Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2021 (2021), Article ID 6676930, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6676930

Research Article

T-Odd Anomalous Interactions of the Top-Quark at the Large Hadron Collider

Apurba Tiwari and Sudhir Kumar Gupta

Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP-202002, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Sudhir Kumar Gupta; sudhir.ph@amu.ac.in

Received 15 October 2020; Revised 16 February 2021; Accepted 9 March 2021; Published 15 April 2021

Academic Editor: Jouni Suhonen

Copyright © 2021 Apurba Tiwari and Sudhir Kumar Gupta. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

Abstract.

We study the effects of T-odd interactions of top-quark via the pair production of the top-quark in the semileptonic detection modes at the Large Hadron Collider by means of the T-odd observables constructed through the momenta of the observed decay products of the top (and anti-top)-quark for a wide range of CP-violating scale . Estimates on sensitivities of the coupling strength of such interactions for 13 TeV LHC energy with , and for HL-LHC with 14 TeV energy with integrated luminosities of , , , and are also presented for ranging between and 2 TeV.

1. Introduction

The phenomenon of charge and parity violation which was originally discovered in the neutral kaon-system via measuring the oscillation probability of into [1] is now well understood. It besides being a new effect, had provided the ground for further exploration not only as an independent phenomenon but also its relation with a phenomenon such as Leptogenesis [2–5], Baryogenesis [6], nature of the Higgs boson [7, 8] and Dark matter of the Universe [9–11]. The Standard-Model (SM) which is originally CP-symmetric could still allow a tiny amount of CP-violation via the inter-generational mixing of the fermions having identical quantum numbers through CKM-matrices [12]. However such effects are not sufficient to provide a satisfactory explanation to the observations such as the finite though a tiny amount of the electric-dipole-moment of the neutron [13, 14], origin to which may lie in the violation of CP-symmetry in the strong sector. These, therefore, require one to explore the possible sources of CP-violation beyond the Standard Model.

Guided with the aforementioned phenomenon, in the present article we explore the possibility of a model-independent extension of the SM in the form of T-odd anomalous interactions of the top-quark with gluons in the context of top-pair production at the LHC with pre-existing data at 13 TeV center-of-mass (C.M.) energy and the forthcoming 14 TeV run for projected Luminosities of about , , and respectively.

The T-violating interactions of the top-quark have already been studied in the literature for a fixed CP-violating scale in the Refs. [15–34]; for example, CP-violation at future collider in production is investigated in Ref. [15], Ref. [16] considered CP-violation due to complex top-Yukawa coupling in at the future collider, Charge-asymmetries in pair from top-quark decay were first analysed in Ref. [17], Ref. [18] studied the CP-violation using T-odd correlations in lepton plus jets channel, Ref. [19] explored the possibilities of CP-violation in a rare process of top decay , Ref. [20] examines the possible CP-violating effects due to one-loop corrections to the top pair production process in the complex MSSM with minimal flavor violation (MFV) at hadron colliders and Ref. [21] investigates the CP-violation in the decay of a single top-quark produced in the t-channels. Similar studies have been performed for effective anomalous CP-violating couplings for the process in Refs. [35, 36], at FLC in Ref. [37] and in the context of muon colliders in Refs. [38]. The present article explores the effect of such anomalous interactions for a wide range of CP-violating scale and provides the LHC-sensitivities for the coupling of such interactions via the process using T-odd triple product correlations defined in Ref. [39].

Plan of the article is as follows: In Section 2 we discuss the model and possible T-odd observables for the top-pair production at the LHC and how these observables are suitable for analysing the effects of the CP-violation. Section 3 discusses the numerical procedure and results on T-odd interactions. The experimental sensitivities of the T-odd couplings are also discussed in the same section. Finally, we summarise our findings in Section 4.

2. T-Odd Observables and Top-Pair Production

CP-violation in the quark sector (except for the top-quark) faces an observational difficulty which partially lies in the fact that due to relatively larger life-time than the hadronisation scale, which is of about 140 MeV (, the mass of pion), quarks form bound states and thereby leave no scope for studying pure CP-violation. By being much heavier than other quarks and also much energetic than the hadronisation scale, top-quark turns out to be the only expectation to test direct CP-violation in the quark sector. The life-time of a top-quark is less than the time required for a quark to hadronise therefore it does not form any bound state. Consequently the dynamics of top-production and decay do not get affected by complications of non-perturbative and bound state physics and, therefore, the CP-violation effects involving top-quark will be of direct type. At hadron colliders, processes involving top-quarks have a further advantage in having larger cross-sections due to the strong interactions. This, therefore, enables us to directly investigate the effects of such interactions via the pair-production of the top-quarks and their subsequent decays into a pair of leptons and -quarks.

Our study of finding CP-violation is based on estimating asymmetries through CP-violating observables. CP-odd observables can be formed using T-odd correlations which may not necessarily be CP-odd instead these could be CP-even as well and T-odd is not for time-reversal here, rather, it represents naive T-odd [40].

The chromo-electric dipole moment (CEDM) of the top-quark causes the CP-violation in the top-pair production vertex. In the presence of T-odd interactions of the top-quark with gluon, the SM Lagrangian could be modified for the production process by the following interaction term [41]:

with being the strong coupling constant, the gluon field-strength tensor, and being the interaction strength and energy scale of the CP-violation respectively and . The Lagrangian in Eq. (1) will give a new dimension five vertex (which is absent in the SM) in addition to modifying the pre-existing vertex. This new vertex is obviously CP-odd in nature according to the above equation.

These would clearly have a significant contribution to the top-pair production processes at hadron colliders, particularly for colliders alike LHC where the fusion of gluons emerging from the colliding protons makes about 90% contribution, the rest being the annihilation of light-partons of opposite charges. A schematic representation of various parton-level processes describing the production of at the LHC where the modification occurs due to the presence of additional T-odd interactions given by Eq. (1) is shown in Figure 1. The first four diagrams of Figure 1 represent the production of pairs through fusion and the last one is via annihilation. The first three diagrams of Figure 1 are present in the SM as well, the fourth diagram which is absent in the SM represents the effective vertex and is the expandable SM. It is also worthwhile to mention that as the semileptonic decay of the top (anti-top) takes place due to weak-interactions, the branching ratio of the top-quark will remain intact as of the SM.

Figure 1: Feynman diagrams responsible for top-quark pair-production at the LHC.

At first, we start our calculation with the T-odd correlations induced by anomalous top-quark couplings defined in the following equations:

where in the above expressions with being the Levi-Civita symbol of rank 4 which is completely anti-symmetric with and , represent the four-momenta of -quark, lepton (anti-lepton) respectively. is the sum of four-momenta of -quark, lepton, anti--quark and anti-lepton and is the difference of two-beam four momenta, defined as

It is interesting to note that the aforementioned observables neither require reconstruction of the produced tops nor any information about the spin of the produced particles. Also, a -jet is distinguished with a -jet by measuring the direction of leptons i.e. the -jet closer to is identified as the one arising due to a -quark whereas the other -jet closer to is identified as the one arising due to a -quark.

Let us now consider observable to check its CP properties [28, 39]

In the above equation the left-hand side of the arrow describes the frame independent correlation and the right-hand side represents the correlation in a particular C.M. reference frame. In the first line of Eq. (4), we go through C.M. frame which results in the triple product form. The obtained triple-product undergoes the charge conjugation and parity operation in the second and third lines, respectively, to ensure that it is CP-odd. Similarly, if we consider the () C.M. frame, the above observable takes the following form [28, 39]:

This further suggests that is indeed CP-odd. In addition to the observables discussed in Eqs. (2), we also construct the following new observables:

The advantage of considering these additional observables lies in the fact that these require lesser information than the observables defined in Eqs. (2). For example, observable requires information regarding the beam direction, a lepton having a positive charge and the associated -quark and identifying a lepton having a negative charge and the associated anti--quark. Observable requires information of the beam direction and leptons having a positive and negative charge. Similarly observable requires information of the beam direction, -quark and anti--quark. In the next section, we will discuss the numerical simulation in detail.

3. Numerical Analysis

In order to perform our study, we first produced pairs through the process and allowed them to decay semileptonically into subsequently with the aid of MadGraph5 [42–44] at Leading order (LO) using the decay chain feature described in Ref. [44]. Later these events are interfaced to Pythia8 [45] for Showering Hadronization. The CP-violating interactions discussed in Eqs. (2) and (6) have been incorporated in the MadGraph5 via incorporating the Lagrangian given in Eq. (1) in FeynRules [46]. The events are generated with the following selection criteria:

The experimental values of the input parameters considered in our study are presented in Table 1, the renormalisation and factorisation scale has been set to 91.188 GeV and the parton distribution functions had been considered to be nn23lo1 [47, 48].

Table 1: Experimental values of Standard Model input parameters [49].

SM parameter
Experimental value

In order to estimate the asymmetries at the LHC, we generate events with the aid of MadGraph5 at 13 TeV and 14 TeV LHC energies with distinctive values of coupling constant () and scale parameter () for the observables given in Eqs. (2) and (6). The values of coupling constant and scale parameter have been considered from 0 to and to 2 TeV respectively where is actually SM. The associated CP-violating asymmetry for the observables listed in Eqs. (2) and (6) is constructed using the formula:

where the numerator represents the difference between the number of events having positive and negative values of the observable whereas the denominator represents the total number of events. Clearly, for a CP-symmetric observable, would be zero because the number of events with a positive value of observable will be equal to the number of events with a negative value of observable and non-zero otherwise. The number of experimentally measured events at the LHC are given by

where represents the experimentally measured value of the cross-section at a given C.M. energy at the LHC, is the -tagging efficiency, is the efficiency of cuts and represents the integrated luminosity at the LHC. The sensitivity for a given observable could be estimated by comparing the corresponding to the underlying observable with the following experimental sensitivity at a given confidence level (C.L.) :

These are discussed in Figures 2–9 for and 14 TeV at the LHC. The values of asymmetries corresponding to various CP-violating observables discussed in Eqs. (2) and (6) are also presented for various values of and . We estimate asymmetries for from 0 to 0.05 and between to 2 TeV for and 14 TeV at the LHC. In Tables 2 and 3, we present asymmetries corresponding to various observables at and 14 TeV LHC energies. From these tables, it is clear that the asymmetries corresponding to observables , , , and are within the limits of statistical uncertainties and therefore would not be useful to calculate CP-violation sensitivity as these are consistent with SM. However, asymmetries related to observables , , , and are found to be non-zero at C.L.. It is, therefore, informative to discuss the asymmetries obtained for observables , , , and in detail as these are expected to be more sensitive.

Figure 2: vs. for observable at energy at LHC for an integrated luminosity of (a) and (b) respectively.

Figure 3: vs. for observable at energy at LHC for an integrated luminosity of (a) and (b) respectively.

Figure 4: vs. for observable at energy at LHC for an integrated luminosity of (a) and (b) respectively.

Figure 5: vs. for observable at energy at LHC for an integrated luminosity of (a) and (b) respectively.

Figure 6: vs. for observable at energy at LHC for an integrated luminosity of (a) , (b) , (c) , and (d) respectively.

Figure 7: vs. for observable at energy at LHC for an integrated luminosity of (a) , (b) , (c) , and (d) respectively.

Figure 8: vs. for observable at energy at LHC for an integrated luminosity of (a) , (b) , (c) , and (d) respectively.

Figure 9: vs. for observable at energy at LHC for an integrated luminosity of (a) , (b) , (c) , and (d) respectively.

Table 2: Integrated asymmetries (in %) at LO for at LHC for the process corresponding to various observables for distinct choices of and . The statistical uncertainty at the confidence level in all the results is estimated to be about .

SM
0.05
0.01
0.02
-0.05
0.03
0.05
-0.05
0.04

1.17
0
0.37
-0.91
0.89
0.02
-0.01
-0.01

2.22
0
0.72
-1.74
1.74
0.04
-0.02
0.04

6.29
0.02
2.12
-5.11
4.98
0.01
-0.01
0.03

0.5 TeV

0.19
0.01
0.02
-0.15
0.13
-0.01
0.03
-0.03

0.38
0.04
0.17
-0.29
0.31
-0.03
0.05
-0.06

1.79
-0.01
0.56
-1.47
1.37
-0.02
0.03
-0.04

1 TeV

0.06
0.02
0.07
-0.11
0.04
-0.03
0.03
-0.09

0.14
-0.03
0.08
-0.12
0.13
-0.04
0.02
0

0.92
0
0.28
-0.72
0.74
-0.03
0
0.03

2 TeV

0.03
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.04
0.01
0
0

0.12
0.02
0.03
-0.10
0.10
0
0.01
-0.03

0.42
0.02
0.13
-0.33
0.32
0.02
-0.03
-0.04

Table 3: Integrated asymmetries (in %) at LO for at LHC for the process corresponding to various observables for distinct choices of and . The statistical uncertainty at the confidence level in all the results is estimated to be about .

SM
-0.03
0.02
0.01
0.07
-0.04
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03

1.12
0
0.36
-0.95
0.88
-0.03
0.01
-0.01

2.24
0.03
0.70
-1.73
1.74
-0.03
-0.04
-0.01

6.39
-0.02
2.09
-5.11
4.97
0.05
-0.01
-0.03

0.5 TeV

0.17
-0.04
0.10
-0.13
0.14
0.02
0.03
-0.04

0.36
0.01
0.14
-0.33
0.24
0.01
0.01
-0.03

1.89
-0.06
0.62
-1.46
1.46
0.02
0.07
-0.03

1 TeV

0.14
0.03
0.05
-0.10
0.12
0.02
-0.04
-0.01

0.21
0.03
0.02
-0.21
0.16
-0.03
0.02
0

0.89
0.01
0.23
-0.75
0.75
0
0.03
-0.06

2 TeV

0.07
0.01
0.03
-0.03
0.09
-0.03
-0.05
-0.01

0.09
-0.02
0.07
-0.04
0.05
-0.01
0
0

0.45
-0.03
0.14
-0.33
0.33
0
-0.01
0.03

From Tables 2 and 3, it is also clear that if we fix the CP-violating scale to a certain value the asymmetries increase linearly with which supports the results in Refs. [28, 41]. Conversely, limiting the coupling to a constant value and increasing the value of reduces the value of the resulting asymmetries. This suggests that large CP-violation sensitivity can be achieved in two ways, either increasing or decreasing . Furthermore, the asymmetries obtained at the energy at LHC, presented in Table 3, show similar results as observed for the 13 TeV LHC energy. According to the above tables, we infer that the largest asymmetry corresponds to the observable . The results corresponding to non-zero asymmetry could also be summarized as

respectively for observables , , , and .

It is to be noted that for estimating the experimental uncertainties in event rates we first combined the ATLAS [50] and CMS [51] experimental uncertainties observed with 2015 and 2016 data during LHC Run II for the top pair at for presented in Ref. [52]. In order to calculate experimental sensitivity, we first combined the ATLAS and CMS cross-sections which are as follows:

Event rates were then estimated by combining the cross-section with the luminosity, branching ratios for the and the -tagging efficiency which is assumed to be 56%. A similar calculation has been performed for with a theoretical cross-section at the NNLO+NNLL level [53] for the projected integrated luminosities of the LHC of , , , and . We show the results for 13 TeV and 14 TeV C.M. energies at LHC for vs. at various confidence levels in Figures 2–9. We present the results for between the range 0 to 5 TeV but we had actually performed the study in the range to 2 TeV.

In Figures 2–9 the area shown in white is discarded by restricting the contribution in top-pair cross-section to be consistent with the SM within statistical errors whereas the yellow and red regions show possible space allowed at and respectively for the given C.M. energy and Luminosities. We have a wide range of values at which we can observe sensitivity at 13 TeV and 14 TeV LHC energies. From the figures, we can get a rough estimate of minimum bound on and and can find the lower limit on at C.L..

Finally, we calculate the exact limits on corresponding to the most promising observable at and 14 TeV energy at LHC. The experimental sensitivity at energy at LHC is found to be at C.L. and the similar value at C.L. would be . This translates into the values of of about , at C.L. at 13 TeV C.M. energy with the integrated luminosities of , respectively for observable . Similarly, at 14 TeV C.M. energy at LHC the value of should be , , , and at C.L. for the projected luminosities of , , , and , respectively. The asymmetries () corresponding to observables () could also be written as

where is defined via

Figure 10 clearly show that asymmetries are almost zero up to and then start increasing slowly. It shows that at large , sensitivities become quite significant.

Figure 10: Asymmetries vs. for and 14 TeV energy at LHC.

The aim of this article is to set bounds on anomalous CP-violating coupling for a situation when the effects due to such interactions are not visible by just event count, rather these could be probed through the observables considered in our study. We have presented sensitivities for 13 TeV C.M. energy at LHC with the integrated luminosities of , for  k, 73.5 k events per month respectively and predicted that we can achieve sensitivity at 14 TeV LHC energy with projected luminosities of , , , and with  k, 608 k, 1.2 M, and 1.8 M events respectively. The results obtained in our study are based only on statistical uncertainties, systematic uncertainties have not been accounted for. However since it will affect the numerator and denominator in the asymmetry almost equally and therefore it is expected that our results will remain practically unaffected due to the systematic uncertainties. The above finding is also confirmed by earlier studies on such CP asymmetries [22, 54, 55]. Also in a similar manner, although we had performed our analysis at the leading order, the -factor due to higher-order QCD corrections will affect the denominators and numerators of all the asymmetries almost equally and will be therefore canceled and hence the asymmetries will remain unchanged against such corrections. It is important to note that our study differs from the earlier studies by taking into account full matrix-element-squared calculation for with being and . In order to probe the effects of such interactions the earlier studies only considered the leading effects which are linear in nature. Also, we calculated the counting asymmetries in dilepton channel and used and as free parameters.

We now compare our results with other relevant works. According to Ref. [41], sensitivity of requires of data at 14 TeV LHC energy. The corresponding estimates are found to be for the top-quark pair production in association with two photons [56] for an integrated luminosity of and of about in the context of collider with a data of about [57]. The indirect limits from the EDM measurements are found to be somewhat stringent, e.g. Ref. [58] reports that at C.L. from the measurement of the neutron electric dipole moment.

4. Summary

We have analysed the effect of T-odd anomalous couplings of the top-quark with gluons via the top-quark pair production through their semileptonic decay modes at the LHC for  TeV and 14 TeV using the T-odd observables discussed in Eqs. (2) and (6). These observables are interesting as these do not require full reconstruction of the , rather these require the momenta of the visible final state particles which in our case are and pairs emerging due to decay of a top and anti-top quarks respectively. The asymmetries corresponding to the T-odd observables have been estimated using Eq. (8) and are presented in Figures 2–9 for 13 TeV and 14 TeV LHC energies. Using the largest asymmetry, which corresponds to the observable , we estimated the sensitivity to the CP-violating couplings for energy at LHC with the integrated luminosities of , to be , at C.L. and , at C.L. respectively. The corresponding estimates for the HL-LHC with and , , , and would yield , , , and at C.L. and , , , and at C.L. respectively. These results have been summarised in Table 4 and seem to be setting stringent bounds on the CP-violating couplings of the top-quark and therefore a detailed experimental investigation is worthwhile to shed light on such CP-violating couplings of the top-quark.

Table 4: Sensitivity to CP-violating anomalous couplings at C.L. and C.L. in the process at energy at LHC with the integrated luminosities of and and HL-LHC with energy with the projected luminosities of , , , and .

(TeV)

(in )

At C.L.
At C.L.

13

14(HL-LHC)

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by University Grant Commission under a Start-Up Grant no. F30-377/2017 (BSR). We thank Ravindra Yadav for his assistance regarding high-performance computing, Manjari Sharma and Surabhi Gupta for some valuable discussions. We acknowledge the use of cluster computing facility at the ReCAPP, HRI, Allahabad, India, during the initial phase of the work.

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