Advances in Mathematical Physics
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 3838507, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3838507

Research Article

On Certain Translation Invariant Properties of Interior Transmission Spectra and Their Doppler’s Effect

Lung-Hui Chen

Department of Mathematics, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi County 621, Taiwan

Correspondence should be addressed to Lung-Hui Chen; mr.lunghuichen@gmail.com

Received 9 February 2017; Accepted 26 April 2017; Published 21 May 2017

Academic Editor: Hagen Neidhardt

Copyright © 2017 Lung-Hui Chen. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We study the translation invariant properties of the eigenvalues of scattering transmission problem. We examine the functional derivative of the eigenvalue density function to the defining index of refraction . By the limit behaviors in frequency sphere, we prove some results on the inverse uniqueness of index of refraction. In physics, Doppler’s effect connects the variation of the frequency/eigenvalue and the motion velocity/variation of position variable. In this paper, we proved the functional derivative

1. Introduction

In this paper, we investigate an inverse spectral problem in the following homogeneous interior transmission problem:

where is the unit outer normal; is a starlike domain in containing the origin with boundary ; ; , for ; , for ; . Equation (1) is called the homogeneous interior transmission eigenvalue problem. We also assume the boundary is given and defined by

where is the unit sphere with the spherical coordinate . Problem (1) occurs naturally when one considers the scattering of the plane waves hinging on certain inhomogeneity inside the domain that is defined by an index of refraction in many models. In the reduced scattering model (1), the inverse problem is to determine the index of refraction by the measurement of the scattered wave fields collected in the far fields. The inverse scattering problem plays a role in various disciplines of science and technology such as the applications in sonar and radar, geophysical sciences, astrophysics, medical imaging, remote sensing, and nondestructive testing in instrument manufacturing.

By an inhomogeneous interior transmission problem, we mean the following system:

in which is the spherical Hankel function of order and is the spherical harmonics of order . We say is an interior transmission eigenvalue of (1) if there is a nontrivial pair of solution to the boundary value problem (1). To ensure the uniqueness of the scattered solution outside , we impose the Sommerfeld radiation condition; that is,

The interior transmission eigenvalues play a role in the inverse scattering theory both in numerical computation and in theoretical scattering theory. For the origin of interior transmission eigenvalue problem, we refer to Colton and Monk [1] and Kirsch [2]. For a theoretical study and historic literature, we refer to [3–6]. It is also another subject of research interest to study the existence or location of the eigenvalues [1, 4, 7–14]. It is expected to find a Weyl’s type of asymptotics for the interior transmission eigenvalues. In this case, the distribution of transmission eigenvalues is directly related to certain spectral invariants of the scatterer. In this regard, we apply the methods from entire function theory [15–20] to study the distributional laws of the eigenvalues. We also refer to [21, 22] for the reconstruction of the interior transmission eigenvalues. For the nonsymmetrically stratified medium, there are not too many known results [3, 8, 23]. In this paper, we mainly follow the idea in [9, 24–26] to study the nonsymmetrical scatterers as a series of one-dimensional problems and consider the analytic continuation theorems of the Helmholtz equation. This paper aims to examine some spectral invariants associated to (1) and analyze the functional correspondence between the variation of the spectral density function and perturbation of the index of refraction.

2. Preliminaries and Main Result

Firstly, we expand the solution of (1) in two series of spherical harmonics by Rellich’s lemma. This is a Fourier type of expansion theory, and we refer to [4, p. 32, p. 227] and [14, p. 353].

where

and is the spherical Bessel function of the first kind of order . The summations converge uniformly and absolutely on compact subsets for sufficiently large . We refer the method to [4, p. 32, Lemma ] which holds for a bounded perturbation.

Here, we note that the spherical harmonics

is a complete orthonormal system in , in which

where the Legendre polynomials , , form a complete orthogonal system in . We refer this to [4, p. 25]. By the orthogonality of the spherical harmonics, the functions

satisfy (1) independently for . It is well-known that

so we apply the Laplacian to the first equation of (1) for , where , and we observe that

Accordingly, the Fourier coefficients trivially satisfy the following equation:

Most importantly, we extend the Fourier coefficients along some fixed incident direction into by considering the following scheme. Let us define

For the fixed , we consider the radially symmetric index of refraction in by rotating around the origin. Due to the radial-symmetry, the solution of (13) has an extension into depending on the incident direction by solving the following ODE:

We denote the solution to (15) as . We renormalize the initial condition as follows:

is independent of the incident direction . We refer the initial condition to [4, 14].

Now we consider the following Liouville transformation for each fixed :

Let us define

Then, we deduce from (15) and (17) that

in which

Here if and only if for the fixed . Moreover,

Thus, we deduce from (19), (20), and (21) that

For the simplicity of the notation, we drop the superscripts on the variables. When , the asymptotic estimates for the solution are classic and can be found in [27]

where , and the error term can be improved [27, p. 17] by

Similarly,

in which the boundary behavior of plays a role in determining the inverse spectral uniqueness on the scatterer, and thus -assumption on the index of refraction is convenient.

For , there are much more generalized results from [28, 29]. In particular, the solution of (15) is an entire function of order one and of finite type [4, 9, 10, 14, 27–30] that has a Sturm-Liouville type of spectral analysis.

Now we fulfill the boundary conditions in (1). The nontrivial solutions (10) of the homogeneous system are required to satisfy the boundary condition along the fixed as follows: for ,

in which we note that . The eigenvalues are possibly the intersection points of two complex-valued functions, and the constants and depend on as well. Let us define

in which is independent of index . The existence of the nontrivial of (26) is equivalent to finding the zeros of

The following fundamental lemma connects the zeros of and the eigenvalues of (1).

Lemma 1. Let be an eigenvalue of (1) if and only if it satisfies (28) for all and some .

Proof. Let and be a nontrivial pair of solutions of (1). Then, (6) holds and uniquely defines the coefficients and all for and extends into by solving (15) with some fixed . The solution,

each satisfies the Helmholtz equation independently and meets with in . By the analytic continuation of the Helmholtz equation [1], they extend to meet on . That is, (28) is satisfied at . Hence, (28) holds on for all .
For the sufficient condition, if (28) is valid on the boundary for some , then define a Fourier coefficient by ODE (15) by some eigenvalue , which defines a solution of the Helmholtz equation

for . By the analytic extension of the Helmholtz equation, is defined outside and meets on . That is, (28) holds for all other with . Hence,

which we consider as an initial condition for that Bessel function , are known functions. Combining the initial condition with

we find that the solution defines an eigenfunction to (1). We refer more detailed construction to [11].

For , is easier to compute [24, ()]:

in which all four elements have zeros distributed asymptotically like sine and cosine functions.

Moreover, has the following Hadamard representation:

where is a constant [24, ()]. From [9, 10], the zeros spread along the real axis by Cartwright theory [19, Ch. 6] and [18, 20]. In general , we state the following lemma.

Lemma 2. For the fixed , the determinant has only finitely many different zeros to the ones of or in each parallel adjacent strips to the imaginary axis.

Proof. We infer from (27) that

in which we recall from [9] and [10, Lemma ] that and outside the zeros in the denominators. Without loss of generality, we drop the lower order term in the bracket in (36) and the term is bounded and bounded away from zero near the zeros of and . The asymptotic expansion of for large is given in (23) and in [28, 29]. In particular, is bounded near the real axis and then in the Cartwright class [19, p. 251].
More importantly, we drop the lower order term in (35) and then consider Rouché’s Theorem for the identity

The inequality

holds if and only if

We recall that

outside their poles, where

Hence, (39) holds if and only if

which are two asymptotically periodic meromorphic functions along the real axis. Referring the graph of to [31], there are vertical lines in passing through the real axis at which and then strictly increases to or at which and strictly decreases to , as goes to infinity. For large , there are infinitely many vertical lines of this property on which the following inequality holds:

Similarly, we may repeat the argument from (37) to deduce that there are infinitely many vertical lines in on which the following equality holds:

Therefore, we apply Rouché’s theorem to (43) and (44) on the boundary of a family of suitable vertical strips along the real axis and conclude that have only finite many of different zeros to the ones of or in the strips.

One step further, we can describe the zero distribution of more precisely by applying Wilder’s theorem [32, 33] to the term or in (35) and obtain the following density distribution theorem for (33): let , , and be three adjacent strips containing all but a finite exceptions of the zeros along the positive real axis, and let , be the zero counting function in the strip starting with , of length and of width . Then there exist some and large such that

A similar argument holds for that yields identical asymptotics to (46), (47), and (48). We refer the details to [10, Theorem ].

From the point of view of the inhomogeneous system (3),

to which we can solve for , by Cramer’s rule:

where , are understood as two meromorphic functions. An interior transmission eigenvalue means that the inhomogeneous system (3) can not be solved explicitly in whenever has a zero in the denominator. We observe that is not a solution in the classic sense if there is any and any such that has a zero. Whenever that happens, we have an interior transmission eigenvalue.

Definition 3. We define to be the union of the zero set of entire function at and .

We need the following vocabulary to describe the asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues.

Definition 4. Let be an integral function of order , and denote the number of the zeros of inside the angle and ; we define the zero density function

with some fixed such that is at most a countable set [18–20].
Following the results in [9–11, 26], we have the density asymptotics:

For a simpler notation, we use

to denote the density of zero set of .
One can show the following.

Lemma 5. Let us denote

and the following identity holds:

Accordingly, the density function is invariant to the rigid translations of .

Proof. We observe that

By applying (52) in (54) to and , respectively, (56) is proven. The invariant property comes from the translation transformation along of integral . The invariant property on rotation is trivial.

We state the inverse spectral uniqueness in this paper.

Theorem 6. Let be two unknown indices of refraction parameterized in (1) in domains and with eigenvalue sets and , respectively, as defined in Definition 3. and are assumed to be identical up to a translation in . If for infinitely many pairs of , then up to a translation in .

This is one local assumption implying a global uniqueness on the index of refraction. Previously [9, 10, 26], we have shown that if the interior transmission eigenvalues are given identical for all possible incident angles with , then we can prove the inverse uniqueness. Here we are given a potpourri of spectral data.

3. Analysis along an Angle

The following results hold up to a rigid translation in .

Lemma 7. Let be the density function of defined as in (54), . Up to a translation in , there exists at least one accumulation point of pair of common incident directions and from and , respectively, such that holds for near and near , respectively, in .

Proof. is compact. By applying the assumption in Theorem 6, there are the accumulation points and in , respectively, such that holds near and , respectively, in . This proves the lemma.

Lemma 8. Let be the boundary defining function of domain . Up to a translation in , there exists one pair of incident directions and in , respectively, such that in the neighborhood of and , respectively.

Proof. By Theorem 6 assumption, we can assume the eigenvalues of and coincide for some and , respectively, in . Considering some algebraic additions of (46) and (47), or (47) and (48), the boundary defining function at appears as a part of eigenvalue asymptotics above. That is, for near and , respectively. This proves the lemma.

Proposition 9. Let us assume . There exists one fixed pair of incident directions and in , respectively, such that for near and near , respectively.

Proof. Applying Lemmas 7 and 8, this is the previous uniqueness result from [9–11, 26]. If two indices of refraction have an identical set of interior transmission eigenvalues along one of their incident directions, then they must be identical on that ray.

We deduce from the Weierstrass-Bolzano property on that there are finitely many of such neighborhoods on described in Lemmas 7 and 8.

Lemma 10. The density function has the derivatives on :

In particular, and are invariant to the rigid translation of .

Proof. Applying the chain rule to in (56) with fixed and setting ,

Observing the boundary conditions of (1), . Thus, we deduce (58) and (59). We note that and depend only on the boundary . This proves the lemma.

Proposition 11. Under the assumption of Theorem 6,

Proof. We deduce from Lemma 8, Proposition 9, and Lemma 10 that

near some and , respectively, such that and up to a translation as well. For each index , we collect all local coordinates such that (62) and (63) hold. As a result of the Weierstrass-Bolzano property on , there are mostly finitely many choices of neighborhoods of and in which (62) and (63) hold, respectively, on and , say, the collection of the neighborhoods

Because the boundary , is given, all of the other neighborhoods satisfying (62) and (63) in each , , or are known. Fix one of and , the one is locally isomorphic to all other neighborhoods by applying (62), (63), (64), and (65) up to some translations. Accordingly, we choose a translation such that

In this case, up to the chosen , we deduce that

Applying (68) under Lemmas 10 and 7, we consider the initial value problems up to the translation and deduce

By the uniqueness of ODE of (58), (59), and (69), we obtain

Surely we have up to a translation by assumption, but Proposition 11 holds with some local information on the index of refraction.

Corollary 12. Let us assume and , are analytical functions with the assumption of Theorem 6 without assuming that up to a translation. If we assume the results of Lemmas 7 and 8, then we can conclude that

Proof. If and , are analytical functions, then (60) implies that , are analytical in . Then (62) and (63) imply an analytic extension to . This and ODE (69) prove the corollary.

4. Proof of Theorem 6 via the Doppler’s Effect

We want to show that, for a fixed ,

We have the shifts of the frequency density to the space variable on the left hand side while the index of refraction is on the left hand side. Let us justify this differentiation by a perturbation theory on the index of refraction. We have seen the perturbation theory for finitely many interior transmission eigenvalues from [7, 9]. As observed in [9, 10], the perturbation theory for finite eigenvalues implies a theory for all eigenvalues when considered with the asymptotic almost periodic structure (46), (47), and (48).

Let us consider a perturbation on the index of refraction in the form where is the cut-off function defined on the interval . We fix and start the perturbation at . Outside , we still take the index of refraction to be . We can mollify the cusp of near in an arbitrarily small neighborhood by standard measure theory. Without loss of generality, we assume , is differentiable, and the perturbation is carried out under the uniform norm. We recall from [9] the following theorem.

Theorem 13. Let be the zeros of . Then, for any , there exists

depending on , such that there exists an interior transmission eigenvalues of the index of refraction , in -neighborhood of each , whenever is small enough.

The perturbation theory for finitely many eigenvalues is firstly considered in [8]. Previously in [9, 10], we have shown from Sommerfeld’s radiation condition (4), (5), and (26) that, along and , respectively, for any common interior eigenvalue of index , the following identities hold up to the translation :

That is, the common interior transmission eigenvalues are the intersection points of two entire functions that move continuously to the perturbation to the index of refraction on either side of (74) according to Theorem 13.

Following [10, ()] and [9], the zero density of entire functions

or

is

while the density for the common zero set is

according to the assumption of Theorem 6 and (52). This contradicts with (77), and so Cartwright’s theory [9, 10, 18–20, 26] suggests that

We refer the details of (58) up to (63) to [10] or [19, p. 251] for a Cartwright theory. In particular, and have identical sets of norming constants and Dirichlet/Neumann eigenvalues for the Sturm-Liouville problem (15). Hence, [29, Theorem ] implies along and , respectively.

Let us consider the perturbation on both sides of (79) in the following form:

We denote the new solutions again by . For each , Theorem 13 and (52) imply that the new density function of the common set of interior transmission eigenvalues equals to

Without loss of generality, we take due to (67).

Whenever is close to , this overdetermined density (81) again, by Cartwright’s theory, implies the identities for the new solutions.

Moreover, we deduce from (82) and (83) again that the perturbed index of refraction , have an identical set of interior transmission eigenvalues [9, 10]. From (81) and Theorem 13,

The perturbation applies in .

We repeat the same argument to the other incident directions . Thus, we apply Proposition 11 to consider the limit quotient for all :

Thus, we apply the Lebesgue Differentiation Theorem to deduce that

From Proposition 11, we conclude that

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.

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