Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 9562612, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9562612

Research Article

Surface Organic Modification of TiO₂ Powder and Relevant Characterization

Hong Zhou, Sijia Sun, and Hao Ding

Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Hao Ding; dinghao@cugb.edu.cn

Received 9 November 2016; Revised 11 January 2017; Accepted 24 January 2017; Published 2 May 2017

Academic Editor: Michele Iafisco

Copyright © 2017 Hong Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Surface organic modification was conducted to TiO₂ with modifiers to improve the dispersity and comparability of pigment TiO₂ in application system by adjusting particle surface characteristics. Then, modification effects were characterized according to the changes in wetting contact angle and activation index of TiO₂ before and after modification. Moreover, the modification mechanisms of sodium stearate and sodium oleate were studied by analyzing the characteristics of TiO₂ surface functional groups in modification system and effects of modifiers. The results showed that, after being wet-processed with sodium stearate and sodium oleate, TiO₂ could turn from surface hydrophilic to inductive hydrophobic with controllable degree. The wetting contact angle of modified TiO₂ increased from 7° to 125.6° and 121.3°, respectively. The dispersity of TiO₂ in organic medium was stronger than that in inorganic medium. The modifiers formed absorption with chemical property on TiO₂ particle surface, so the inductive hydrophobicity of surface was stable.

1. Introduction

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is metallic oxide with excellent physical and chemical properties. Its particle in submicron scale (0.2–0.3 μm) is the component of the best white pigment; nanometer TiO₂ (less than 100 nm) is excellent photocatalytic material. Therefore, TiO₂ draws general attention. With properties of high refractive index, no toxicity, strong stability, high brightness, high covering power, and so forth, TiO₂ has been widely used in fields of coating, plastic, papermaking, printing ink, chemical fiber, and so forth [1–7]. As the photocatalyst, nanometer TiO₂ is applied in fields of water and air purification [8–11], breaking down procedures of organic pollutant degradation [12, 13], medical waste treatment [14, 15], and so forth. Actually, above properties and their roles are dependent on the control over the purity, crystal form, and size distribution of TiO₂ powder in synthesis and preparation. Moreover, the postprocessing is also important in optimizing the surface morphology and compatibility with application system. Therefore, the processing for TiO₂ powder is necessary when improving the application performance.

Micro-nano TiO₂ is poor in compatibility with high polymer material because of small grain size, high surface energy, and, especially, strong hydrophilia for surface hydroxylation. Actually, the bad dispersity and agglomeration of TiO₂ in organic system impede its pigment performance or photocatalytic performance. However, this problem can be solved by improving the dispersity of TiO₂ in application system. In the way of particle surface modification, the surface wettability can be adjusted and the morphology of surface functional groups be changed. Guosheng et al. conducted surface organic modification to nano-TiO₂ particle with silane coupling agent. The results show that TiO₂ turns from surface hydrophilic to surface hydrophobic [16]. In addition, TiO₂ particle was also modified with sodium stearate and polyethylene glycol, lauryl sodium sulfate and triethanolamine, and sodium hexametaphosphate by Gang et al. [17], Xihai et al. [18], Hui [19], Ding et al. [20–22], and Weng et al. [23], respectively. All of these studies show that the dispersity of TiO₂ improves in corresponding medium. This work also indicates that the application effects of modifiers with carboxylic in structure are more ideal among above modifiers [24–26]. Except for surface modifier, it is also important to make preassessment for TiO₂ modification effects. At present, the surface modification of powder is mainly evaluated by measurement with contact angle [27, 28] and activation index [29]. However, the modification effects and stability of changed surface wettability cannot be evaluated. Moreover, the modification mechanism cannot be reflected with the interaction between modifier and TiO₂ particle. This work conducted surface modification to TiO₂ particle in micrometer scale by wet-modification with modifiers, sodium stearate, and sodium oleate. Suspension was prepared with TiO₂ powder and water in the weight ratio of 1 : 1 and heated to and fixed at 65°C. Then, appropriate dosage of modifier was added to adjust pH value of modifier equal to or smaller than 7. The modified suspension was obtained after 30 minutes of heat preservation and constant stirring. After drying and dispersing the modified suspension, modified TiO₂ powder can be obtained. Then, the modification effects of TiO₂ were characterized according to the changes of wetting contact angle and activation index in different liquid mediums before and after modification. Finally, the modification mechanisms of TiO₂ were studied by testing the infrared spectrums and analyzing the morphology of surface functional groups before and after modification with sodium stearate and sodium oleate.

2. Experiments

2.1. Raw Materials and Reagent

TiO₂ used in tests was anatase-type titanium oxide powder manufactured by Henan Billions Chemicals Co., Ltd. In sample test, the particle size was median diameter () of 0.37 μm; specific surface area was 6.125 m²/g⁻¹; whiteness was 98.80%; covering power was 12.99 g/m²; oil absorption was 24.40 g/100 g; and water-wetting contact angle was 7°.

The organic modifiers in test, sodium stearate and sodium oleate, were all chemically pure reagents provided by Beijing JingweiHuabo Co., Ltd. The reagents should be disposed as 5% water solution by heating.

2.2. Process of TiO₂ Organic Modification

Surface modification for TiO₂ was conducted by water suspension wet surface modification. Suspension was prepared with TiO₂ powder and water in weight ratio of 1 : 1 (solid content 50%) and heated to constant temperature (65°C). Then, the modifier solution was added to TiO₂ water suspension by ratio to adjust the pH value equal to or less than 7. Modified suspension was obtained after thermal insulation and constant stirring for 30 minutes. TiO₂ powder can be obtained after drying and dispersing the modified suspension.

2.3. Performance and Structural Characterization

2.3.1. Wetting Contact Angle

Contact angle (θ) refers to the included angle between gas-liquid surface and solid-liquid surface (including liquid) in the junction of three phases, gas, liquid, and solid. As the physical quantity quantitatively reflecting the wetting degree on solid surface, contact angle can represent the change in surface characteristics of TiO₂ before and after modification. Therefore, contact angle can be used to determine the modification effects. When measuring the angle, the sample to be tested should be pressed as the solid slice with smooth surface. Then, contact angle gauge (JC2000D, Shanghai powereach digital technology equipment Co. Ltd.) should be used to measure and take photo of wetting contact angle.

2.3.2. Activation Index

Activation index refers to the percentage of powder floating on the water-gas interface accounting for the total volume after mixing the modified powder in water. Particles with surface hydrophobicity may float on the interface in the comprehensive action of adhesive force, gravity, buoyancy, water pressure, and so forth in moist periphery of three phases. The stronger the surface hydrophobicity of particle is, the greater the adhesive force in moist periphery and the larger the floating trend will be. Therefore, the floating powder can intuitively reflect the surface modification effects.

2 g modified sample was correctly weighed and placed in pear-shaped funnel with 200 mL water. After oscillation and stewing, the sedimentation at bottom in hierarchy was introduced to beaker for drying and weighing. The activation index of sample could be calculated by following formula:

2.3.3. Infrared Spectroscopy

Infrared spectroscopy analysis can be used to detect various keys in molecule, structure of functional group, and binding characteristics of different parts in composite materials. After compressing the sample to be tested and KBr, Spectrum 100 infrared spectrometric analyzer manufactured by Shanghai PerkinElmer Co., Ltd. was used for infrared spectrometry and analysis. The scanning scope of instrument was 4000 cm⁻¹–400 cm⁻¹, and the resolution ratio was 3 cm⁻¹.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Change of Modified TiO₂ Wetting Contact Angle with Modifiers and Dosage

Figure 1 shows the influences of modifier dosage on the contact angle of TiO₂ wetted by water after TiO₂ particles were modified with sodium stearate and sodium oleate. Figure 2 shows the microscopic image of wetting contact angle.

Figure 1: The wetting contact angle of modified TiO₂ in water.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: Microscopic image of wet contact angle of TiO₂. (a) Wet contact angle of TiO₂, (b) wet contact angle of modified TiO₂ with sodium stearate, and (c) wet contact angle of modified TiO₂ with sodium oleate.

According to Figure 1, the contact angle continuously enlarged with the increase of modifier dosage after TiO₂ is modified with sodium stearate and sodium oleate. The angles are 125.6° (modified with sodium stearate) and 121.3° (modified with sodium oleate), larger than 90°, critical between hydrophile and hydrophobicity, when modifier dosage is 1.5%. The contact angle of TiO₂ is 7° before modification. Obviously, TiO₂ surface has turned from strong hydrophilia to hydrophobicity after modification. However, the wetting contact angle on TiO₂ surface decreases in small range when the dosage further increases. The results show that both modifiers can change the wettability of TiO₂ surface. Moreover, the hydrophobicity formed in modification can be controlled with modifier dosage. In other words, the wettability on TiO₂ particle surface and its degree are controllable. Figure 2 intuitively reflects the changes in Figure 1.

In this work, TiO₂ was modified with sodium stearate and sodium oleate (in dosage of 1.5%), respectively. Figure 3 shows the contact angles of modified product and unmodified TiO₂ wetted by water, absolute ethyl alcohol, and kerosene. It can be seen that the contact angle of modified TiO₂ wetted by absolute ethyl alcohol is about 21°, while the angle wetted by water is larger than 120° (see Figure 1). This means that the hydrophilia of TiO₂ with alcohol is stronger than that with water because alcohol has double characters of organics and water. Therefore, modified TiO₂ with surface strong hydrophobicity has stronger wetting action than water. The wetting contact angle of modified TiO₂ in kerosene (organic nonpolar solvent) is slightly smaller than that in ethyl alcohol (less than 20°). In other words, the hydrophilia of modified TiO₂ in kerosene is much stronger than that in alcohol. It means that the surface of modified TiO₂ particle has stronger organic nonpolarity. Moreover, the above results further specify that modifiers form the effective absorption on the surface of TiO₂ particle, so the particle turns from surface hydrophilia to hydrophobicity. Figure 3 also shows that the contact angle of unmodified TiO₂ wetted by alcohol and kerosene is about 20° larger than that wetted by water. In other words, the wetness degree of alcohol and kerosene is lower than water. This means that unmodified TiO₂ has strong surface hydrophilicity.

Figure 3: Change of wet contact angle of TiO₂.

Before and after modification, wetting contact angle of TiO₂ particles changed in different mediums. This means that TiO₂ particle has extremely strong hydrophilia which may turn to strong hydrophobicity after organic modification. The wettability of modified TiO₂ particle in organic medium is stronger than that in inorganic medium, which is beneficial to the improvement of dispersity in organic medium.

3.2. Changes in Activation Index of Modified TiO₂

Activation index is an important index evaluating modification. The stronger the hydrophobicity TiO₂ particles are, the larger the activation index will be. Figure 4 shows the changes in activation index of TiO₂ powder modified by sodium stearate and sodium oleate. According to the figure, the activation index of modified TiO₂ greatly increases with the dosages of sodium stearate and sodium oleate increasing from 0% to 1.5% and from 0% to 1%, respectively. Moreover, the activation index reached the maximum, 98.6% and 89.7%, when the dosages of sodium stearate and sodium oleate were 1.5% and 1%, respectively. However, with the further increase of sodium stearate and sodium oleate, the activation index of TiO₂ may slightly decrease or keep stable. This is because the surface modification of TiO₂ is incomplete if the modifier dosage is little, so the activation index is small. With the increase of modifier dosage, however, the unimolecular coverage is realized with modifier on the surface of TiO₂ to make the modifier dosage saturated. At this time, the activation index is the maximum. If the modifier dosage further increases, multilayer coats will form on the surface of TiO₂ particles to make some types of group outward and reduce the hydrophobicity of TiO₂. Therefore, the activation index will decrease. The change of activation index shows that after modifying the sodium stearate and sodium oleate of TiO₂, the hydrophilia on surface will turn to strong hydrophobic effects. This is obviously the interaction between TiO₂ particle and modifier molecule, as well as the coating on the surface of TiO₂ [30, 31].

Figure 4: Activation index of modified TiO₂ with the amount of modifier.

This means that TiO₂ surface turns from hydrophilia to strong hydrophobicity after being modified with sodium stearate and sodium oleate. This is obviously the result of TiO₂ particle and modifier molecule covering TiO₂ surface. Above results are consistent with the analysis on contact angle test.

3.3. Function Mechanism of Modifiers and TiO₂ Particle

3.3.1. IR Analysis on TiO₂ Modified with Sodium Stearate and Sodium Oleate

The mechanism of TiO₂ surface showing strong hydrophobicity can be further understood and hydrophobicity stability be determined by studying the properties of interaction between modifiers, sodium stearate and sodium oleate and TiO₂ surface. Therefore, the infrared spectroscopies were measured for sodium stearate and sodium oleate, as well as TiO₂ modified by these two modifiers. Figures 5 and 6 show the measurement results.

Figure 5: IR of TiO₂ modified by sodium stearate. (a) Sodium stearate; (b) TiO₂; (c) modified TiO₂.

Figure 6: IR of TiO₂ modified by sodium oleate. (a) Sodium oleate; (b) TiO₂; (c) modified TiO₂.

Figure 5 shows that there are symmetrical and dissymmetrical characteristic absorption peaks of -CH₂- at 2,917 cm⁻¹ and 2,849 cm⁻¹ in the infrared spectroscopy of sodium stearate (see Figure 5(a)). Moreover, there is characteristic absorption peak of -CH₃ at 2,956 cm⁻¹ and stretching absorption peaks of carbonyl (C=O) and carboxyl (COO-) at 1,557 cm⁻¹ and 1,470 cm⁻¹. All of these reflect the structural characteristics of sodium stearate. Compared with raw material of sodium stearate and TiO₂, there are absorption peaks at 2,996 cm⁻¹ and 2,885 cm⁻¹ in the infrared spectroscopy of modified TiO₂. This is obviously the characteristics of -CH₂- and -CH₃, showing that sodium stearate has attached to TiO₂ surface.

According to the comparison, the absorption peak of modified TiO₂ at 1,504 cm⁻¹ resulted from the displacement of absorption peaks at 1557 cm⁻¹ and 1470 cm⁻¹ in the infrared spectrum of sodium stearate. It means that the chemical environment of C=O and -COO⁻ had significant change after sodium stearate reacted with TiO₂. This may result from the chemical action between functional group of sodium stearate and surface functional group of TiO₂ (the hydroxide radical produced in Ti or Ti hydrolysis). Therefore, it is believed that the attachment of sodium stearate to TiO₂ particle surface has chemical properties. Sodium stearate is closely and firmly combined with TiO₂ particle, so the changes in surface characteristics of TiO₂ for modification are stable.

As shown in Figure 6, the infrared spectral features of TiO₂ modified with sodium oleate are similar to those of TiO₂ modified with sodium stearate. In the infrared spectroscopy of modified TiO₂, there are characteristic absorption peaks representing methylene and methyl at 2,852 cm⁻¹ and 2,922 cm⁻¹. This means that sodium oleate has attached to TiO₂ surface. The absorption peak at 1,465 cm⁻¹ indicates that chemical action occurred between -COO⁻ and TiO₂ in sodium oleate. Therefore, sodium oleate is also closely combined with TiO₂ particle for stable modification of TiO₂.

3.3.2. Functional Group Morphology of TiO₂ Particle Surface in Water Medium

TiO₂ is one of the most typical oxides of surface hydroxylation, while the surface hydroxylation of TiO₂ as the semiconductor material is complex with various hydroxyl groups. Perrin made quantitative analysis on hydration reaction of titanium ion (Ti⁴⁺) in water medium. The hydration reactions of Ti⁴⁺ in different levels and constants are as follows [32]:

Therefore, the relationship between components, Ti⁴⁺, , , , and , and pH value () is shown in Figure 7 [32].

Figure 7: Distribution of Ti⁴⁺ hydrolysis component with pH value.

Figure 7 shows that with the increase of pH value in system, Ti⁴⁺ tends to generate polyhydroxy. When pH < 1, is taken as the principal; when pH = 2, is taken as the principal; when pH > 4, Ti⁴⁺ will turn to component. The result also shows that even when pH = 0~1, the concentration of OH⁻ in system is extremely small. If the external action of hydrolysis is weak, no Ti⁴⁺ and component is represented, meaning that the capability of Ti⁴⁺ is strong in generating various hydroxylates. It is obvious because the constants (pk ₁~pk ₄) of Ti⁴⁺ hydrolysis reaction in different levels keep in very high value (13.06~14.15).

The hydroxylation characteristic of unsaturated Ti on TiO₂ surface can be deducted according to the hydrolysis behavior of Ti⁴⁺. In other words, Ti is covered by a large amount of hydroxyl, so surface functional groups of TiO₂ are mainly OH-group as shown in Figure 8 [33]. This is similar with the molecule model of TiO₂ with surface attached with water proposed by Huaxiang and Xuxu [33].

Figure 8: Schematic diagram of TiO₂ surface adsorbed hydroxyl.

3.3.3. Dissociation Morphology of Sodium Stearate and Sodium Oleate in Water Solution

The molecular formula of sodium stearate is CH₃(CH₂)₁₆COONa, while that of sodium oleate is CH₃(CH₂)₇CH=CH(CH₂)₇COONa (R-COONa for short). Both of them are composed of long chain of polar hydrophilic carboxyl and nonpolar hydrophobic alkane. They can dissolve in water solution, and then the dissolved components are rehydrated. The reaction formula is as follows:

Dianzuo and Yuehua [34] studied the relationship between the concentration of R-COO and R-COOH in sodium oleate solution and pH value (see Figure 9) [34]. The figure shows that the main morphology of R-COONa is R-COOH in the modification condition of TiO₂, and only few R-COONa have coexistence of R-COOH and R-COO⁻ in this work. Therefore, it is believed that the action groups of TiO₂ modified with sodium stearate and sodium oleate are mainly R-COOH, followed by R-COO⁻.

Figure 9: Distribution of sodium oleic acid in aqueous solution.

3.3.4. Model of Action between Modifier and TiO₂ Surface

The modification mechanism of sodium stearate and sodium oleate can be obtained according to above analysis on surface functional groups of TiO₂ particle and the dissociation morphology of modifiers. Firstly, R-COOH forms a hydrogen bond with OH⁻ on TiO₂ particle surface for combination by dihydroxylation reaction. The combination can be realized by forming hydrogen bond with C=O and OH⁻ on TiO₂ surface through R-COO⁻. Therefore, the modifier, R-COONa firmly attaches to TiO₂ particle surface to make organic hydrocarbon chain distribute externally on particle surface. Therefore, TiO₂ has strong hydrophobicity. OH⁻ on TiO₂ surface is covered by R-COOH and R-COO⁻ attachment, so the absorption peaks reflect hydroxyl in infrared spectroscopy of TiO₂ after modification.

The reaction model of modifier on TiO₂ particle surface in wet process is established as according to above result analysis (See Figure 10).

Figure 10: Schematic diagram of TiO₂ modified by sodium stearate and sodium oleate.

4. Conclusions

Surface modification was conducted to TiO₂ particle with sodium stearate and sodium oleate. TiO₂ particle surface turns from hydrophilia to hydrophobicity, while the hydrophobicity degree can be controlled by changing modifier dosage.

In aqueous medium, wetting contact angle of TiO₂ particle greatly enlarges after modifying sodium stearate and sodium oleate. The increase of activation index shows that wettability in water medium becomes poor. The wetting contact angle of modified TiO₂ particle in absolute ethyl alcohol and kerosene is significantly lower than that in water medium, showing the good compatibility of organic matrix.

TiO₂ infrared spectroscopic analysis before and after modification shows that the modifier forms effective attachment on TiO₂ particle surface. With such attachment, inductive hydrophobicity forms on TiO₂ particle surface. It is relatively stable because attachment of modifier has certain chemical properties. The action model of TiO₂ modified with sodium stearate and sodium oleate was established based on the analysis on the functional groups of TiO₂ particle surface and the dissociation morphology of modifiers.

Disclosure

Zhou Hong is the first author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China “Fundamental Researches of Theory and Technology for Self-Assembly Compound of Calcium Carbonate and TiO₂ driven by Particle-Induced Hydrophobic Effect” (Grant no. 51474194).

References

E. Reck and M. Richards, “TiO₂ manufacture and life cycle analysis,” Pigment and Resin Technology, vol. 28, no. s3, pp. 149–157, 1999.

S.-R. Lu, H.-L. Zhang, C.-X. Zhao et al., “Studies on the properties of a new hybrid materials containing chain-extended urea and SiO₂-TiO₂ particles,” Polymer, vol. 46, no. 23, pp. 10484–10492, 2005.

A. Chatterjee, “Effect of nanoTiO₂ addition on poly(methyl methacrylate): an exciting nanocomposite,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 116, no. 6, pp. 3396–3407, 2010.

F. Loffredo, I. A. Grimaldi, A. De Girolamo Del Mauro et al., “Polyethylenimine/N-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticle based inks for ink-jet printing applications,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 122, no. 6, pp. 3630–3636, 2011.

C. Xiaoquan and S. Wenhao, “Research progress on the preparation and application of nano titanium dioxide in papermaking,” Paper Science and technology, vol. 6, pp. 109–114, 2010.

A. Sotto, A. Boromand, R. Zhang et al., “Effect of nanoparticle aggregation at low concentrations of TiO₂ on the hydrophilicity, morphology, and fouling resistance of PES-TiO₂ membranes,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 363, no. 2, pp. 540–550, 2011.

J. C. Yu, J. Yu, W. Ho et al., “Light-induced super-hydrophilicity and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO₂ thin films,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 331–339, 2002.

Y. Gao, G. Chen, Y. Oli et al., “Study on tribological properties of oleic acid-modified TiO₂ nanoparticle in water,” Wear, vol. 252, no. 5, pp. 454–458, 2002.

N. Maximous, G. Nakhla, W. Wan et al., “Performance of a novel ZrO₂/PES membrane for wastewater filtration,” Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 352, no. 1, pp. 222–230, 2010.

N. Maximous, G. Nakhla, W. Wan et al., “Preparation, characterization and performance of Al₂O₃/PES membrane for wastewater filtration,” Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 341, no. 1, pp. 67–75, 2009.

Z. Wanzhong, Q. Xueliang, Q. Lin et al., “Photocatalytic mechanism of nano titanium dioxide and its application in the treatment of organic wastewater,” Journal of Synthetic Crystals, vol. 35, pp. 1026–1031, 2006.

C. Hanlin, Study on Photoelectrochemical degradation of organic pollutants and hydrogen production by modified titania nanotube array electrode, South China University of Technology, 2015.

L. Daohui, Ji. Jing, L. Tian et al., “Environmental behavior and biological toxicity of nanomaterials,” Science Bulletin, vol. 23, pp. 3590–3604, 2009.

Li. Shugan and J. Xiaoning, “Treatment method of medical polypropylene nonwoven fabric,” Industrial Textiles, vol. 29, pp. 30–33, 2011.

H. Park, Y. Park, W. Kim et al., “Surface modification of TiO₂ photocatalyst for environmental applications,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2013.

C. Yao, G.-S. Gao, X.-P. Lin, X.-J. Yang, L.-D. Lu, and X. Wang, “Surface modification of nanosized TiO₂ with silane coupling reagent,” Journal of Inorganic Materials, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 315–321, 2006.

X. Gang, Z. Huashan, Z. Haodong et al., “Study on surface modification of nano titanium dioxide,” Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology (Science and Engineering), vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 39–42, 2004.

H. Xihai, L. Huimin, L. Fei et al., “Study on surface modification of nano titanium dioxide,” inorganic salt industry, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 30–32, 2012.

F. Hui, Study on Surface Treatment and Application Performance of Rutile Titanium Dioxide, Jiangsu University, 2007.

H. Ding, S.-C. Lu, Y.-X. Deng, and G.-X. Du, “Mechano-activated surface modification of calcium carbonate in wet stirred mill and its properties,” Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1100–1104, 2007.

H. Ding, H. Yushu, and L. shouci, Ore sodium stearate modified heavy calcium carbonate of non metallic mines, wet ultrafine grinding 1997, (4): 37-40.

H. Ding, H. Zhou, Y. X. Zheng, and M. M. Wang, “Effect of sodium stearate on grinding behaviour of calcium carbonate in wet stirred mill,” Materials Research Innovations, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. s292–s296, 2013.

Y.-X. Weng, L. Li, Y. Liu, L. Wang, and G.-Z. Yang, “Surface-binding forms of carboxylic groups on nanoparticulate TiO₂ surface studied by the interface-sensitive transient triplet-state molecular probe,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 107, no. 18, pp. 4356–4363, 2003.

S. Mallakpour and E. Nikkhoo, “Surface modification of nano-TiO₂ with trimellitylimido-amino acid-based diacids for preventing aggregation of nanoparticles,” Advanced Powder Technology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 348–353, 2014.

D. Q. Vo, E.-J. Kim, and S. Kim, “Surface modification of hydrophobic nanocrystals using short-chain carboxylic acids,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 337, no. 1, pp. 75–80, 2009.

Y. Wang, W. Eli, L. Zhang, H. Gao, Y. Liu, and P. Li, “A new method for surface modification of nano-CaCO₃ and nano-Al₂O₃ at room temperature,” Advanced Powder Technology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 203–205, 2010.

T. Zhisong, L. Runjing, G. Fen et al., “The effect of coupling agent on the surface modification of nano CaCO₃,” Journal of Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 2004.

W. Shuzhong, M. Yixuan, H. Fuzeng et al., “Study on inorganic nano particles/styrene butadiene latex composite technology,” Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 437–441, 2002.

L. Qinfu and X. Xu, “Evaluation and Mechanism Study on the effect of surface modification of kaolin in coal series,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 325–328, 2009.

N. Li, G.-z. Ma, and B.-s. Xu, “Study on modification and properties of calcined kaolin with stearic acid,” Applied Chemical Industry, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1136–1138, 2009.

L. Lihua, “Study on surface modification of zinc borate,” Journal of Tangshan Normal University, vol. 38, pp. 44–47, 2016.

D. D. Perrin, “Stability constants of metal-ion-complexes,” IUPAC, vol. 22, no. Chemical Data Series, 1979.

L. huaxiang and W. Xuxu, “TiO₂ surface hydroxyl groups and their properties,” Progress in Chemistry, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 665–670, 2007.

W. Dianzuo and H. Yuehua, Flotation Solution Chemistry, Hunan science and Technology Press, Changsha, Hunan, 1988.