Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 8095653, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8095653

Research Article

Mass Spectra and Decay Constants of Heavy-Light Mesons: A Case Study of QCD Sum Rules and Quark Model

Halil Mutuk

Physics Department, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Halil Mutuk; halilmutuk@gmail.com

Received 25 July 2018; Revised 27 August 2018; Accepted 5 September 2018; Published 25 September 2018

Guest Editor: Xian-Wei Kang

Copyright © 2018 Halil Mutuk. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

We visited mass spectra and decay constants of pseudoscalar and vector heavy-light mesons (, , , and ) in the framework of QCD sum rule and quark model. The harmonic oscillator wave function was used in quark model while a simple interpolating current was used in QCD sum rule calculation. We obtained good results in accordance with the available experimental data and theoretical studies.

1. Introduction

The ultimate objective of particle physics is to investigate and examine the structure and the origin of matter. For this purpose many theoretical and experimental endeavors are made, and a resulting model was theorized, which we call the Standard Model of particle physics. Quark model which was proposed by Gell-Mann and Zweig in 1964 [1] is a part of the Standard Model, and interprets hadrons fairly compatible with the experimental data. According to the quark model, mesons are made of quark-antiquark pairs () and baryons are made of three quarks or antiquarks . These quarks interact with each other via emitting and/or absorbing gluons. The resulting theory which explains these interactions is the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).

The interaction of quarks is described by QCD, which is part of the Standard Model of particle physics. QCD is thought to be the true theory of strong interactions. QCD is a SU gauge theory describing the interactions of six quarks which transform under the fundamental representation of SU group via the exchange of gluons that transform under the adjoint representation. Although it has been more than 50 years that QCD has been proposed, a solution has been evaded. Contrary to electroweak theory, where it is possible to obtain precise results using perturbation theory, the order of precision obtained in QCD has been lower by orders of magnitude. The main reason for this is that the coupling constant (which should be the perturbation parameter) of QCD is of the order one in low energies; hence the truncation of the perturbative expansion cannot be carried out. However, it is an important subject to study the spectrum of particles predicted by QCD.

Since perturbation theory is not applicable, a nonperturbative approach has to be used to study systems that involve strong interactions. Some of the nonperturbative approaches to strongly interacting systems are the QCD sum rules, quark models, and lattice QCD. The advantage of QCD sum rules and lattice QCD is that they are based on QCD itself, whereas, in quark models, one assumes a potential energy between the quarks and solves a Schrödinger-like equation. The advantage of quark models, on the other hand, is that it allows one to study also the excited states, whereas, in QCD sum rules and lattice QCD, only the ground state or in some exceptional cases the first excited state can be studied.

In quark models one assumes a potential interaction among quarks which makes model as a nonrelativistic approach. Therefore, the systems that are best suited for study in quark models are the heavy quark system which contain or quarks. The bare masses of , , and quarks are 2 MeV, 4 MeV, and 96 MeV, respectively [2]. At a first look, quark model seems rather difficult to apply to light quarks. Capstick et al. presented reasonable explanations to link quark models including a minimal amount of relativity to the basics of QCD [3]. Although the pole masses of , and quarks are very low and hence they are relativistic, in constituent quark models, instead of treating the physical , , and quarks, one treats the so-called constituent quarks, which are nothing else than quarks dressed by gluons and other sea quarks inside the hadron. The masses of constituent quarks are around 300 MeV and hence they can also be treated in nonrelativistic quark models. Such an approach has been applied to light quark systems with a surprising success [4–6], leading to that model so-called Constituent Quark Model (CQM), which, based on the Gell Mann-Zweig idea, explains meson and baryon bound systems.

A different situation is for heavy-light quark systems . For example an electron is more relativistic in the hydrogen atom than in the positronium atom [7]. Positronium can be taken as a naive model for quarkonium. The binding energy of the positronium is half of the hydrogen atom and is small compared to the electron mass. For this reason the positronium bound state can be described by nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. But the decay of the positronium resonance is a purely relativistic phenomenon. Nevertheless, we can attempt to apply the quark model to heavy-light mesons. The outcome of this attempt is not directly using of Heavy Quark Symmetry (HQS), but one aspect of it. Mesons are two particle systems and the reduced mass is dominated by the light quark mass, if . The spectra for and should be very similar under this assumption [7]. Indeed reasonable spectroscopy of and mesons can be obtained. There is a rich literature for the spectrum and dynamics of the heavy-light mesons, for example [8–25]. In [26], they studied semileptonic and decays based on the predictions of the relevant form factors from the covariant light-front quark model. In [27], the authors studied the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element which is not determined up to now in inclusive or exclusive decays.

Light quark physics is a key topic to understand the nature of QCD. They can be thought of a probe of the strong interactions by means of nonperturbative effects [28]. Heavy-light meson systems is also central to enlighten the nature of QCD and strong interactions. Heavy-light meson spectroscopy has been the subject of both theoretical and experimental studies since the 2000s. Especially in the charm sector, new excited states were observed in and mesons [28–32].

An important feature of B meson physics is that it is sensitive to New Physics (NP) Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) via rare decays. Furthermore hadronic decay channels of B mesons might have more systematic uncertainties due to the model indetermination, compared to the lepton/photon decay channels. Thus studying decays present a play field for the search of NP. Besides that, B factory experiments BaBar and Belle were built to test the description of quark mixing in the Standard Model. The first theoretical description of quark mixing was proposed by Cabibo in 1963 [33]. One year later in 1964, Christenson et al. discovered CP violation in neutral kaon decays with a tiny friction [34]. This phenomenon is referred to as conclusion that matter and antimatter might behave differently. Kobayashi and Maskawa generalized Cabibbo’s idea by adjusting new quarks to the model [35]. In the framework of Standard Model, CP violation can be accommodated by introducing a complex phase in the unitary Cabibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. Indeed this phase can be measured in experiments. The cost of adding a parameter is to use a third generation of quarks. CP violation also occurs in B decays. The B factories were built to test for this purpose. B factories gave a substantial contribution to particle physics such as first observation of CP violation apart from the kaon, measurements of CKM matrix elements, measurements of purely leptonic B meson decays, and searches for new physics.

In this work, we obtained mass spectrum and decay constants of the and mesons via QCD Sum Rule and a Quark Model potential. We also predicted decay constant for the meson where there are no specific experimental data. Harmonic oscillator wave function is used in the quark model and a sufficiently trivial interpolating current is used in QCD Sum Rule calculations. We studied ground states since they are accessible in the framework of QCD Sum Rules.

2. QCD Sum Rule Formalism

In perturbation theory we assume that the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions can be expanded in a power series as follows:

where is the principal quantum number and is a parameter. These series are in principle divergent, but they are asymptotic. This means that when the perturbation parameter is small, the first two or three terms are convergent so that the rest of the series can be ignored. In the case of QCD, due to the largeness of the parameter in lower energies, such a truncation, cannot be performed. The nonperturbative aspect of QCD makes it almost impossible to study bound states in terms of perturbation theory. For this reason, there is a need of nonperturbative methods to overwhelm this situation and study bound states. Among others such as Effective Field Theory and Lattice QCD, QCD Sum Rule is maybe the most popular nonperturbative method.

QCD Sum Rule is first formulated by Shifman, Vansthein, and Zakharov for mesons in [36] and generalized to baryons by Iofe in [37]. The basic idea of the this formalism is to study bound state phenomena in QCD from the asymptotic freedom side, , to start evaluation of correlation function at short distances, where quark-gluon dynamics are perturbative and move to larger distances where hadronization occurs, including nonperturbative effects and using some approximate procedure to get information on hadronic properties [38].

To obtain physical observables from QCD sum rules, a correlator of two hadronic currents which is defined as follows

is studied. Here is momentum and is a current composed of quarks and gluon fields with the hadron’s quantum numbers. When this operator is applied to vacuum, it can create the hadron that we study. Equation (2) is known as correlation function. The fundamental assumption of the QCD sum rules is that there is a region of where correlation function can be equivalently described at both quark and hadron sector. The former is known as QCD or OPE (Operator Product Expansion) side, and the latter is known as the phenomenological side. Matching these two sides of the sum rule, one can obtain information about hadron properties [38].

For , resolution of identity operator of hadron states can be written between the operators. This results in correlation function as follows:

It can be seen from (3) the poles in the correlation function, which indicates the presence of hadrons, created by operator .

For , major contribution to the correlation function will come from the region [39]. In this case the product of two operators can be written in terms of OPE:

Here are the coefficients, which can be calculated by the perturbation theory, and are the operators with the mass dimension . If Fourier transformation applies to (4), correlation function can be written as follows:

where are the vacuum condensates that cannot be calculated by perturbation theory except . corresponds to unitary operator and can be calculated via perturbation theory. Other operators can be written as (); (), (), (). For and there exists no operator. As a result of this, the expansion converges quickly although it is an infinite summation.

In order to get sum rules we must equate (3) and (5). But these two expressions are obtained in different regions of . By using spectral density representation of correlation function, this matching can be made:

Spectral density can be acquired from (3). Inserting into (6), an expression of correlation function can be obtained from (3) for region. If we denote as spectral density from (3) and from (5), we get

In order to extract physical properties from this expression, one must eliminate the polynomial terms, for example, by using derivatives. In principle, no one knows the polynomial degree and how many polynomials are. The correct procedure is then to use the Borel transformation, which contains infinite derivative:

Here is defined as the Borel parameter [36]. This transformation effectively removes the polynomials and makes

Then,

which resembles QCD parameters and hadronic properties. This equation still shows presence of unknown parameters. The factor makes the contribution of small masses dominant. To parameterize contributions of higher states, quark-hadron duality approximation is used. According to quark-hadron duality, for , . has contribution of higher states and heavier hadrons when . is called as continuum threshold and is related mass of the hadron that is studied in sum rules. So, we can write (10) as follows:

In this equation is the hadron of the smallest mass which can be created by .

Physical properties extracted from the sum rules must be independent of Borel parameter, (). Here we assume that there exist a range of , called Borel window, in which two sides have a good overlap and information on the lowest state can be extracted. Minimum and maximum values of Borel window can be extracted in a way that QCD side convergence gives the minimum value, and the condition that pole contribution should be bigger than the continuum contribution gives the maximum value of Borel window [38].

2.1. Mass Sum Rule

The mass sum rule can be obtained by matching QCD and phenomenological sides of correlation function [36, 38, 39]. Here we will give the following formula:

2.2. Decay Constant

The decay constant can be obtained from the formula [40] as follows:

where is the hadron mass extracted from sum rules.

3. Quark Model

Also known as potential model or quark potential model, quark model considers one or more interacting particles under a given potential. In the early 60s quarks were modelled and experimental evidences were found subsequently. This approach provided a reliable basis to study and investigate particle physics and gave compatible results with the experiments.

The most important part of the quark model is the potential. After the November revolution of particle physics in 1974, the year in which charmonium states were observed, new models were proposed to calculate spectrum and radiative transitions [41–43]. The so-called Cornell potential, proposed in [42], reads as

where , , and are some parameters to extract from fit to the experimental data. This potential is still used with some modifications to account, for example, for hyperfine splittings in the energy levels. The other potentials such as power law potential [44], logarithmic potential [45], Richardson potential [46], Buchmüller-Tye potential [47], and Song-Lin potential [48] were used to fit quarkonium spectra and gave good results in agreement with experiments. These were phenomenological spin-independent potentials and not directly QCD motivated. The interquark potential was not derived from first principles of QCD in the early quarkonium phenomenology. This means, in terms of QCD, that potential is universal (flavour independent) and since quarks are colorless particles, it was reasonable to assume the universality as valid, despite the fact that gluons couple to color charge. These spin-independent potential models performed good but not complete explanation of the energy level splittings. If we want to accommodate these splittings in the theory, we have to take care, , of spin-spin and spin-orbit interactions in the model. Reference [49] reports an example of a QCD-motivated, spin- and velocity-dependent potential. These potentials deliver reliable results.

4. Elaboration of the Problem

4.1. QCD Sum Rules

In QCD sum rules, the choice of the current is important, since it creates hadrons from vacuum. We used the following current:

where is heavy quark, is light quark, is the color index, and is the Dirac matrix. We take care of limit. In the limit of , there appears a flavor symmetry between and quarks. By this symmetry it is possible to extract information about and sector with the same current. and quarks are heavy quarks so that it cannot be expected to be in the vacuum by themselves. So it is possible to ignore such condensate terms like and . By introducing the current term into (2), one can obtain the following spectral density:

where is the condensate, and and are solutions of .

The mass sum rule can be obtained by taking derivative with respect to and dividing the result by (16):

The decay constant sum rule can be obtained as follows:

The mass values and decays constants for heavy-light mesons are presented in Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 1–8.

Table 1: Mass spectra of heavy-light mesons in MeV. QM denotes quark model and SR denotes sum rule calculations. The parameters are , , , [52], , , and .

Meson
Exp. [2]
QM
SR
[9]
[14]

1869.3 0.4
1859
1972 94
1870.82
1854.7

1968.2 0.4
2056
2118 75
1966.62
1974.5

5279.0 0.5
5260
5259 109
5273.50
5277.2

5367.7 1.8
5442
5488 76
5365.99
5384.8

Table 2: Pseudoscalar and vector decay constants of heavy-light mesons in MeV. QM denotes quark model and SR denotes sum rule calculations.

Meson
Exp.
QM
SR
[9]
[16]
[53]

206 8.9
199
210.25 11.60
205.14
206.2 7.3 5.1
207.53

249
253
245.70 7.46
241.84
245.3 15.7 4.5
262.56

204 31
209
223.45 12.4
201.09
193.4 12.3 4.3
208.13

275
277.22 11
292.04
232.5 18.6 2.4
262.39

Figure 1: Borel parameter dependence of the masses.

Figure 2: Borel parameter dependence of the mass.

Figure 3: Borel parameter dependence of the masses.

Figure 4: Borel parameter dependence of the mass.

Figure 5: Borel parameter dependence of the decay constants.

Figure 6: Borel parameter dependence of the decay constant.

Figure 7: Borel parameter dependence of the decay constants.

Figure 8: Borel parameter dependence of the decay constant.

4.2. Quark Model

Energy eigenvalues can be obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation in the quark model. The Schrödinger equation reads as follows:

where denotes the principal quantum number. We can separate the wave function into radial and angular parts as follows:

is the radial wave function given as follows:

with the associated Laguerre polynomials and the normalization constant:

With the wave function in hand one can obtain masses as well as decay constants for heavy and light mesons. The mass spectra can be obtained by solving (19). For the decay constants we employ the following formulas:

The results are as follows:

for pseudoscalar mesons and

for the vector mesons [50].

In the nonrelativistic limit, these two equations take a simple form, which is known to be Van Royen and Weisskopf relation [51]. For the meson decay constants,

Here denotes the pseudoscalar and vector mass of the related meson.

The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

5. Summary and Conclusions

In this paper, we calculated mass spectra and decay constants of pseudoscalar and vector heavy-light mesons (, , , and ) in the framework of QCD sum rule and quark model. Obtained results for masses of and mesons are in good agreement with the available experimental data. In the mass spectra, the extrapolation via quark model gave close results to experimental data compared to the QCD sum rule consideration. The QCD sum rules approach gives reasonable but not very good-matching results compared to the experimental values, because of the adopted approximation when evaluating the current, whereas the higher dimension of that operator could improve the estimates. Other potentials and further studies should be taken into consideration for a better understanding.

The heavy-light mesons under study in this paper are well established indeed, and any prediction or reproduction of mass spectrum does not directly guarantee the validity of the model, but shows a possible path to follow for a further investigation. Therefore other physical observables such as decay constants should be experimentally investigated to give more inputs to the theory. For example the only precise value of decay constant is known for mesons, and systematics are evaluated. The other mesons in this study need more experimental data. For there is no available experimental data. We predicted for the first time decay constant value for in this manner.

Decay constants give information about short distance structure of hadrons. The obtained results for decay constants are in agreement with the other studies and available data. We did not consider in this work relativistic corrections.

In QCD Sum Rule calculations, physical observables must be independent of the Borel parameter. In Figures 1–8 the smoothness of the graphs is compatible with existing data. It is worthy to note that in Figures 1 and 5 the ’slope’ of the two curves of is not in the same range. The reason for that could be the smallness of the Borel parameter and continuum threshold energy, since correlation function receives main contribution at . On the other hand, the smallness of Borel parameter can blow up the corrections to the perturbative part of the correlation function.

In summary, we obtained good results in accordance with the available data and theoretical studies. As mentioned before, other potential models and interpolating currents can be used to study mass spectra and decay constants. Heavy-light systems in view of the quark model are important to study hadronic interactions. In particular, Heavy Quark Spin Symmetry can play an essential role in heavy-light systems. The higher dimensions of the operators in interpolating currents would deliver more accurate results.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

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