Hall and Ion Slip Effects on Mixed Convection Flow of Eyring-Powell Nanofluid over a Stretching Surface

The purpose of this research is to inspect the mixed convection flow of Eyring-Powell nanofluid over a linearly stretching sheet through a porous medium with Cattaneo–Christov heat and mass flux model in the presence of Hall and ion slip, permeability, and Joule heating effects. Proper similarity transforms yield coupled nonlinear differential systems, which are solved using the spectral relaxation method (SRM). The story audits show that the present research problem has not been studied until this point. Efficiency of numerous parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration curves is exposed graphically. Likewise, the numerical values of skin friction coefficients, local Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers are computed and tabulated for some physical parameters. It is manifested that fluid velocities, skin friction coefficients, local Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers promote with the larger values of Eyring-Powell fluid parameter ε. It is also noticed that primary velocity promotes with larger values of mixed convection parameter λ, Hall parameter βe, and ion slip parameter βi, while the opposite condition is observed for secondary velocity, temperature, and concentration. Furthermore, comparative surveys between the previously distributed writing and the current information are made for explicit cases, which are examined to be in a marvelous understanding.


Introduction
Mixed convection streams emerge in numerous transport processes both in nature and in engineering applications. They play a vital role, for instance, in air limit layer streams, heat exchangers, atomic reactors, solar collectors, and in electronic hardware. Such procedures happen when the impacts of buoyancy forces in constrained convection or the impacts of the constrained stream in natural convection become noteworthy. The interaction of natural and constrained convection is particularly articulated in circumstances where the constrained stream velocity is low as well as the temperature contrasts are huge. This stream is likewise an important kind of stream showing up in numerous mechanical procedures, for example, assembling and extraction of polymer and elastic sheets, paper creation, wire drawing and glass-fiber creation, dissolve turning, and consistent throwing. Moreover, mixed convection in permeable media has numerous applications, for example, food handling and storage, metallurgy, geophysical framework, fibrous insulation, and underground removal of atomic waste. Then again, thermal conductivity of the ordinary heat transport liquids, for instance, water, oil, and ethylene glycol are exceptionally low. Thus, expanding thermal conductivity of the traditional liquids prompts improves the heat transport of these liquids. As of late, nanofluids are presented with upgraded thermal conductivity. A nanofluid is a suspension of nanoparticles with normal sizes beneath 100 nm in the base liquids. Due to the upgraded thermal conductivity, nanofluids are proposed for some mechanical applications, for example, transportation, atomic reactors, and nourishment. In this manner, numerous ongoing analysts have generous enthusiasm for the mixed convection stream of nanofluid over an extending sheet in a permeable medium due to their impressive use in the modern and innovative applications. Accordingly, Ameen et al. [1] investigated a 3D turning stream of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) over a permeable stretchable sheet for warmth and mass exchange with thought of kerosene oil as a base fluid and announced that both velocity fields delineate expanding conduct for enormous value of the CNT nanoparticle. Besides, Rasool et al. [2] examined a numerical investigation of the MHD Williamson nanofluid flow maintained to flow through permeable medium bounded by a nonlinearly stretching flat surface and reported that an enhancement in the values of magnetic parameter augments the drag force, whereas a decrement in the drag force can be observed as the values of Weissenberg number enhances. Also, Ibrahim and Anbessa [3] examined the mixed convection stream of a Maxwell nanofluid over a growing surface in a penetrable medium utilizing the spectral relaxation method (SRM) and found that a climb in Deborah number decreases both the stream and transverse velocity profiles, while the backwards design is seen with enlargement in the mixed convection parameter. Furthermore, Waini et al. [4] examined the consistent mixed convection stream along a vertical surface implanted in a permeable medium with hybrid nanoparticles utilizing the bvp4c solver in Matlab programming. They considered both assisting and opposing streams and found that there exist dual solutions for the case of opposing stream. Further, numerous other ongoing works have been done around there as found in references [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].
Investigation of nonNewtonian liquid has incredible significance because of its numerous industrial and engineering applications. Specifically, these liquids are used in the material preparing, concoction and atomic ventures, bioengineering, oil repository designing, polymeric fluids, and groceries. A few liquids like paints, paper mash, shampoos, ketchup, fruit purée, slurries, certain oils, and polymer arrangements are instances of nonNewtonian liquids. NonNewtonian liquids are logically perplexed when compared with Newtonian liquids due to nonlinear association among the stress and strain rate. Various models have been proposed in the writing for the examination of nonNewtonian fluids; however, not a sole model is built up that shows all properties of nonNewtonian liquids. In general, nonNewtonian fluids are mainly characterized into three kinds: to be explicit differential, rate, and integral kinds. Among the nonNewtonian liquid models, the Eyring-Powell model has accomplished exceptional consideration of the analysts because of its distinctive attributes in current science. This could be derived from kinetic theory of liquids rather than from its empirical relation. Likewise, the Eyring-Powell model decreases to Newtonian liquid qualities for low and high shear rate. Warmth and mass exchange in the Eyring-Powell liquid model assumes a significant role in the procedures which include formation and spread of haze, plotting of concoction handling instrumentation, environmental contamination, drying of permeable slides, raised oil recuperation, warm protection, and underground energy transport. Khan et al. [13] explored blended convection stream of the Eyring-Powell liquid model with variable viscosity and convective limit conditions over a slanted extending sheet utilizing the homotopy analysis method (HAM) and revealed that velocity profile increments by expanding liquid parameter M and Grashof numbers Gm and Gr, while velocity profile diminishes by expanding variable viscosity parameter A, liquid parameter k, and magnetic field parameter Ha. Moreover, Khan et al. [14] examined warm disper-sion and dissemination thermo impacts on the wobbly flow of electrically conducting Eyring-Powell liquid over an oscillatory extending sheet with convective limit conditions utilizing HAM and found that the bigger values of Eyring-Powell liquid parameter improve the amplitude of velocity and limit the layer thickness. However, inverse impacts are seen in temperature and concentration profiles. Furthermore, Ishaq et al. [15] explored two dimensional nanofluid film stream of Eyring-Powell liquid with variable warmth transmission in the presence of MHD on a shaky permeable extending sheet and announced that porosity parameter diminishes the movement of the fluid movies, and enlarging the nanoparticle concentration effectively expands the rubbing characteristic of Eyring-Powell nanofluid. In recent times, various researches have been made in the field of Eyring-Powell nanofluids that can be found in references [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].
Heat transport in the presence of strong magnetic field is significant in different parts of MHD power generation, nanotechnological processing, nuclear energy systems exploiting fluid metals, and blood stream control. Further, Hall and ion slip impacts become noteworthy in strong magnetic fields and can impressively influence the current density in hydromagnetic heat transport. Most recently, Krishna and Chamkha [24] explored Hall and ion slip impacts on the MHD free convective pivoting stream of nanofluids in a permeable medium past a moving vertical semiboundless level plate and announced the velocity increments with Hall and ion slip parameters. Furthermore, Rani et al. [25] explored Hall and ion slip impacts on the MHD natural convective pivoting stream of Ag-water-based nanofluid past a semiboundless penetrable moving plate with consistent warmth source utilizing the perturbation method. They found that in the limit layer area, liquid velocity diminishes with the expanding values of rotation parameter, magnetic field parameter, and suction parameter, while it increments with the expanding values of Hall and ion slip parameters. Further examinations identified with the MHD stream issues with Hall and ion slip impacts can be found in references [26][27][28][29][30][31].
The temperature differences between two distinct bodies cause heat transport device. It assumes a significant task in the creation of energy, cooling of atomic reactors, and biomedical applications such as medication targeting and heat conduction in tissues. Fourier [32] was the spearheading individual who at the outset portrayed the marvels of heat transport, which is the parabolic energy equation for temperature field and has disadvantage that initial interruption is felt right away all through the entire medium. Later on, so as to control this limitation, Cattaneo [33] improved the Fourier law of heat conduction by including the thermal relaxation term which causes heat transportation as thermal waves with limited speed. Furthermore, Christov [34] utilized Oldroyd's upper convected derivative instead of time derivative so as to achieve the material-invariant detailing. This new model is named as the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model. After the spearheading work of Christov [34], a number of ongoing investigations in this setting are given in the references [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45].
The aforesaid writing surveys affirmed that no endeavor has been made at this point to investigate the MHD mixed 2 Advances in Mathematical Physics convection flow of Eyring-Powell nanofluid past a vertical linearly extending sheet through a porous medium in the presence of the Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux model with the consolidated effects of Hall and ion slip, porosity, and Joule heating. With this perspective, the current correspondence aims to fill this gap inside the current writing. Consequently, the fundamental object of the present work is to examine the impact of Hall and ion slip on the mixed convection stream of Eyring-Powell nanofluid past a vertical linearly extending sheet through a penetrable medium in the presence of Joule heating with the Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass transition model. Numerical clarifications were accomplished employing the spectral relaxation method [3,[46][47][48]. The effects of embedding parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields are analyzed graphically. Moreover, numerical estimations of skin friction coefficients, local Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers for some pertinent parameters are computed and tabulated.

Mathematical Formulations
Considering a laminar, steady, viscous, and incompressible mixed convection stream of an electrically conducting Eyring-Powell nanofluid past a vertical linearly extending sheet through a porous medium with velocity U w ðxÞ = ax (where a is a positive constant) towardx-axis, the Cattaneo-Chirstov heat and mass flux model are utilized to explore the heat and mass transfer qualities. The surface temperature T w and concentration C w are assumed consistent at the extending surface. As y extends to infinity, the encompassing values of temperature and concentration are, respectively, T ∞ and C ∞ : Besides, a strong uniform magnetic field B 0 is applied in the direction along y − axis as shown in Figure 1.
Because of this strong magnetic field force, the electrically conducting liquid has the Hall and ion slip impacts which produces a crossflow in the z-direction, and consequently, the stream becomes three dimensional. The x-axis is along the course of movement of the surface, y-axis is perpendicular to the surface, and z-axis is normal to the xyplane. The induced magnetic field can be overlooked conversely with the applied magnetic field on the assumption that the stream is steady, and the magnetic Reynolds number is very little. The extra stress tensor τ ij of the Eyring-Powell liquid model is characterized as [15,21]: where μ is the dynamic viscosity, and β and b are the material fluid parameters of the Eyring-Powell fluid model such that Generalized Ohm's law with Hall and ion slip impacts is given by [20,23] where J = ðJ x , J y , J z Þ is the current density vector, Ε is the intensity vector of the electric field, V is the velocity vector, Β is the magnetic field, ω e is the cyclotron frequency, and τ e is the electrical collision time.

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with the relating boundary conditions [3,36]: where u, v, and w are the velocity components along the x − , y − , and z-directions, respectively, and υ is the kinematic viscosity, ρ is the density of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, β e is the Hall parameter, β i is the ion-slip parameter, α e = 1 + β e β i is a constant, B T is the coefficient of thermal expansion, B C is the solutal coefficient of expansion, κ is the permeability of the porous medium, T and C are the fluid temperature and concentration, respectively, γ T and γ C are the heat and mass flux relaxation times correspondingly, C p is the specific heat capacity, τ is the ratio of the effective heat capacity of nanoparticle to the heat capacity of the fluid, i.e., τ = ðρCÞ p /ðρCÞ f , D B is the Brownian diffusion coefficient, and D T is the thermophoresis diffusion coefficient. The overseeing equations can be changed to coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations utilizing the subsequent similarity transformations [3,36]: where η is the similarity variable, and ψ is the stream function defined as Equation (4) is identically fulfilled, and equations (5)-(9) become Pr The transformed boundary conditions are The dimensionless parameters showing up in equations (12)-(15) can be characterized as The skin friction coefficients C f x andC gz , the local Nusselt number Nu x , and the Sherwood number Sh x are the physical quantities of interest which can be characterized as follows: where τ wx and τ wz are the wall shear stresses in the directions of x and z, respectively, and q w is the surface 4 Advances in Mathematical Physics heat flux, and j m is the surface mass flux, which are given by From equations (10), (11), (17), and (18), we obtain

Method of Solution
Equations (12)- (15) subject to the boundary conditions (16) are explained utilizing the spectral relaxation method. The spectral relaxation algorithm uses the thought of the Gauss-Seidel method to decouple the arrangement of overseeing equations (12)- (15). The strategy is created by assessing the linear terms at the current iteration level r + 1 and nonlinear terms at the former iteration level r. The Chebyshev pseudospectral technique is used to unravel the decoupled equations. For the subtleties of the technique, interested readers can refer [3,[46][47][48].
Hence, to utilize the SRM, we start by decreasing the request for the momentum (equation (12)) from third to second order presenting the change f ′ = h so that f ′ ′ = h′ and f ′ ′′ = h ′ ′ :Along these lines, equations (12)-(15) become Pr

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The transformed boundary conditions are Executing the SRM to equations (20)-(25), we get the following iteration scheme: Pr   The transformed boundary conditions are Actualizing the Chebyshev spectral collocation method to equations (26)-(30), we get the ensuing matrix equations:

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where A 2 = D, B 2 = h r+1 , Here, D = 2D/η ∞ where D is the Chebyshev differentiation matrix (Trefethen [50]), η ∞ is a limited length which is adequately big so that we can simply incorporate the condition at perpetuity in this point, I and diag [.] are the identity and diagonal matrices of order ðN + 1Þ × ðN + 1Þ, N is the

Results and Discussions
The nonlinear differential equations (12)-(15) with the limit conditions (16) have been explained numerically via the spectral relaxation method, and consequences of the numerical calculations for the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles as well as skin friction coefficients, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood number have been obtained for different input parameters and presented through graphs and tables. Also, we contrasted our outcomes and those of the current writing as appeared in Table 1, and the outcomes give  9 Advances in Mathematical Physics viscosity can be varied as the Eyring-Powell fluid parameter varies resulting in an increasing viscous force as a result decreasing its velocity up to some maximum value, and then the velocity starts to increase due to decrease in viscosity. The optimum value is obtained around the point ≈1. Figures 6-9 divulge the impact of magnetic field parameter M on primary velocity, secondary velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, respectively. The transverse magnetite field which is applied vertical to the direction of flow provides a resistive force known as the Lorentz force. Physically, the Lorentz force opposes the flow of nanofluid; hence, the velocity diminishes. Moreover, this force tends to hinder the movement of the liquid in the boundary layer. This assists with declining the primary velocity profile and upgrades the secondary velocity, thermal, and concentration profiles as M increments as appeared in Figures 6-9. It is additionally seen that an augmentation in M prompts a lower in primary velocity boundary layer thickness and superior in thermal and concentration boundary layer thicknesses, though the secondary velocity boundary layer thickness diminishes near the surface and upsurges far off from the surface. Figures 10-13 illustrate the impact of the Hall parameter β e on primary velocity, secondary velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, respectively. It is seen that the primary velocity profile increments with an expansion in β e , though the contrary condition is watched for secondary velocity, thermal, and concentration profiles. Besides, as the Hall parameter β e enlarges, the primary velocity boundary layer thickness upgrades, and thermal and concentration boundary layer thicknesses lessen, while the secondary velocity boundary layer thickness improves near the surface and diminishes distant from the surface. Physically, the consideration of Hall parameter decreases the efficient conductivity and subsequently drops the magnetic resistive force. Thus, the Joule heating impact is condensed, and quantity of heat   10 Advances in Mathematical Physics owing to ohmic dissipation can be abridged by utilizing partially ionized fluid presented to magnetic field. The comparable conduct is seen with expanding ion slip parameter β i as revealed in Figures 14-17. Physically, the expansion in β i improves the efficient conductivity and therefore diminishes the damping force on the dimensionless velocity, and hence the dimensionless velocity expands. Figures 18-21 portray the impact of blended convection parameter λ on primary velocity, secondary velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, respectively. It is deduced that as λ upgrades, the primary velocity and secondary velocity profiles ascend. In contrast, the temperature and concentration profiles reduce. These outcomes physically hold since upgrade in blended convection parameter causes upsurge in buoyancy forces which speed up fluid motion. Figures 22-25 outline the impact of penetrability parameter K on the primary velocity, secondary velocity, thermal, and concentration distributions, respectively. It is obvious from the figures that as K augments, both primary and secondary velocity profiles decline while the opposite condition is watched for thermal and concentration profiles. Physically, the porousness builds obstruction of the permeable medium which will in general, diminish the fluid velocity. It is normal that an expansion in the porousness of the permeable medium prompts the ascent in the flow of fluid through it. When the outlets of the permeable medium become big, the obstruction of the medium might be ignored. Figure 26 proves the impact of the thermal relaxation parameter γ 1 on temperature distribution. It uncovers that the fluid temperature and energy boundary layer decrease with expanding value of γ 1 . Physically, thermal relaxation time is the time required by the fluid particles to move heat energy to its neighboring particles. Subsequently, as γ 1 ascends, the material particles need additional time to transfer heat to its adjoining particles, and this prompts less  Figure 27. Figure 28 depicts the impact of Eckert number Ec on the temperature profile. It is seen that the temperature profile upsurges with an expansion in Ec. Physically, by expanding the Eckert number, the heat energy is hoarded in the fluid as a result of the frictional or drag forces. Accordingly, the fluid temperature field enhances. Figure 29 demonstrates the effect of Lewis number Le on the concentration profile ϕðηÞ. By expanding Le, the concentration and the boundary layer thicknesses decline. This is because of the way that the mass transfer rate enhances by expanding Le which improves the volume fraction of nanoparticles. Table 2 specifies the impact of physical parameters on the skin fraction coefficients, local Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers. The primary skin friction coefficient − ffiffiffiffiffi Re p C f x augments as magnetic parameter M , Eyring-Powell fluid parameter ε, thermal relaxation parameter γ 1 , concentration relaxation parameter γ 2 , and permeability parameter K rise and decreases for increasing values of mixed convection parameter λ, Hall parameter β e , ion slip parameter β i , and Eckert number Ec. Also, it is observed that the secondary skin friction coefficient ffiffiffiffiffi Re p C gz amplifies as magnetic parameter M, mixed convection parameter λ, and Eyring-Powell fluid parameter ε increase and declines as Hall parameter β e , ion slip parameter β i , thermal relaxation parameter γ 1 , concentration relaxation parameter γ 2 , and permeability parameter K increase, while it remains constant as the Eckert number Ec enhances. Similarly, both the local Nusselt number -θ ′ ð0Þ and Sherwood number -ϕ ′ ð0Þ enhance for larger values of mixed convection parameter λ, Hall parameter β e , ion slip parameter β i , and Eyring-Powell fluid parameter ε and decrease for larger values of magnetic parameter M and permeability parameter K. Further, opposite behaviors of the local Nusselt number -θ′ð0Þ and the local Sherwood number -ϕ ′ ð0Þ are observed for increasing values of thermal relaxation parameter γ 1 , concentration relaxation parameter γ 2 , and Eckert number Ec:

Conclusions
This paper looks at the mixed convection stream of Eyring-Powell nanofluid with the Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux model over linearly stretching sheet through a permeable medium. The impacts of Hall and ion slip, permeability, and Joule heating are also considered. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are changed into joined nonlinear

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Advances in Mathematical Physics ordinary differential equations utilizing similitude transformations. These nonlinear ordinary differential equations subject to boundary conditions are handled numerically by means of SRM. Numerical results are presented for different parameters of interest, and results are discussed with the assistance of graphs and tables. The study has a momentous application in the material processing technology. From the introduced investigation, the accompanying ends were drawn: