Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2021 (2021), Article ID 2861214, 6 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2861214

Research Article

Calculation of Binding Energy and Wave Function for Exotic Hidden-Charm Pentaquark

F. Chezani Sharahi1,2 and M. Monemzadeh¹

¹Department of Physics, University of Kashan, Iran
²Department of Physics, University of Arak, Iran

Correspondence should be addressed to M. Monemzadeh; monem@kashanu.ac.ir

Received 8 August 2020; Revised 5 March 2021; Accepted 11 April 2021; Published 21 April 2021

Academic Editor: Edward Sarkisyan Grinbaum

Copyright © 2021 F. Chezani Sharahi and M. Monemzadeh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

In this study, pentaquark composed of a baryon , and a meson is considered. Pentaquark is as a bound state of two-body systems composed of a baryon and a meson. The calculated potential will be expanded and replaced in the Schrödinger equation until tenth sentences of expansion. Solving the Schrödinger equation with the expanded potential of Pentaquark leads to an analytically complete approach. As a consequence, the binding energy of pentaquark and wave function is obtained. The results will be presented in the form of tables so that we can review the existence of pentaquark . Then, the wave function will be shown on diagrams. Finally, the calculated results are compared with the other obtained results, and the mass of observing pentaquark and the radius of pentaquark are estimated.

1. Introduction

In the first researches, the existence of multiquark states is illustrated in its simplest possible form, in which baryons are made of three fundamental quarks and mesons from a quark and an antiquark [1]. Indeed, from the point of view of the mathematics and physics, there was no QCD theorem opposing the existence of exotic multiquark. In gauge field theory, the QCD principle allows the existence of multiquarks and hybrids, which include quark and gluonic degrees of freedom [2].

The search for the pentaquark and its probing has a long history. About ten years ago, in the study of pentaquark, a big progress was occurred when LEPS collaborations started a search with a claim to find out strong evidence of the pentaquark with the mass of about [3]. Then, many theoretical and experimental approaches were pursued, and many ideas were proposed in this field. For example, Zou and his colleagues suggested that the components of pentaquark can be included in nucleon. Since the heavy quarks play an important role in stabilization of multiquark systems and these play exactly the same role as the hydrogen molecule in QED [4–7], there are theoretical predictions about exotic hidden-charm pentaquark. In particular, the possibility of the existence of hidden-charm molecular baryons composed of an anticharmed meson and a charmed baryon was systematically studied within the one boson exchange model [3].

In 2003, LEPS collaboration reported the evidence of pentaquark state with content of quark having a very narrow width [8]. Unfortunately, this exotic flavor was not confirmed in subsequent experiments [9, 10]. In fact, the possible theoretical arguments are presented for the nonexistence of a stable pentaquark in the references [11, 12]. Also, this mode has not been found with a light flavor yet. However, the baryons with light flavor may be able to have a significant pentaquark components [2].

A decade ago, numerous researches were conducted around the world to find exotic particles. The result of these efforts was the observation of the mesonic , , and particles in Belle, BESIII, BABAR, and LHCb. Some of these were considered as candidates for exotic states because they do not fit in a regular mesonic structure [1]. The common point of the exotic states is that all of these contain the heavy quarks and antiquarks.

Due to the heavy quarks, the exotic states can be stable, and light modes can be combined with a regular mode [13]. This estimation is consistent with the fact that all of the exotic states have a hidden or which this is experimentally observed. If this claim is valid that the heavy components stabilize multiquark systems by particle physics scientists, it will be a natural proposal from their experimental colleagues to search for exotic states consisting clear quarks and , for example, [2].

Here, one hidden-charm molecular baryon composed of an anticharmed meson and a charmed baryon has been studied. This can have one of the two flavors, i.e., symmetric or antisymmetric flavor as shown in Figure 1. So, spin parity of -wave charmed baryon is or for and for . The pseudoscalar or vector anticharmed meson is made of -wave anticharmed mesons. In Figure 1, hidden-charm molecular states composed of the anticharmed mesons and the charmed baryons are placed inside the green range [6].

Figure 1: (color line) The -wave charmed baryons with and pseudoscalar or vector -wave charmed mesons which form the molecular baryons with double charm [6].

Recently, LHCb collaboration has observed two resonance structures and with mass and width decay , and , in the invariant mass spectrum from . According to the final state , it is concluded that two observing states cannot be isosinglet, and these consist of hidden-charm quantum numbers. Also, it is suggested that structures for each of the states are considered for , and , [2, 3].

Binding energy may be calculated analytically by solving Schrödinger equation with the expanded potential of Pentaquark. This approach offers advantages over numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation for pentaquark. First, all values for binding energy can be calculated, and this is done more accurately. Second wave function can be computed and presented graphically ( versus ), from which useful particle characteristics and data could be extracted.

In this work, this is described by analytical solution of pentaquark in four sections: where apart from the introduction in section 1, the potential of pentaquark is discussed in section 2. Then, using the potential of pentaquark, the Schrödinger equation is analytically solved in section 3. Finally, important conclusions are discussed in section 4.

2. The Potential of Pentaquark and Its Expansion

Pentaquark is considered to be composed of one baryon and one meson. For pentaquark, with such a structure, the potential is given as follows [2]:

where the coupling constant is extracted from the width of [14, 15], [6, 16]. Also, it is the mass of pion and pion decay constant [2]. The amount of phenomenological cutoff parameter is considered [2, 12]. Finally, the is [2]:

Now, we are calculating and expanding :

where

3. Solving the Schrödinger Equation for Pentaquark

To investigate the existence of one bound state of pentaquark, we solve the Schrödinger equation with calculated potential in previous section for pentaquark .

The radial Schrödinger equation for two-body systems is

Taking and changing the variable , Eq. (5) becomes

By placing the potential and the expanded shape of in Eq. (6), an equation is expressed as follows:

where

In Eq. (8), for with , it is placing the numerical value of product from literature [2].

By considering the following, the proposed reply (cf. [17, 18]) for the differential Eq. (7) yields

Differentiating second degree of in Eq.(9) gives

Here, we are solving differential equation (7) by considering expansion up to the order for calculating binding energy of pentaquark. Hence, an approximation was attempted up to the order, which not only expanded the potential behavior up to the order similar to the potential behavior in equation (1) but also the resulting of binding energy that has sufficient precision compared to numerical literature [2, 19]. This is indicating the adequacy of approximation.

Now, we can considered two position for . The first is for , and the second is considered for that means a constant. Thus, we study them in separate subsections.

3.1. The Position

To considered then yields [19]:

Replacing Eq. (11) into Eq. (10) and comparing two Eqs. of (7) and (10), the following expression (Eq.(12)) for is obtained in terms of in Eq.(8), as well as a system of 11 nonlinear equations expressed later:

In the base state, two values for , namely, and are obtained that according to Eq. (9) and the condition , the value could be unacceptable, and will be. Therefore, and are obtained as follows:

After replacing Eq. (11) in Eq. (13) and separately equal to the different powers of , the following nonlinear equations are obtained:

Here, by replacing the numerical values of constants for pentaquark , , and , we obtained the binding energy of pentaquark [2]. In Tables 1 and 2, different values of binding energy from Eq. (14) for have been shown.

Table 1: for and

800
(-63, 4400.32)
(-40, 4423.32)
(-17, 4446.32)

850
(-62, 4401.32)
(-34, 4429.32)
(-6.7, 4456.62)

900
(-59, 4404.32)
(-26, 4437.32)
—

1000
(-45, 4418.32)
(-0.11, 4463.21)
—

1100
(-22, 4441.32)
—
—

Table 2: for and .

800
(-90, 4373.32)
(-73, 4390.32)
(-56, 4407.32)

850
(-95, 4368.32)
(-75, 4390.32)
(-53, 4407.32)

900
(-99, 4364.32)
(-74, 4389.32)
(-49, 4414.32)

1000
(-102, 4361.32)
(-67, 4369.32)
(-32, 4431.32)

1100
(-98, 4365.32)
(-51, 4412.32)
(-3.14, 4460.18)

1200
(-86, 4377.32)
—
—

In the tables above , is calculated as follows:

According to the obtained values, it is observed that in , the results for pentaquark mass are much closer to the . Also, to check the results, one of the main differences between this paper and the other references [2, 20] is that the acceptable results are obtained for the only in the and these cannot be found in .

3.2. The Position

Now, we considered ; thus, will be as follows [19]:

Here, replacing Eq. (15) into Eq. (10) and comparing it to Eq. (7), a similar equation is obtained by Eq. (12). In this position, i.e., , the value could be acceptable, and will be. Therefore, and are obtained as follows:

The same as before, by replacing Eq.(15) in Eq.(16), 10 nonlinear equations are obtained, and we have

Also, in this position for , we obtained the binding energy of pentaquark and the numerical coefficients of wave function. Table 3 shows the amount of binding energy from Eq. (17) and for .

Table 3: for and .

0.75
(-15.99, 4447.33)
(-15.80, 4447.52)
(-15.62, 4447.7)

0.94
—
(-15.47, 4447.85)
(-15.27, 4448.05)

1.95
—
(-14.01, 4449.32)
—

To confirm the existence of pentaquark states, binding energy must be negative, i.e., . Also, the total mass of particles contributing of pentaquark (i.e., the sum of baryon and meson masses) in addition to binding energy is closer to the mass of pentaquark . Here, the obtained results indicate that the binding energy ranging for pentaquark is negative. Also, it conforms to calculated results in the literatures [2, 20–23]. As mentioned above, obtained results are acceptable to a great extent, and they could be considered a clear evidence for the existence of a bound of five-quark state.

Figure 2 demonstrates the wave function’s diagrams for pentaquark in , at different values of and . These charts tend to zero at the given value. As shown in the graphs, wave functions become zero in , indicating that the maximum pentaquark radius ranges from 23.67 to 25.64 fm.

Figure 2: at in for different values of and .

4. Conclusions

In this article, the pentaquark system consisting of baryon and meson has been considered. The obtained potential for pentaquark in reference [2] was presented and expanded. Then, expanded potential was replaced in the Schrödinger equation, and that was solved as a bound state of two-body systems. By solving this to analytically approach and according to the values of constants and cutoff, 10 nonlinear differential equations and binding energy of pentaquark and wave function coefficients were obtained. The resulting and wave function were presented using tables and diagrams in the previous section, which could confirm the existence of a bound state of pentaquark . Then, it is specified that the wave function plots tend to be zero at a given value. Therefore, the maximum radius of pentaquark was found out which ranged from to . We observed that the calculated values matches with the findings of others regarding the mass of . Also, the advantage of this paper lies in its method, which other references are numerically calculated, and this paper delivers the obtained results analytically. Hence, the results are more comprehensive and complete compared to them.

Data Availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Disclosure

This research was not receive specific funding; thus, funding agencies have no role in the design of this study, in analysis, or interpretation of the data in writing the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors also declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

M. Gell-Mann, “A schematic model of baryons and mesons,” Physics Letters, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 214-215, 1964.

R. Chen, L. Xiang, L. Xue-Qian, and Z. Shi-Lin, “Identifying exotic hidden-charm pentaquarks,” Physical review letters, vol. 115, no. 13, article 132002, 2015.

J. He, “D¯ΣcandD¯Σcinteractions and the LHCb hidden-charmed pentaquarks,” Physics Letters B, vol. 753, pp. 547–551, 2016.

M. Karliner and J. L. Rosner, “New exotic meson and baryon resonances from doubly heavy hadronic molecules,” Physical review letters, vol. 115, no. 12, article 122001, 2015.

J. J. Wu, R. Molina, E. Oset, and B. S. Zou, “Prediction of narrowNandΛresonances with hidden charm above 4 GeV,” Physical review letters, vol. 105, no. 23, article 232001, 2010.

Z. C. Yang, Z. F. Sun, J. He, X. Liu, and S. L. Zhu, “A note on the B B, B B, D D, D D, molecular states,” Chinese Physics C, vol. 36, no. 6, 2012.

T. Uchino, W. H. Liang, and E. Oset, “Baryon states with hidden charm in the extended local hidden gauge approach,” The European Physical Journal A, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1–6, 2016, https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.05726.

T. Nakano, D. S. Ahn, J. K. Ahn et al., “Evidence for a narrowS=+1baryon resonance in photoproduction from the neutron,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 91, no. 1, article 012002, 2003.

K. H. Hicks, “Experimental search for pentaquarks,” Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 647–676, 2005.

T. Liu, Y. Mao, and B. Q. Ma, “Present status on experimental search for pentaquarks,” International Journal of Modern Physics A, vol. 29, no. 13, article 1430020, 2014.

C. Gignoux, B. Silvestre-Brac, and J. M. Richard, “Possibility of stable multiquark baryons,” Physics Letters B, vol. 193, no. 2-3, pp. 323–326, 1987.

D. O. Riska and N. N. Scoccola, “Anti-charm and anti-bottom hyperons,” Physics Letters B, vol. 299, no. 3-4, pp. 338–341, 1993.

X. Q. Li and X. Liu, “A possible global group structure for exotic states,” The European Physical Journal C, vol. 74, no. 12, article 3198, 2014.

C. Isola, M. Ladisa, G. Nardulli, and P. Santorelli, “Charming penguin contributions inB→Kπ,K(ρ,ω,φ)decays,” Physical Review D, vol. 68, no. 11, article 114001, 2003.

X. Liu, Y.-R. Liu, W.-Z. Deng, and S.-L. Zhu, “Z+(4430)as aD1’D(D1D) molecular state,” Physical Review D, vol. 77, no. 9, article 094015, 2008.

W. L. Wang, F. Huang, Z. Y. Zhang, and B. S. Zou, “ΣcD¯andΛcD¯states in a chiral quark model,” Physical Review C, vol. 84, no. 1, article 015203, 2011.

F. Chezani Sharahi, M. Monemzadeh, and A. Abdoli Arani, “Bound state energy and wave function of tetraquark b̄b̄ud from lattice QCD potential,” Modern Physics Letters A, vol. 34, article 1950220, no. 27, 2019.

F. Chezani Sharahi, M. Monemzadeh, and A. Abdoli Arani, “The Calculate of binding energy and wave function of tetraquark bbss from lattice QCD potential with analytically approach,” Journal of Research on Many-body Systems, vol. 9, no. 4, 2020.

E. Kreyszig, “Advanced engineering mathematics,” Tech. Rep., John Wiley and Sons, 2010.

Y. Shimizu, S. Daiki, and H. Masayasu, “Coupled channel analysis of molecule picture ofPc(4380),” Physical Review D, vol. 93, no. 11, article 114003, 2016.

M. Monemzadeh, N. Tazimi, and S. Babaghodrat, “Calculating masses of pentaquarks composed of baryons and mesons,” Advances in High Energy Physics, vol. 2016, 4 pages, 2016.

M. Radin, S. Babaghodrat, and M. Monemzadeh, “Estimation of heavy baryon massesΩccc++andΩbbb−by solving the Faddeev equation in a three-dimensional approach,” Physical review D, vol. 90, no. 4, article 047701, 2014.

M. Monemzadeh, M. Hadizadeh, and N. Tazimi, “Identification of the mass and stability interval of strong potential in heavy mesons,” International Journal of Theoretical Physics, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 737–743, 2011.