Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 391454, 16 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/391454

Research Article

Thermomechanical Fractional Model of Two Immiscible TEMHD

F. Hamza,¹ A. M. Abd El-Latief,¹ and W. Khatan²

¹Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
²Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Damanhour, Damanhour 22111, Egypt

Received 29 January 2015; Revised 15 April 2015; Accepted 18 April 2015

Academic Editor: Somchai Thongtem

Copyright © 2015 F. Hamza et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We introduce a mathematical model of unsteady thermoelectric MHD flow and heat transfer of two immiscible fractional second-grade fluids, with thermal fractional parameters and mechanical fractional parameters , . The Laplace transform with respect to time is used to obtain the solution in the transformed domain. The inversion of Laplace transform is obtained by using numerical method based on a Fourier-series expansion. The numerical results for temperature, velocity, and the stress distributions are represented graphically for different values of and . The graphs describe the fractional thermomechanical parameters effect on the case of two immiscible fluids and the case of a single fluid.

1. Introduction

In recent years, the requirement of modern technology has stimulated interest in flow and heat transfer studies which involve interaction of several phenomena such as heat exchangers, transport of heat or cooled fluids, chemical processing equipment, and microelectronic cooling [1]. The problem of flow and heat transfer was extensively investigated by many researchers with different hypothesis, in which the mentioned studies pertain to a single-fluid model [2–6].

Many problems relating to plasma physics, aeronautics, and geophysics and in petroleum industry and so forth involve multilayered fluid flow situations [7]. There has been some theoretical and experimental work in stratified laminar flow of two immiscible fluids in horizontal pipes. Singh et al. [8] studied the generalized Couette flow of two viscous incompressible immiscible fluids with heat transfer in the presence of heat source through two straight parallel horizontal walls. Umavathi et al. [9] investigated unsteady oscillatory flow and heat transfer in horizontal channel consisting of two viscous immiscible fluids with isothermal permeable walls. Malashetty et al. [10] examined the magnetoconvection of two immiscible fluids in vertical enclosure consisting of two conducting and nonconducting regions. Kamışlı and Öztop [11] examined the entropy generation in two immiscible incompressible fluid flows under the influence of pressure difference in thin slit of constant wall heat fluxes. Nikodijevic et al. [12] investigate the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Couette flow and heat transfer of two immiscible fluids in a parallel-plate channel in the presence of applied electric and inclined magnetic fields. Tigrine et al. [13] studied experimentally the Couette flow of two immiscible fluids between concentric spheres when the outer sphere is fixed and the inner one rotates.

Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamics (TEMHD) theory was originally developed by Shercliff with direct application to a fusion environment [14]. The thermoelectric effect causes a current to develop between a liquid metal and a container wall when a temperature gradient is present along the interface between them [15–17].

Recently, the fractional derivatives have been found to be quite flexible in describing the behaviors of viscoelastic fluids and are studied by many mathematicians considering various motions of such fluids [18, 19]. In their studies, the constitutive equations for generalized non-Newtonian fluids are modified from the well-known fluid models by replacing the time derivative of an integer order by the so-called Caputo fractional operator.

El-Shahed [20] studies the effect of transverse magnetic field on the unsteady flow of a generalized second-grade fluid through a porous medium. Jamil et al. [21] obtain an exact solution for the motion of fractionalized second-grade fluid due to oscillations of an infinite circular cylinder. Sherief et al. [22] derive fractional order theory of thermoelasticity using the methodology of fractional calculus. The effects of fractional derivative parameter of two media are discussed in [23]. Ezzat [24, 25] constructed a mathematical model of the TEMHD in the context of fractional heat conduction equation by using the Taylor series expansion of time fractional order developed by Jumarie [26]. Recently, Hamza et al. [27] established a new fractional theory of thermoelasticity associated with two relaxations.

In this work, we introduce a mathematical model of unsteady flow and heat transfer of two immiscible thermoelectric fluids with thermomechanical fractional parameters and , . The thermal parameters are due to the fractional heat conduction equation of TEMHD introduced by Ezzat [24]. The mechanical parameters are due to the second-grade fluid in fractional form introduced by El-Shahed [20]. We will apply our model for the flow of two immiscible electrically conducting, incompressible, fractional viscoelastic second-grade fluids in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. The Laplace transform with respect to time is used. A numerical method based on a Fourier-series expansion is used for the inversion process. The numerical results for temperature, velocity, and the stress distributions are represented graphically for different values of and . The graphs describe the fractional thermomechanical parameters effect on the case of two immiscible fluids and the case of a single fluid.

2. Formulation of the Problem

Consider unsteady laminar stratified two immiscible fluid flows through nonconducting half space in contact with an infinite plate that is rigidly fixed. Take the positive -axis in the direction of the flow and the positive -axis vertically downward perpendicular to the flow.

The regions and are denoted as Region-1 and Region-2, respectively, and occupied by two immiscible electrically conducting incompressible thermoelectric generalized second-grade viscoelastic fluids with different viscosity , density , specific heat at constant pressure , thermal conductivity , electrical conductivity , first normal stress modulus , thermal relaxation time , Seebeck coefficient , and Peltier coefficient , where the subscript represents the values of the parameters of the first fluid and second fluid, respectively.

A constant magnetic field of strength is applied in the -direction. The magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small so that the induced magnetic field is neglected. Due to the formulation of the problem all variables depend on and only.

The following assumptions are required.

(1)The stress tensor which is different from zero for generalized second-grade viscoelastic fluid is given by [20]

 where is the stress tensor of the two fluids and is Caputo fractional time derivative operator defined as [28]

 where is the gamma function.(2)The modified Ohm and Fourier laws defined by Shercliff [14] for the two thermoelectric media are given by

 where , , and are heat conduction vector, conduction current density vector, and velocity vector of the two fluids and and are the electric density and magnetic induction vectors, respectively.(3)A mathematical model of fractional heat conduction equation by using the Taylor series expansion of time fractional order developed by Jumarie in the context of thermoelectric MHD [24] is

 where is the Caputo fractional derivative operator of order where , .(4)The magnetic induction has one constant nonvanishing component:

(5)The Lorentz force has only component in the -direction for each fluid and is given by

Under these assumptions the governing equations for such flow will take the following form.

The energy equation:

equation of motion:

the modified fractional Fourier law of heat conduction:

the constitutive equation:

where are the components of the fluids velocity, are the temperature of the regions of the two fluids, and , are thermal and mechanical Caputo fractional time derivative operator of orders , , .

The thermal boundary and interface condition for the two fluids are written as

where is the Heaviside unit step function.

The hydrodynamic boundary and interface condition for the two fluids are considered as

Let us introduce dimensionless variables:

where is reference temperature defined as .

Therefore, (7)–(10) are reduced to the nondimensional equations

where

where , , , and are Prandtl number, Hartmann number, viscoelastic parameter, and dimensionless thermoelectric figure-of-merit [29], respectively, is the first Thomson relation in thermoelectric medium [30], and , , , , , , and are the ratios of the materials parameter.

The thermal boundary and interface condition in nondimensional form become

The hydrodynamic boundary and interface condition in nondimensional form become

Applying the Laplace transform for both sides of (14), defined by

we get the following system of equations:

where , , , , , , and are given in the Appendix. In obtaining the above equations we shall use the homogenous initial condition and the following relation [28]:

The thermal boundary and interface conditions become

The hydrodynamic boundary and interface conditions become

Now, we can rewrite (19) and (20) in the form of

Eliminating , , between (26) and (27), we obtain the following fourth-order differential equation satisfied by :

Equation (28) can be factorized as

where , and , are the roots of the characteristic equations

The general solution of (28) which is bounded at infinity is given by

where the characteristic roots of Region-1 are , while and are the roots with positive real parts of the characteristic equation of Region-2. These roots are given in the Appendix. The other roots in Region-2 are neglected in order to make the functions field bounded in this region. are parameters depending on only.

By the same manner, we get

where are parameters depending on only.

From (31) and (32) into (26), we get

We thus have the following.

Region-1

Region-2

In order to determine the unknown , , we shall use (34) and (35) with boundary and interface conditions equations (24) and (25); we get

Solving the above system of equations we get ; thus we have the solution in the Laplace transformed domain. To obtain the solution in the time domain, we can use a numerical technique to invert the Laplace transform based on the Fourier expansion [31].

3. Numerical Results and Discussion

Two viscoelastic fluids were chosen for the purposes of numerical evaluations, namely, high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) [32–35]. The constants of the problem are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: The constants of the problem.

The computations were carried out for the case of two immiscible fluids (HDPE/PP) and the case of a single fluid (HDPE) on the whole region.

The temperature, the velocity, and the stress were calculated by using the numerical method of the inversion of the Laplace transform outlined above. The FORTRAN programming language was used on a personal computer. The accuracy maintained was 6 digits for the numerical program.

Figure 1 shows the temperature, the velocity, and the stress distributions for different values of time, namely, , and 0.3, when all fractional parameters , , are equal to one. Figures 2–5 show the temperature, the velocity, and the stress profiles for one value of time, namely, , and different values of the fractional parameters , , . Figure 6 shows the thermal and mechanical effects of the fractional parameters on the two fluids.

Figure 1: Temperature, velocity, and stress distribution for and 0.02 (); 0.03 (); 0.06 (); 0.15 (···); 0.3 (—.

Figure 2: Temperature, velocity, and stress distribution for , , and 0.0 (); 0.8 (); 0.9 (···); 1.0 (—.

Figure 3: Temperature, velocity, and stress distribution for , , and 0.0 (); 0.8 (); 0.9 (···); 1.0 (—.

Figure 4: Temperature, velocity, and stress distribution for , , and 0.0 (); 0.8 (); 0.9 (···); 1.0 (—.

Figure 5: Temperature, velocity, and stress distribution for , , and 0.0 (); 0.8 (); 0.9 (···); 1.0 (—.

Figure 6: Temperature, velocity, and stress distribution for HDPE/PP, , and case (a) and 0.0 (); 0.8 (); 0.9 (···); 1.0 (— and case (b) and 0.0 (); 0.8 (); 0.9 (···); 1.0 (—.

In Figure 1, we observe that for the first two smaller values of time the temperature and stress have sharp jump (discontinuity) at the locations of the wave front while it disappears in the velocity profile. This is consistent with the physical observation that the effect of the second fluid does not appear for the small value of time while it appears for the larger time. For the larger two values of time the temperature vanishes for the case of two fluids before the case of one fluid; this is convenient with the physical phenomena of the incident waves and the reflected waves during the interface between the two fluids while the velocity and the stress have a larger value for the case of two fluids than the case of a single fluid.

Figures 2-3 show the temperature, the velocity, and the stress distributions for different values of thermal fractional parameters and . These figures show that the fractional parameter has a noticeable effect on the temperature profile more than , while the mechanical effects of are small on the velocity and the stress profiles and do not appear for .

Figures 4-5 show the temperature, the velocity, and the stress distributions for different values of mechanical fractional parameters and . These figures show that the fractional parameter has noticeable effects on the velocity and the stress profiles more than , while the thermal effects of and do not appear.

Figure 6 describes the thermal effects of the fractional parameters and as shown in case (a) and the mechanical effects of and as shown in case (b).

Tables 2–7 show the temperature, the velocity, and the stress values for two values of time, namely, and . For the smaller value of , the function fields have a very small change for all values of the fractional parameters. This means that the effect of the presence of the second fluid disappears for small values of time, which is in agreement with the behavior of the function fields as in [23]. For the larger value of time the interaction between the two fluids is obvious in comparison with the absence of the second fluid.

Table 2: Temperature values of HDPE and HDPE/PP fluids for different when ; .

when
when
when

HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP

0.0
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001

0.4
0.087479
0.087478
0.0000007
0.00000008
0.0000007
0.00000008

0.8
0.000621
0.000611
0.0000005
0.00000006
0.0000005
0.00000005

1.2
0.0000007
0.000000
0.0000003
0.000000
0.0000003
0.000000

1.6
0.0000005
0.000000
0.0000002
0.000000
0.0000002
0.000000

2.0
0.0000003
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.0
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001

0.4
0.420681
0.421193
0.579084
0.578967
0.582487
0.582363

0.8
0.106871
0.112543
0.234755
0.249912
0.250953
0.279957

1.2
0.015363
0.002334
0.030723
0.000204
0.054408
0.0000208

1.6
0.001059
0.0000008
0.0000311
0.0000009
0.000000
0.000000

2.0
0.0000085
0.00000005
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

Table 3: Temperature values of HDPE and HDPE/PP fluids for different when ; .

when
when
when

HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP

0.0
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001

0.4
0.000031
0.000030
0.000001
0.000001
0.000001
0.000001

0.8
0.000001
0.000001
0.0000008
0.0000007
0.0000008
0.0000007

1.2
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

1.6
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

2.0
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.0
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001
1.000001

0.4
0.581747
0.581597
0.582525
0.582342
0.582487
0.582363

0.8
0.246487
0.274262
0.250745
0.279630
0.250953
0.279957

1.2
0.051544
0.0000035
0.054211
0.0000240
0.054408
0.0000208

1.6
0.0000203
0.000000
0.0000426
0.0000010
0.0000332
0.000000

2.0
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

Table 4: Velocity values of HDPE and HDPE/PP fluids for different when ; .

when
when
when

HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP

0.0
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.6
0.002939
0.003013
0.002620
0.002688
0.002616
0.002684

1.2
0.001571
0.001570
0.001397
0.001398
0.001395
0.001396

1.8
0.000838
0.000868
0.000745
0.000769
0.000744
0.000768

2.4
0.000447
0.000479
0.000397
0.000423
0.000397
0.000422

3.0
0.000238
0.000265
0.000212
0.000233
0.000211
0.000232

0.0
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.6
0.025095
0.023630
0.029555
0.027560
0.029917
0.027718

1.2
0.015306
0.013589
0.018988
0.016542
0.019510
0.016752

1.8
0.008268
0.008287
0.010202
0.010043
0.010472
0.010187

2.4
0.004441
0.005030
0.005475
0.006068
0.005620
0.006164

3.0
0.002385
0.003040
0.002938
0.003651
0.003016
0.003712

Table 5: Velocity values of HDPE and HDPE/PP fluids for different when ; .

when
when
when

HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP

0.0
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.6
0.002372
0.002243
0.003562
0.003525
0.002616
0.002684

1.2
0.000000
0.000001
0.001608
0.001491
0.001395
0.001396

1.8
0.000000
0.000000
0.000725
0.000820
0.000744
0.000768

2.4
0.000000
0.000000
0.000327
0.000451
0.000397
0.000422

3.0
0.000000
0.000000
0.000147
0.000248
0.000211
0.000232

0.0
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.6
0.103453
0.096869
0.036271
0.032740
0.029917
0.027718

1.2
0.029575
0.014052
0.022237
0.017948
0.019510
0.016752

1.8
0.000684
0.008051
0.010770
0.010925
0.010472
0.010187

2.4
0.000007
0.004603
0.005210
0.006615
0.005620
0.006164

3.0
0.000000
0.002627
0.002518
0.000000
0.003016
0.000000

Table 6: Stress values of HDPE and HDPE/PP fluids for different when ; .

when
when
when

HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP

0.0
1.662574
1.648661
1.631704
1.617246
1.623545
1.608846

0.6
−0.19194
−0.201456
−0.225428
−0.234513
−0.22988
−0.23904

1.2
−0.11365
−0.123767
−0.120332
−0.129629
−0.12270
−0.13202

1.8
−0.06069
−0.069907
−0.064232
−0.072580
−0.06549
−0.07385

2.4
−0.032418
−0.039437
−0.034286
−0.040603
−0.034957
−0.041275

3.0
−0.017314
−0.022221
−0.018302
−0.022696
−0.018659
−0.023051

0.0
1.392190
1.323119
1.241577
1.100666
1.231832
1.070555

0.6
−0.00054
−0.079583
0.183463
0.013853
0.190674
−0.003849

1.2
−0.22762
−0.277199
−0.29069
−0.315591
−0.25326
−0.303997

1.8
−0.13970
−0.180148
−0.19048
−0.207686
−0.19573
−0.202145

2.4
−0.07573
−0.115562
−0.10268
−0.134565
−0.10550
−0.132031

3.0
−0.04088
−0.073419
−0.05534
−0.086082
−0.05687
−0.084999

Table 7: Stress values of HDPE and HDPE/PP fluids for different when ; .

when
when
when

HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP
HDPE
HDPE/PP

0.0
0.938168
0.931532
1.553433
1.530803
1.623545
1.608846

0.6
−0.051838
−0.048786
−0.246749
−0.264793
−0.229881
−0.239039

1.2
−0.000012
−0.000402
−0.114039
−0.141048
−0.122702
−0.132024

1.8
0.000000
−0.000216
−0.052630
−0.078897
−0.065493
−0.073849

2.4
0.000000
−0.000116
−0.024256
−0.044096
−0.034957
−0.041275

3.0
0.000000
−0.000062
−0.011164
−0.024627
−0.018659
−0.023051

0.0
0.903874
0.900399
1.182936
1.043413
1.231832
1.070555

0.6
−0.12195
−0.195861
0.155454
−0.024652
0.190674
−0.003849

1.2
−0.21473
−0.435217
−0.25726
−0.318253
−0.25326
−0.303997

1.8
−0.00902
−0.264756
−0.18232
−0.212666
−0.19573
−0.202145

2.4
−0.00013
−0.159753
−0.09039
−0.139431
−0.10551
−0.132031

3.0
−0.00001
−0.095721
−0.04474
−0.090033
−0.05687
−0.084999

Appendix

Consider

Nomenclature

: | Magnetic induction
: | Specific heat at constant pressure of region-
: | Caputo fractional time derivative operator of order
: | Electric density
: | Lorentz force
: | Constant magnetic field
: | Heaviside unit step function
: | Conduction current density vector
: | Thermal conductivity of region-
: | Seebeck coefficient of region-
: | Hartmann number
: | Prandtl number
: | Heat conduction vector of region-
: | Time
: | Temperature of the fluid in region-
: | Temperature of the fluid away from the plate
: | Reference temperature
: | Dimensionless figure-of-merit
: | Thermal fractional parameters of region-
: | Material modulus of region-
: | Mechanical fractional parameters of region-
: | Viscosity of region-
: | Density of region-
: | Electrical conductivity of region-
: | Dimensionless viscoelastic parameter of region-
: | Kinematic viscosity in Region-1
: | Peltier coefficient of region-
: | Thermal relaxation time of region-
: | Stress tensor of region-.

Subscripts

: | Fluid in Region-1
: | Fluid in Region-2.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

A. Mateen, “Fully developed flow of two viscous immiscible fluids through a channel with heat transfer,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 2949–2953, 2013.

R. C. Bataller, “Viscoelastic fluid flow and heat transfer over a stretching sheet under the effects of a non-uniform heat source, viscous dissipation and thermal radiation,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 50, no. 15-16, pp. 3152–3162, 2007.

T. Hayat, T. Javed, and M. Sajid, “Analytic solution for rotating flow and heat transfer analysis of a third-grade fluid,” Acta Mechanica, vol. 191, no. 3-4, pp. 219–229, 2007.

N. Bachok, A. Ishak, R. Nazar, and I. Pop, “Flow and heat transfer at a general three-dimensional stagnation point in a nanofluid,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 405, no. 24, pp. 4914–4918, 2010.

A. R. Mohd Kasim, N. F. Mohammad, S. Shafie, and I. Pop, “Constant heat flux solution for mixed convection boundary layer viscoelastic fluid,” Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 163–171, 2013.

M. R. Tarybakhsh, A. A. Lotfi Neyestanak, and H. Tarybakhsh, “CFD study on wall/nanoparticle interaction in nanofluids convective heat transfer,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2013, Article ID 651365, 7 pages, 2013.

T. L. Raju and M. Nagavalli, “Unsteady two-layered fluid flow and heat transfer of conducting fluids in a channel between parallel porous plates under transverse magnetic field,” International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 699–726, 2013.

A. K. Singh, A. K. Singh, and N. P. Singh, “Generalised couette flow of two immiscible viscous fluids with heat transfer using Brinkman model,” Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 40, no. 6-7, pp. 517–523, 2004.

J. C. Umavathi, A. J. Chamkha, A. Mateen, and A. Al-Mudhaf, “Unsteady two-fluid flow and heat transfer in a horizontal channel,” Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 81–90, 2005.

M. S. Malashetty, J. C. Umavathi, and J. P. Kumar, “Magnetoconvection of two-immiscible fluids in vertical enclosure,” Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 977–993, 2006.

F. Kamışlı and H. F. Öztop, “Second law analysis of the 2D laminar flow of two-immiscible, incompressible viscous fluids in a channel,” Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 751–761, 2008.

D. Nikodijevic, D. Milenkovic, and Z. Stamenkovic, “MHD Couette two-fluid flow and heat transfer in presence of uniform inclined magnetic field,” Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 1525–1535, 2011.

Z. Tigrine, F. Mokhtari, A. Bouabdallah, and M. Mahloul, “Experiments on two immiscible fluids in spherical Couette flow,” Acta Mechanica, vol. 225, no. 1, pp. 233–242, 2014.

J. A. Shercliff, “Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamics,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 231–251, 1979.

M. A. Jaworski, T. K. Gray, M. Antonelli et al., “Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamic stirring of liquid metals,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 104, no. 9, Article ID 094503, 2010.

A. Sellitto, V. A. Cimmelli, and D. Jou, “Thermoelectric effects and size dependency of the figure-of-merit in cylindrical nanowires,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 109–116, 2013.

Y. Yang, C. Gao, and J. Li, “The effective thermoelectric properties of core-shell composites,” Acta Mechanica, vol. 225, no. 4-5, pp. 1211–1222, 2014.

W.-C. Tan and M.-Y. Xu, “The impulsive motion of flat plate in a generalized second grade fluid,” Mechanics Research Communications, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 3–9, 2002.

M. Jamil and N. A. Khan, “Slip effects on fractional viscoelastic fluids,” International Journal of Differential Equations, vol. 2011, Article ID 193813, 19 pages, 2011.

M. El-Shahed, “On the impulsive motion of flat plate in a generalized second grade fluid,” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 829–859, 2004.

M. Jamil, N. A. Khan, and A. Rauf, “Oscillating flows of fractionalized second grade fluid,” ISRN Mathematical Physics, vol. 2012, Article ID 908386, 23 pages, 2012.

H. H. Sherief, A. M. A. El-Sayed, and A. M. Abd El-Latief, “Fractional order theory of thermoelasticity,” International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 269–275, 2010.

A. M. Abd El-Latief and S. E. Khader, “Fractional model of thermoelasticity for a half-space overlaid by a thick layer,” ZAMM—Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 511–518, 2015.

M. A. Ezzat, “Thermoelectric MHD non-Newtonian fluid with fractional derivative heat transfer,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 405, no. 19, pp. 4188–4194, 2010.

M. A. Ezzat, “State space approach to thermoelectric fluid with fractional order heat transfer,” Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 71–82, 2012.

G. Jumarie, “Derivation and solutions of some fractional Black-Scholes equations in coarse-grained space and time. Application to Merton's optimal portfolio,” Computers and Mathematics with Applications, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 1142–1164, 2010.

F. Hamza, M. Abdou, and A. M. Abd El-Latief, “Generalized fractional thermoelasticity associated with two relaxation times,” Journal of Thermal Stresses, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 1080–1098, 2014.

I. Podlubny, Fractional Differential Equations: An Introduction to Fractional Derivatives, Fractional Differential Equations, to Methods of Their Solution and Some of Their Applications, vol. 198, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1998.

J. E. Cornett and O. Rabin, “Thermoelectric figure of merit calculations for semiconducting nanowires,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 98, no. 18, Article ID 182104, 2011.

Y. Hiroshige, M. Ookawa, and N. Toshima, “Thermoelectric figure-of-merit of iodine-doped copolymer of phenylenevinylene with dialkoxyphenylenevinylene,” Synthetic Metals, vol. 157, no. 10-12, pp. 467–474, 2007.

G. Honig and U. Hirdes, “A method for the numerical inversion of Laplace transforms,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 113–132, 1984.

P. Elkouss, D. I. Bigio, M. D. Wetzel, and S. R. Raghavan, “Influence of polymer viscoelasticity on the residence distributions of extruders,” AIChE Journal, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1451–1459, 2006.

A. D. Drozdov, E. A. Jensen, and J. D. C. Christiansen, “Thermo-viscoelasticity of polymer melts: experiments and modeling,” Acta Mechanica, vol. 197, no. 3-4, pp. 211–245, 2008.

P. Yue, C. Zhou, J. Dooley, and J. J. Feng, “Elastic encapsulation in bicomponent stratified flow of viscoelastic fluids,” Journal of Rheology, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1027–1042, 2008.

J. Y. Tong, N. R. R. Royan, Y. C. Ng, M. H. Ab Ghani, and S. Ahmad, “Study of the mechanical and morphology properties of recycled HDPE composite using rice husk filler,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2014, Article ID 938961, 6 pages, 2014.