Retraction Retracted: Influence of Al Content on Degradation Behavior of Cu-Doped Mg-Al Alloys for Drill-Free Plugging Applications

Herein, we report low-cost and rare-earth-free Cu-doped Mg-Al alloys for drill-free plugging applications and present the inﬂuence of Al content on degradation behavior. The phase composition and microstructure of fabricated alloys were characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diﬀractometer (XRD). Also, degradation properties were investigated using hydrogen evolution tests and the electrochemical measurements. The results reveal that the Al content is directly related to the proportion of secondary phases, such as Mg 2 Cu, Mg 17 Al 12 , and MgAlCu. Moreover, the Mg 17 Al 12 and MgAlCu phases are distributed at α -Mg grain boundaries, whereas the MgAlCu phase is distributed within the Mg matrix. Acceleration of degradation rate is found due to microgalvanic corrosion in Mg-xAl-2Cu (in wt.%, named as ACx2, x � 0, 3, 5, and 9) alloys. In this regard, Mg 2 Cu, Mg 17 Al 12 , and MgAlCu phases act as a microgalvanic cathode against anodic magnesium matrixes. As such, the degradation rate of ACx2 alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution is ranked from AC02, AC32, AC52, to AC92. In this context, the AC02 alloy shows the fastest degradation rate, 46 times higher than the AC92 alloy. This may provide a practical solution to develop good alternatives for drill-free plugging materials.


Introduction
e increasing demand for lightweight materials in aerospace, transport, and 3C industries has stimulated rapid development and utilization of Mg-based structural alloys due to their low density and high specific strength [1][2][3]. In particular, Mg-Al alloys are promising candidates for a wide range of applications because of their cost-effectiveness and superior mechanical properties. However, the rapid degradation of Mg-Al alloys poses severe safety threats and hinders their practical utilization. One should note that Mgbased alloys rapidly degrade in aqueous electrolytes due to the high electronegative potential of Mg (−2.37 vs. SHE). In general, Fe, Ni, and Cu exist as impurities in Mg-based alloys, which act as highly polarized local cathodes with respect to Mg and accelerate the degradation rate [4]. Moreover, a low Pilling-Bedworth (PB) ratio of MgO/Mg (0.81) leads to the formation of a loose oxide/hydroxide film on the surface, which increases the degradation rate [4][5][6].
Nevertheless, the high degradation rate of Mg-based alloys can be useful for some applications. For instance, degradable Mg is utilized as a sacrificial anode to protect the cathode. Moreover, degradable Mg-based bioimplants are promising candidates for biological applications from the viewpoints of cost and pain relief [7][8][9][10][11][12].
Recently, the infinite-stage fracturing of sliding sleeve in a horizontal well has become a hot research topic in the development of low-permeability oil and gas resources [13][14][15]. e bridge plug, as one of the key components in infinite-stage fracturing techniques, must be strong enough to bear the working pressure of 70 MPa and withstand the operating temperature of 120°C. However, the conventional plugging materials, such as polymers, aluminum alloys, and mild steel, cannot meet the practical requirements due to their low degradability rate in fracture liquor. Hence, the milling or drilling of bridge plug is required to dredge the pipeline after fracturing, resulting in complex operations and additional costs. erefore, drill-free bridge plugs made of degradable materials with a high degradation rate are promising options to make the drill-out process economic and highly efficient. Hence, the conventional Mg-Al alloys are highly promising candidates for drill-free bridge plugs Hindawi Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2020, Article ID 8898669, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8898669 because the strength of Mg-Al alloys (usually more than 150 MPa) is far greater than the bridge plug can handle. In addition, the softening temperature of grain boundary Mg 17 Al 12 phase is ∼150°C. Moreover, a small amount of copper can accelerate the degradation process and improve the heat resistance of Mg-based alloy. Hence, the presence of Cu, as an impurity, exploits the superior mechanical properties and inferior degradation rate of Mg-Al alloy, making it a promising material for drill-free bridge plugs.
Herein, a novel series of ACx2 (x � 0, 3, 5, and 9) alloys was prepared by varying the Al content to tune the degradation rate. e influence of Al content on microstructure and degradation rate was characterized by using a combination of immersion tests and electrochemical methods. e results of this work can provide a novel strategy for the development of Mg-based alloys for drill-free bridge plugs.

Materials.
e chemical compositions of ACx2 alloys are listed in Table 1. As-cast alloys were produced by mixing pure Mg (99.9 wt.%), Al (99.9 wt.%), and copper (99.9 wt.%) in an electrical furnace using a mild steel crucible. e raw materials were melted under an argon protective atmosphere at 760°C for 20 min. e fusing fluid was stirred for 3 min, followed by stabilization for 15 min. e melted alloys were poured into a stainless-steel mold at 700°C and, then, cooled down to the ambient temperature. e casted ingots were cut for microstructural observations and degradation tests after homogenization at 400°C for 8 h.

Material Characterization.
e microstructure and elemental composition were analyzed by using an SEM (Hitachi S-4800) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). e phase constitutions were analyzed using an XRD (Rigaku D/MAX-2500PC), using Cu Ka radiation with the sample tilt angle ranging from 20°to 85°, voltage 40 kV, current 40 mA, and scanning speed 4°/min. Prior to SEM observations, the specimen surface was prepared by mechanical grinding (2000 grit SiC paper) and polished with 0.5 mm alumina suspension, followed by washing with distilled water. en, the surface was etched by using a mixed solution of 4 vol. % nitric acid and ethyl alcohol.

Degradation Tests.
e degradation behavior was investigated by hydrogen evolution and polarization measurements. e samples were ground, polished, and encapsulated in epoxy resin with an exposed surface of 1.0 cm 2 and immersed in 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride solution at 25°C to 72 h. e evolved hydrogen was collected, as illustrated in Figure 1. e experimental data were recorded every hour. After the test, the samples were rinsed using a mixture of AgNO 3 (10 g/L) and CrO 3 (200 g/L) to remove the degradation products. en, the samples were ultrasonically cleaned for 5 min and dried with warm air flow.
Surface observation is another way to evaluate the degradation resistance of Mg-based alloys. e surface and crosssectional degradation morphologies and microregional composition were investigated using an SEM and EDS. e degradation products were removed from the surface before SEM observations.

Electrochemical Characterization.
Electrochemical measurements were carried out in a standard three-compartment cell. Initially, the sample was immersed in the electrolyte solution for 3 min to stabilize the open circuit potential (OCP). en, the working electrode was scanned over the voltage range of ±200 mV (vs. OCP) at a scan rate of 1.0 mV·s −1 . e polarization curves were measured in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at ambient temperature. e electrodes were ultrasonically cleaned in acetone and rinsed with deionized water before electrochemical measurements. e coated samples were embedded with epoxy resins, and only 1 cm 2 area was exposed to the electrolyte.
e Tafel extrapolation method was used to measure the degradation parameters, including degradation potential (E corr ) and degradation current density (I corr ). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out at a small potential perturbation (10 mV) around OCP. ree independent samples were characterized by using potentiodynamic polarization and EIS to ensure the reproducibility of experimental data.  Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Immersion Test and Degradation
Morphology. e hydrogen evolution curves and immersion time of ACx2 alloys in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution are presented in Figure 3. It has been reported that the dissolution of one magnesium atom generates one hydrogen molecule. Hence, the weight loss of Mg alloy can be estimated from the volume of evolved hydrogen. e studied alloys exhibited an appreciable hydrogen release and the total volume of evolved hydrogen increased with increasing immersion time, which indicates that the degradation is accelerated with increasing immersion time. For instance, the Al-free AC02 alloy exhibited evolved hydrogen volumes of 127 mL and 1440 mL after being immersed for 10 h and 72 h, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding evolved hydrogen volumes dramatically dropped to 31 mL and 75 mL for the AC92 alloy. Overall, the total volume of evolved hydrogen followed a decreasing order: AC02 > AC32 > AC52 > AC92. e degradation morphology of the alloys was observed after being immersed for different times in 3.5% NaCl solution, as shown in Figure 4. e surface of degraded samples exhibited the presence of degradation products and muddy pits, indicating that the cracks cannot provide sufficient protection to the Mg matrix. Hence, the chloride ions can penetrate through the loose degradation product layer and cause continuous degradation. After being immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution for 2 h, the surface of AC02 alloy was completely degraded and exhibited bulk degradation products (Figure 4(a)). In the case of AC32 and AC52 alloys, the degradation rate is significantly lower during the first 2 h and fewer surface degradation products were observed. However, when the immersion time was increased to 4 h, the surface degradation increased but remained lower than that of the AC02 alloy (Figures 4(b) and 4(c)). e surface of AC52 alloy exhibited a fine needlelike degradation product, which is a common degradation product in Mg-Al alloys.
As shown in Figure 4(d), the surface morphology of AC92 alloy, after being immersed for 13 h, exhibited a dense and thin needle-like degradation product layer, which can be ascribed to the higher electrode potential of secondary phases than the α-Mg matrix. Hence, the corrosion of neighboring α-Mg matrix was accelerated, forming a dense layer of degradation product on the surface.
It should be noted that the degradation of Mg-alloys is limited by kinetics, which in turn depends on the alloy composition. e elemental composition of the degradation products on the AC92 surface is presented in Figure 4(e), showing the presence of O and Mg elements. It has been reported that these products are a mixture of MgO and Mg(OH) 2 . Moreover, the alloy contains small amounts of Al and Cu, where Cu is mainly accumulated in protuberant regions and only a trace amount of Cu exists on the matrix surface. e protuberant Cu enrichment was confirmed to be the MgAlCu secondary phase, which plays a critical role in increased hydrogen evolution rate of the AC92 alloy because it acts as a microcathode.

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5
Moreover, the interior of the alloy surface did not exhibit significant deterioration. For instance, the cross-sectional SEM images of ACx2 alloys, immersed in NaCl solution for 4 h, did not exhibit any signs of interior deterioration ( Figure 5). One should note that the alloy substrate experienced different degrees of degradation from the surface.
As electrode potential of the fine-grained Mg 2 Cu phase is higher than that of α-Mg substrate, the α-Mg acted as an anode and rapidly dissolved to form a loose degradation layer, which did not accumulate on the substrate surface ( Figure 5(a)). erefore, a large number of degradation products fell off from the alloy surface and settled at the bottom. Once the degradation products around the Mg 2 Cu phase fell off and dissolved, the Mg 2 Cu phase experiences fracture dissolution due to the absence of surrounding supports. e cross-sectional morphologies of AC32 and AC52 alloys are presented in Figures 5(b) and 5(c), showing the presence of Mg 17 Al 12 and MgAlCu phases. Moreover, the degradation of α-Mg substrate continued due to the potential difference between substrate and intermediate phases. In addition, once the matrix was degraded, the dissolved Al formed a passivation film, which also acted as a protective layer and hindered further degradation. In the case of AC92 alloy, a dense layer of Mg 17 Al 12 phase was formed on the alloy surface, which provided excellent protection against α-Mg substrate ( Figure 5(d)). Figure 6 shows SEM images of as-cast ACx2 alloys after removing the degradation products with Cr 2 O 3 /AgNO 3 solutions. It can be clearly observed that the Mg matrix suffered severe degradation and some residual fine strips of MgCu 2 phases were found on the surface of AC02 alloy (Figure 6(a)). In the case of AC32 alloy, the amount of secondary phase increased after the addition of Al, which altered the cathode/anode area ratio (Figure 6(b)). Hence, the secondary phase formed a microelectric couple and accelerated the degradation rate. However, a passivation film was also formed which protected the matrix from further degradation. In the case of AC52 alloy, the area of microelectric couple increased due to the higher content of Al, which resulted in further formation of the passivation film of AC52 alloy (Figure 6(c)). Figure 6(d) shows that the amount of secondary phase rapidly increased in the AC92 alloy due to content of Al. Moreover, the laminated MgAlCu phase and reticulated Mg 17 Al 12 phase were interconnected and distributed on the surface of the matrix to decrease the degradation rate of AC92 alloy.

Electrochemical Characterization.
Furthermore, the electrochemical polarization curves of ACx2 alloys in 3.5 wt.% NaCl electrolyte were recorded to further investigate the degradation properties (Figure 7). Figure 7 shows that the polarization curves of ACx2 alloys were similar in shape but asymmetric with respect to the composition. e potential of AC92 alloy was shifted towards the right with increasing Al content, whereas the anodic and cathodic current densities decreased due to the formation of second phase. Also, the cathodic slope was higher than the anodic slope. From the thermodynamics viewpoint, the polarization curve of AC92 alloy exhibits the least degradation tendency. On the other hand, the anodic current density of AC32 and AC52 alloys was found to be similar to that of AC02 alloy. Moreover, the cathodic current density of AC32 and AC52 alloys was lower than that of AC02 alloy. Hence, AC32 and AC52 alloys exhibited severe degradation and experienced higher degradation rate. e decrease in anodic current density indicates that the addition of Al hinders the degradation of Mg anode. However, the presence of Al inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction at cathode, yielding similar cathodic kinetics. e degradation potential (E corr ) and degradation current density (I corr ) are derived by using the Tafel extrapolation method ( Table 2). It can be readily observed that the addition of Al initially shifted the potential towards the negative direction. AC02, AC32, and AC52 alloys exhibited the E corr values of −1.518 V, −1.539 V, and −1.534 V, respectively. Hence, the Al content of 3-5 wt.% increased the degradation rate of alloys. However, at the Al content of 9 wt.%, the AC92 alloy exhibited a degradation potential of −1.351 V, indicating the lowest degradation rate, which is consistent with the polarization curves and morphological observations.
In particular, the AC92 alloy exhibited the lowest I corr value of 1.01 × 10 −5 A·cm −2 , whereas the AC02 alloy exhibited a 46 times higher current density of 46 × 10 −5 A·cm −2 . Hence, the degradation rate of ACx2 alloys is decreased by Al addition, which indicates that the intermetallics are cathodically polarized and remain protected at the expense of matrix dissolution.
e Nyquist plots of as-cast alloys are shown in Figure 8. e Nyquist plots consist of a large high-frequency capacitance loop and a low-frequency inductance loop, where the former corresponds to the degradation product layer on the surface and the latter indicates the attack on Mg substrate. e radius of the high-frequency capacitance loop reflects the charge transfer resistance of the active degradation electrode. e higher charge transfer resistance indicates a

Conclusions
To explore alternative materials for drill-free plugging in the oil and gas industry, the in uence of Al addition on the degradation behavior of Cu-doped Mg-Al alloys was studied herein. e following conclusions can be drawn from the current results: (1) ACx2 (x 0, 3, 5, and 9 wt.%) alloys consisted of α-Mg, Mg 2 Cu, Mg 17 Al 12 , and MgAlCu phases. e addition of Al led to the formation of MgAlCu and Mg 17 Al 12 phases and the disappearance of the Mg 2 Cu phase. e content of Mg 17 Al 12 and MgAlCu phases increased with an increase in Al content. e Mg 17 Al 12 phase was continuously distributed at α-Mg grain boundaries, and the MgAlCu phase was distributed within the matrix. e Mg 17 Al 12 and MgAlCu phases acted as cathodes against the α-Mg matrix and formed microgalvanic electric cells, reducing the degradation rate of ACx2 alloys.
(2) Vigorous H2 liberation, accompanied by pitting, dominated the degradation of the ACx2 alloys after being immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution for 72 h. e AC02 alloy exhibited the maximum volume of evolved H2 (1440 mL), whereas the AC92 alloy exhibited the minimum volume of evolved H2 (75 mL). e degradation rate of ACx2 alloys in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution can be ranked as follows: AC02 > AC32 > AC52 > AC92. is sequence was also con rmed by electrochemical measurements. e high degradation rate of Cu-doped Mg-Al alloys makes them promising candidates for drill-free plugging applications.
Data Availability e data used to support the ndings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no con icts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.