherent state description in high energy nucleus-nucleus interactions can be used in the frame work of Ginzburg-Landau theory [83, 84]. A quantity in terms of the ratio of higher-order anomalous fractal dimension to the second-order anomalous fractal dimension can be defined by the following relation [83, 84]:

According to Ginzburg-Landau model [84] is related to (q-1) by the relation

Relation (8) and relation (9) are found to be valid for all systems which can be described by the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory and also are independent of the underlying dimension of the parameters of the model [84]. If the value of the scaling exponent is equal to or close enough (within the experimental error) to 1.304 then a quark-hadron phase transition is expected for the experimental data [84]. If the measured value of is different from the critical value 1.304 considering the experimental errors then the possibility of the quark-hadron phase transition has to be ruled out [84]. is a universal quantity valid for all systems describable by the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory. It is independent of the underlying dimension or the parameters of the model. The critical exponent is an important parameter to investigate the possibility of quark-hadron phase transition, since neither the transition temperature nor the other important parameters are known there [3, 84]. If the signature of quark-hadron phase transition depends on the details of the heavy-ion collisions, e.g., nuclear sizes, collision energy, transverse energy, etc., even after the system has passed the thresholds for the creation of quark-gluon plasma, such a signature is likely to be sensitive to the theoretical model used [3, 84]. But the critical exponent ν is independent of such details. The value of the critical exponent depends only on the validity of the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) description of the phase transition for the problem concerned. Here lies the importance of this critical exponent.

We have calculated the values of using relation (8) and presented the values in Table 5 for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions. In order to search for the Ginzburg-Landau second-order phase transition we have studied the variation of with (q-1) in Figures 4, 5, and 6 in case of ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5 AGeV/c for the experimental data. The variations of with (q-1) have been fitted with the function in order to extract the critical exponent  . In Table 7 we have shown the calculated values of the critical exponent for¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions for experimental events. Table 7 reflects that the calculated values of critical exponents obtained from our analysis increase with the increase of projectile mass. The experimental values of the critical exponent for ¹⁶O-AgBr and ²⁸Si-AgBr interactions are found to be lower than the critical value 1.304 while for ³²S-AgBr interaction the critical exponent is higher than the critical value signifying the absence of quark-hadron phase transition in our data.

Table 7: This represents the values of the critical value for the Ginzburg-Landau phase transition for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5 AGeV/c for experimental and UrQMD simulated events calculated from the concept of Renyi entropy.

Interactions
data
(Calculated From Renyi entropy values)

¹⁶O-AgBr interaction at 4.5 AGeV/c
Experimental
1.197 ± 0.003

UrQMD
1.136 ± 0.004

²⁸Si-AgBr interaction at 4.5 AGeV/c
Experimental
1.248 ± 0.010

UrQMD
1.152 ± 0.007

³²S-AgBr interaction at
4.5 AGeV/c
Experimental
1.327 ± 0.022

UrQMD
1.144 ± 0.007

Figure 4: It represents the fitting of = in case of ¹⁶O-AgBr interactions for the experimental and UrQMD simulated data.

Figure 5: It represents the fitting of = in case of ²⁸Si-AgBr interactions for the experimental and UrQMD simulated data.

Figure 6: It represents the fitting of =   in case of ³²S-AgBr interactions for the experimental and UrQMD simulated data.

Interpretation of multifractality from the thermodynamical point of view allows us to study the fractal properties of stochastic processes with the help of standard concept of thermodynamics. In thermodynamics the constant-specific-heat approximation is widely applicable in many important cases; for example, the specific heat of gases and solids is constant, independent of temperature over a larger or smaller temperature interval [85]. This approximation is also applicable to multifractal data of multiparticle production processes proposed by Bershadskii [86]. Bershadskii pointed out that [87] regions of the temperature where the constant-specific-heat approximation is applicable are usually far away from the phase transition regimes. For the considered interactions the phase-transition-like phenomena can occur in the vicinity of q=0, where q is the inverse of temperature. Such situation is expected at the onset of chaos of the dynamical attractors [87]. Barshadskii argued that [86] multiparticle production in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions is related to phase-transition-like phenomena [3]. He introduced a multifractal Bernoulli distribution which appears in a natural way at the morphological phase transition from monofractality to multifractality. Multifractal Bernoulli distribution plays an important role in multiparticle production at higher energies. It has been pointed out that [11] multifractal specific heat can be derived from the relation = + if the monofractal to multifractal transition is governed by the Bernoulli distribution. The slope of the linear best fit curve showing the variation of against has been designated as multifractal specific heat. The gap at the multifractal specific heat at the multifractality to monofractality transition allows us to consider this transition as a thermodynamic phase transition [88, 89].

We have studied the variation of against for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions in Figure 7. The experimental points have been fitted with the best linear behavior and the slope of the best linear behavior reflects the values of multifractal specific heat. The linear behavior in Figure 7 indicates approximately good agreement between the experimental data and the multifractal Bernoulli representation. The calculated values of the multifractal specific heat for all the three interactions have been presented in Table 8. From Table 8 it may be noted that within the experimental error multifractal specific heat remains almost constant for the three interactions.

Table 8: This represents the values of multifractal specific heat of the produced shower particles in ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c in case of experimental and UrQMD simulated events.

Interactions
Multifractal Specific heat

Experimental
UrQMD

¹⁶O-AgBrv
(4.5AGeV/c)
.1160.004
.1190.003

²⁸Si-AgBr
(4.5AGeV/c)
.138.007
.138.005

³²S-AgBr
(4.5AGeV/c)
.133.010
.136.004

Figure 7: It represents the variation of against for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c in case of experimental and UrQMD simulated events.

The experimental results have been compared with those obtained by analyzing events generated by the Ultra-Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model. UrQMD is a hadronic transport model and this model can be used in the entire available range of energies to simulate nucleus-nucleus interactions. For more details about this model, readers are requested to consult [81, 90]. In our earlier papers [78, 80] we have utilized the UrQMD model to simulate ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5 AGeV/c. As described in our previous papers [78, 80] we have generated a large sample of events using the UrQMD code (UrQMD 3.3p1) for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c. We have also calculated the average multiplicities of the shower tracks for all the three interactions in case of the UrQMD data sample [78]. Average multiplicities of the shower tracks in case of UrQMD data sample have been presented in Table 1 along with the average multiplicity values of shower particles in the case of the experimental events. Table 1 shows that the average multiplicities of the shower tracks for the UrQMD events are comparable with those of the experimental values for all the interactions [78]. We have calculated the values of Renyi entropy of order q=2-5 for all the three interactions using the UrQMD simulated data. The calculated values of Renyi entropy have been presented in Table 2 along with the experimental values. For the UrQMD simulated data also second-order Renyi entropy values have been taken from our recent publication [80]. From the table it may be seen that the experimentally calculated values of Renyi entropy are higher than those of their UrQMD counterparts signifies the presence of more disorderness for the experimental data. The variation of with order q for the UrQMD simulated data has been presented in Figure 1 along with the experimental plots for each interaction. For the UrQMD simulated events we have calculated the values of the generalized fractal dimension from the values of Renyi entropy using relations (3) and (4). The calculated values of generalized fractal dimension for the UrQMD simulated events of ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c have been presented in Table 3 along with the corresponding experimental values. From the table it is seen that for the UrQMD simulated events also the generalized fractal dimension decreases with order q signifying the presence of multifractality for the simulated events. But the values of for the simulated events are lower than the corresponding experimental counterparts for all the interactions. The variation of with order q has been shown in Figure 2 for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions along with the experimental plots. We have calculated the values of Shannon entropies and information dimension for the UrQMD data set of ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions. The calculated values of Shannon entropy and information dimension have been presented in Table 4. From Table 4 it may be noticed that the Shannon entropy and information dimension for the UrQMD simulated events in case of ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions are lower than the corresponding experimental values.

As in the case of experimental data in case of UrQMD simulated data also we have calculated the values of and presented the values in Table 5. From the table it may be noticed that the experimentally obtained values of are little higher than the corresponding UrQMD simulated values. To quantify the multifractality in case of UrQMD simulated data we have studied the variation of with order q in Figure 3 for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions. From the slope of the plot of against q we have calculated the value of which signifies the degree of multifractality. The extracted value    has been presented in Table 6 for the UrQMD simulated events. From the table it may be seen that the value characterizing the degree of multifractality calculated for the UrQMD simulated events is significantly lower than the corresponding experimental value for all the three interactions. This observation signifies the presence of stronger multifractality for the experimental data. We have also studied the Ginzburg-Landau phase transition with UrQMD simulated events of ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions. The variations of with (q-1) for the UrQMD simulated data have been presented in Figures 4, 5, and 6 in case of ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions, respectively, at 4.5 AGeV/c along with the experimental plot. The variations of with (q-1) have been fitted with the function in order to extract the critical exponent  . In Table 7 we have shown the calculated values of the critical exponents for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions for the experimentally simulated events. From Table 7 it may be seen that the critical exponent values for the simulated events are lower than those of the experimental events and there is no evidence of quark-hadron phase transition for the simulated data also. The values of the critical exponent calculated from the multifractal analysis in case of UrQMD simulated data remain almost constant with respect to the mass number of the projectile beam.

We have studied the variation of against in Figure 7 for the UrQMD data sample of ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions in order to calculate the multifractal specific heat. From the slope of the best linear behavior of the plotted points the multifractal specific heat of the shower particles for the UrQMD data sample has been evaluated and presented in Table 8 for all the three interactions. From the table it may be seen that the values of the multifractal specific heat for the experimental and simulated data agree reasonably well with each other. This observation signifies the constancy of multifractal specific heat for the UrQMD simulated events also.

6. Conclusions and Outlook

In this paper we have presented an analysis of multifractality and multifractal specific heat in the frame work of Renyi entropy analysis for the produced shower particles in nuclear emulsion detector for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions at 4.5AGeV/c. Experimental results have been compared with the prediction of Ultra-Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model. Qualitative information about the multifractal dynamics of particle production process has been extracted and reported in the present analysis. The significant conclusions of this analysis are as follows:

(1)Renyi entropy values of all the interactions decrease with the order number q for both experimental and UrQMD simulated data. Renyi entropy values for UrQMD data are less than the corresponding experimental values.(2)Generalized fractal dimension calculated from Renyi entropy for both experimental and UrQMD simulated data decreases with the increase of order q suggesting the presence of multifractality in multiparticle production process.(3)The values of Shannon entropy for ¹⁶O-AgBr, ²⁸Si-AgBr, and ³²S-AgBr interactions are little higher than those of Renyi entropies.(4)Degree of multifractality is found to be higher for the experimental data in comparison to the simulated data and it increases with the increase of projectile mass for the experimental data.(5)The experimental values of the critical exponents for ¹⁶O-AgBr and ²⁸Si-AgBr interactions are lower than the critical value 1.304 required for a quark-hadron phase transition to occur while for ³²S-AgBr interaction the experimentally obtained values of critical exponent are higher than the critical value 1.304 signifying the absence of quark-hadron phase transition. Absence of quark-hadron phase transition is prominent for the simulated events also.(6)The calculated values of critical exponents obtained from our analysis increase with the increase of projectile mass for the experimental data. UrQMD predicted values of the critical exponent   remain almost constant with the increase of projectile mass.(7)Multifractal specific heat for the simulated data agrees well with the experimental data. Constancy of multifractal specific heat is reflected from our analysis.

It is true that there are many papers available in the literature where presence of multifractality has been tested experimentally in multiparticle production in high energy nucleus-nucleus interactions by different methods. But the method adopted in this paper to study multifractality seems to be simple and interesting and in this regard our study deserves attention. The observed multifractal behavior of the produced shower particles may be viewed as an experimental fact.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest in publishing the paper

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Professor Pavel Zarubin of the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia, for providing them the required emulsion data. Dr. Bhattacharyya acknowledges Professor Dipak Ghosh, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, and Professor Argha Deb, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, for their inspiration in the preparation of this manuscript.

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