Thermal and Morphological Assessment of the Penta-Layered, Hybrid U-Polyester Composite Reinforced with Glass Fibers and Polypropylene

,


Introduction
Fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) consist primarily of two key components: a reinforcing fber that imparts specifc mechanical characteristics to enhance the properties of the polymeric matrix and a matrix material [1].Te reinforced fber can be a glass-or carbon-based material, while the matrix material can include epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester, phenolic resin, polyurethane, and thermoplastic resin [1,2].Te combination of these distinct constituents enables physical and mechanical attributes that could surpass those of conventional materials.Tis renders FRPC as highly suitable for an extensive array of applications encompassing aerospace, the bridge industry, and the marine industry, among others [3].Te composite's performance and mechanical properties are subject to the infuence of various factors, including the intrinsic properties of the individual components, the relative proportions of the constituent phases, the alignment of reinforcing fbers, and the extent of adhesion between the polymer matrix and the reinforcements.Consequently, a comprehensive body of research has been undertaken in recent years to elucidate the impact of these factors on the resulting mechanical properties of composites, with the aim of broadening their scope of utility [4][5][6][7][8][9].
Te development of advanced materials has been pivotal in shaping the modern landscape of engineering and manufacturing.Among these innovative materials, hybrid polyester composites have emerged as a promising class of materials, showcasing an amalgamation of versatility, durability, and environmental sustainability.In recent decades, fber-reinforced plastics have gained immense attention across industries, driven by their exceptional mechanical properties, cost efectiveness, and ecofriendly characteristics.Within this broader context, hybrid polyester composites have gained signifcant prominence, heralding a new era in material science and engineering.
To comprehend the signifcance of hybrid polyester composites, it is imperative to trace the trajectory of their evolution and the pivotal role they play in diverse industrial sectors [2,10].Te integration of reinforced fbers and thermoplastic resin into polyester matrices represents a transformative synergy, ofering a blend of mechanical strength, lightweight design, and corrosion resistance.Te utilization of glass fbers, with their well-documented attributes of high tensile strength and chemical resistance, has made them a staple reinforcement material.However, the inherent limitations such as low tensile modulus and sensitivity to abrasion necessitate a nuanced approach in the composite design [11][12][13].Te inclusion of polypropylene can enrich the composite landscape [2,10].Te introduction of elastomeric properties that enhance the mechanical performance of the composite is in great demand [13,14].Fibers can also be added to increase the strength, stifness, and heat defection temperature of polypropylene composite [5][6][7][8][9].Glass fbers are commonly used in fabricating composites as reinforcement [11].Teir advantageous properties include low cost, high tensile strength, high chemical resistance, and insulating properties [12,13,15].Disadvantages of the glass fbers are low tensile modulus, high specifc gravity, sensitivity to abrasion while handling, and low fatigue resistance.Unsaturated polyester resins are easy to process and relatively cheaper; therefore, they can be implemented in the fabrication of polymer composite [16].In addition, polyester resin shows high resistance to corrosion and is relatively lighter in weight.Tese properties make this a viable choice for application in the automotive and construction sectors [16].Fiber-reinforced matrices consist of high-strength fbers embedded in the matrix.Fiber and matrix retain their unique physical and chemical identities; while blended for the composite, the composite shows new properties that cannot be achieved from the constituents alone [17,18].Hybrid natural fber-reinforced polymer composites have shown better mechanical properties than single fber-reinforced polymer matrix composites [4,19,20].Fibers function as the load-carrier; the matrix transfers stresses between the fbers and acts as the blockade against the environment and protects the surface of fbers from mechanical abrasion [21].
In this work, we focus on the investigation of the thermal and morphological attributes of hybrid u-polyester composites, which are made using unsaturated polyester resin in combination with glass fbers and polypropylene.Tese components were added at diferent ratios to select the optimized composition for the composite.For the fabrication of the composites, a convenient hand layup method was implemented.Subsequently, thermogravimetric/derivative thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to evaluate the thermal and morphological properties of the composites.

Raw Materials.
Te reinforcement used in this study was woven fber glass roving (type E-glass fber), which was obtained from Hebei Yuniu Fiberglass Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Xingtai city, Hebei Province, China, and Nilima Bag Mills Ltd., Joymontop 1820, Bangladesh.Glass fber is a lightweight yet strong and sturdy material, with favorable bulk strength, stifness, and weight properties compared to metals.Te randomly oriented E-glass fber was used as a reinforcing material in a polyester resin matrix.Te matrix for the composite consisted of local polyester fabrics and an unsaturated polyester resin with a styrene monomer (purchased from Naseem Plastic Corp.).Te unsaturated polyester resin is a liquid that solidifes when a hardener is added, and it has been formulated to cure at room temperature.Te properties of the E-glass fber and unsaturated polyester resin are listed in Table 1 [22][23][24].

Composite Fabrication Method.
Te composites examined in this investigation were manufactured through the hand layup technique, which includes weighing raw materials, treating PP sheets, fabricating the sandwich-like composite, hydraulic pressing, and selecting the suitable dimensions for the intended test.E-glass fber was utilized as reinforcement in both sheet and fabric forms.To improve their alignment, the fabrics were dipped in ethanol.Afterward, the raw fabrics were cut into pieces measuring 10 × 10 cm and weighed using a digital balance (Analytical Balances, PB153 S, Mettler Toledo, China).After being dried in a vacuum dryer (BOV-30V, BIOBASE, China) at 80 °C for an hour, the samples were cooled in an airtight container.A mold-release agent was applied to the mold surface to facilitate the removal of the composite after fabrication, as shown in Figure 1.Te schematic illustration in Figure 1 depicts the laminated composite fabrication techniques using the hand layup process.
Six composite sheets were created using a combination of glass fber, unsaturated polyester resin, hardener, and polypropylene in the following ratios: 0% glass fber and 100% polypropylene, 20% glass fber and 80% 2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering polypropylene, 40% glass fber and 60% polypropylene, 60% glass fber and 40% polypropylene, 80% glass fber and 20% polypropylene, and 100% glass fber and 0% polypropylene.Te composite sheets were then assembled into sandwiches with layers of fabric and the matrix material [25].
All the composites were composed of fve layers of glass fber and polypropylene sheets, as detailed in Table 2. Te resin was mixed with the curing agent, and the composite was then placed in a hydraulic press (CARVER Laboratory Press, model C, USA) and compressed at room temperature applying 100 KN pressure for 24 hours.Aluminum sheets of the same size (10 × 10 cm) were placed on the top and bottom sides of the composite layers to ensure uniform fber distribution and maintain the desired thickness of the sheets.After 24 hours, the composite was removed from the mold and cut into the desired shape.Te resulting composite plates had a fnal thickness of around 4.5 mm.All test specimens were then machined from the cured composite plates as needed.

Water Uptake Test and Bulk Density.
Water absorption tests on the composite specimens were conducted using the standard test procedure outlined in ASTM Design D5229/ D5229M.It is important to understand how composites behave in damp environments [26].Te test specimens were mechanically machined using a stainless-steel blade rotor rotating at a speed of 18,000 rpm, yielding specimens that were 10 mm wide and 40 mm long.Te cut edge was smoothed with emery paper, the edges were sealed with epoxy resin, the piece was cured at about 50 °C for 24 hours, cooled in a desiccator, and the piece was precisely weighed to within 0.1 mg using a digital balance.Te specimens were then placed in a container of distilled water at 23 °C for 24 hours, after which they were removed, their surfaces were cleaned with tissues, and their weight was promptly remeasured using the microbalance.Water absorption tests were conducted every 48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, and 336 hours, respectively.Te water absorption for each composite stake was calculated following ASTM D5229/ D5229M as follows: where w t is the weight of the present-day sample (in grams), w 0 is the weight of the oven-dried specimen (in grams) for the corresponding control specimens, and M t is the water absorption [27][28][29].In addition, the bulk density of the composite specimens was also determined using the formula D � WS/V, in accordance with ASTM C135-76( 21) [26].

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the functional groups present in the fabricated composite.Tis technique involves the measurement of the absorption of infrared radiation by a sample, which is plotted as an infrared absorption spectrum.Te absorption of infrared radiation is dependent on the functional groups present in the sample, making the spectrum a unique "fngerprint" for the identifcation of chemical bonds within a molecule [30].Small amounts were mixed with potassium bromide (KBr) powder to create a transparent sheet for the preparation of the composite samples for analysis.Te FTIR spectra were then recorded using a Shimadzu FTIR-8400S  Advances in Materials Science and Engineering instrument, which has a wavenumber range of 4000 to 500 cm −1 and a resolution of 4 cm −1 .Te number of scans was set to 20 to ensure accuracy and precision.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a powerful imaging technique that uses a focused beam of electrons to produce high-resolution images of the surface of a sample.In this study, SEM was used to analyze the surface morphology of the outer surface of the composite.SEM is commonly used in the analysis of composite materials to examine surface morphology, particle size, particle distribution, porosity, and pore size, as well as to identify any defects or imperfections on the surface of the sample.Te model number of SEM used in this study was JSM-6490LA, JEOL, Japan, which had a high resolution of 3.0 nm and 500X analytical capacity with a contrast of around 30% and 50% brightness.To prepare the composite samples for analysis, they were afxed to the sample holder using carbon tape, and their surface morphology was observed under the operating conditions of EHT: 5 KV, aperture diameter: 20 μm, and scan speed: 7.
2.6.Termogravimetric Analysis.Termogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a technique used to study the thermal stability of materials and understand their decomposition mechanisms.In this study, TGA was performed on resin and composite samples under dynamic conditions using Shimadzu TG/DTG, Model TG/DTGA630, Japan.Te samples were placed in a stainless-steel crucible and heated at a rate of 10 °C/min in an argon environment, from the ambient temperature to 580 °C.Te mass loss of the samples was measured throughout the heating process to determine their thermostability.Te amount of the sample used was approximately 3.581 mg, while the reference mass was 2.830 mg of alumina.TGA is a valuable tool for understanding the thermal stability and decomposition mechanisms of materials [31].

Termal Conductivity.
Termal conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct heat.It is determined by the temperature gradient between two materials, with heat typically transferring from the material with a higher temperature to the material with a lower temperature.Te thermal conductivity of a material can be calculated using the equation: where K is the thermal conductivity coefcient of the metallic disc, A is the contact area of the sample with the metallic disc, x is the thickness of the sample, m is the mass of the metallic disc, c is the specifc heat of the metallic disc, and dT/dt is the cooling rate of the metallic disc.In this study, the transverse thermal conductivity of the glass fber-reinforced composite was evaluated using the "thermal conductivity tester, model: FM-TCT-A200, Fison, UK," and the ASTM E1530 method, which involves using disc-shaped specimens with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 10 mm [32].A constant heat was applied to one side of the specimen and the temperature of the hot and cold surfaces was measured using thermocouples.Tis method allowed for the determination of the thermal conductivity values of the composite.

Result and Discussion
3.1.Physical Properties.Table 3 presents the results of the bulk density tests of composites C1 to C6 along with different physical parameters.All the composites consisted of fve layers of glass fber and polypropylene (PP) sheets.Te only diference among them was the composition of the layers: C1 consisted of fve PP layers and zero glass fber layers, whereas C6 consisted of fve glass fber layers and zero PP layers.In the composites between C1 and C6, the number of glass fber layers increased, while the number of PP layers decreased.Table 3 shows the variation in physical parameters of the composites with the change in reinforcement.
Te bulk density of the composites increases with the increasing number of glass fber layers in polyester composites (Table 3).When the number of glass fber layers is the highest in the composite, density becomes the highest (Figure 2).A glass fber layer has more weight than the same number of PP layers.As a result, more polyester resin was required for preparing composites.

Water Absorption.
Figure 3 shows the variation in water absorption in composites with varying numbers of layers of polypropylene and glass fber with time.In every instance, the composite stack's water absorption increased with immersion temperature and time before becoming saturated after 14 days.Te process for testing the water absorption of the composites involved frst drying samples of equal size It was observed that the composite made of fve layers of polypropylene (C1) had a higher percentage of water absorption, despite polypropylene being a material that does not readily absorb water.Tis may be due to the presence of porosity in the composite, which was likely formed during the curing process through the shrinkage of the PP layers.It is possible that water molecules were able to become trapped in the pores between the PP layers.
According to the presented fgure, the percentage of absorptivity rapidly decreases as the number of PP layers decreases and the number of glass fber layers increases.Although both PP and glass fber have no afnity for water, the percentage of water absorption is quite low for C2 to C6. Te lone exception was C5, which included 4 layers of glass fber sheets and 1 layer of PP.It demonstrates that all composites have the lowest absorptivity.It might be because the C5 surface was less porous, as demonstrated by the SEM image of the relevant composite.Karim et al. reported in an experiment on jute and glass fber-reinforced polyesterbased hybrid composites that the higher the jute fber content, the more water the composites absorbed [33].Te water absorption rate for a composite with six layers of glass fber decreased from approximately 7.21% to 2.39% after 192 hours of immersion at room temperature, which was another example of how reducing jute fber loading decreased it.In a diferent study, Suhara et al. investigated the mechanical, water absorption, and thermal properties of injection-molded short hemp fber/glass fber-reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites [34].Te results showed that at equilibrium, the water absorption of bare PP is 0.40%, which is very low compared to that of 40% hemp fberreinforced PP (8.73%).However, they also found that the incorporation of glass fber in the hemp fber PP composites reduced this absorption to 5.49% for composites with more glass fber (15% glass fber and 25% hemp).In our work, after a total of 336 hours (14 days) of immersion in water, the rate of absorption reached equilibrium, and almost all composites maintained a steady absorption rate, notably 2.79 and 2.78% for composites C5 and C6, respectively.Te lowest water absorption rate for fabricated composites sheds light on the specifc composition that can be a good option for long-expected composite material.

Spectroscopic Analysis.
In this study, FTIR spectrums of pure glass fber, polypropylene, and composite u-polyester were taken within the bandwidth of 500 cm −1 to 4000 cm −1 .All the samples were scanned 20 times, and the resolution was 04 cm −1 .Figure 4(a) shows the FTIR spectrum of pure polypropylene (PP), where major peaks have appeared in the band of 1375 cm −1 for C-H and CH 3 deformation, 1450 cm −1 for  Advances in Materials Science and Engineering CH 2 and CH 3 bending deformation, and 2835-3000 cm −1 for C-H stretching of CH 3 , CH 2 , and CH.Also, a fngerprint region appeared from 712 cm −1 to 1164 cm −1 .
Once more, the broad zone in Figure 4(b) is attributed to the oxygen-silicon bond in the Si-O-Si group of the glass fber utilized as reinforcement, and the Si-OH bending spectrum was probably the one found at 723 cm −1 .Finally, in Figure 5, which depicts the optical characteristics of polypropylene and glass fber-reinforced polystyrene composites, the major peak was observed at 1730.77 cm −1 for −CO-O− bond formation between polyester resin and polypropylene, 1226 cm −1 for aryl-alkyl asymmetric stretching between the -OH group of glass fber, and 1371.72 cm −1 for -CH bending vibration.But it was also observed that in the composite, a major shifting occurred in the fngerprint region of 602 cm −1 to 1018 cm −1 .Major peaks have laid within the saturated 1018-1750 regions/aliphatic ester region.Tis phenomenon in the composite may be due to the fragmentation of the carbon-carbon pi bond of unsaturated polyester resin by the styrene monomer to create further crosslinking.Terefore, liquid polyester becomes a solid state.So, the FTIR spectra indicate that except for crosslinking between the glass fber and matrix, no other signifcant reaction occurs.6(a) and 6(b) of composite C1 display enlarged views of the composite surface at 10 µm and 50 µm, with magnifcations of 500x and 1000x.From these fgures, there are few voids visible at 500x and 1000x magnifcations of the fabricated composite.Tis demonstrates that the fber surface is incompatible with the matrix, leading to poor adhesion between the fber and matrix of the composites.It is well known that unsaturated polyester networks shrink considerably after curing.Tis shrinkage reduces the specifc volume of the matrix, and it results in free spaces or voids between the matrix and the fber.Samal et al. also found that cavities arose in their banana/glass fber-reinforced polypropylene hybrid composite specimen due to poor fber matrix adhesion [35].However, the interfacial interaction between the banana fber and the PP matrix was improved with the addition of glass fber, and the surface pull-out site had a noticeably rough texture.

Surface Morphology. Figures
Here, in this magnifcation, according to Figure 7, it has been seen that fbers are not well oriented in the C2 composite (Figure 7(a)), but in composite C6 (Figure 7(b)), they are more oriented than C2 which suggests that the composite with maximum glass fber reinforcement is more oriented than polyester.Tis may be due to less shrinkage in the composite of glass fber than in polyester.6

Termal Conductivity.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering decreased as we increased glass fber concentration.As polyester and glass fber have less thermal conductivity than other materials, this composite's behavior may be explained.Woven glass fber fabrics frequently serve as the best thermal insulators due to their high surface area-to-weight ratio.With a thermal conductivity of 1.38 W/m•K (pure quartz glass) to about 0.05 W/m•K (high lead-containing glasses) as reported by Wang et al., glass fber blocks or air pockets ofer efective thermal insulation by trapping air within their surface [36].As a result, by trapping air, the glass fber addition to the polypropylene composite lowers heat conduction.A study by Arpita et al. on hybrid composites reinforced with banana biofber and glass fber demonstrates that the addition of glass fbers lowers the thermal conductivity in laminates; they also showed that a total of 4 layers of fber from bananas and glass fber alternated with 1weight percent of charcoal have thermal conductivities of 0.207 and 0.217 W/m•K, respectively [37].Furthermore, they also observed that the inclusion of 2-weight percent charcoal signifcantly improves the laminate's heat conductivity.
In this work, the thermal conductivity result for the C3 and C4 composite samples is virtually comparable and stable (0.12 W/m•K), because the compactness of both samples is approximately identical, and the composite is saturated with fbers in this ratio.But the C6 composite which consists of 5 glass-fbered layers shows a minimal thermal conductivity of 0.047 W/m•K, due to the high insulating capacity of glass fber compared to polyester.9(a) and 9(b) present the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), along with diferential thermal analysis (DTA), and diferential thermogravimetry (DTG) results of the composites, shown as TG (blue), DTA (green), and DTG (red) curves, respectively.In Figure 9(a), the TG curve of the matrix exhibits an initial weight loss of 9.7% at 287.7 °C, which may be due to the loss of moisture content in the matrix.Te breakdown of a neat unstructured polyester matrix, with styrene as the main product in the temperature range of 360.0 to 400.0 °C,

Area of matrix debonding
Matrix crack Advances in Materials Science and Engineering results in a signifcant weight loss of 32.3% at 392.9 °C.Ferreira et al. observed almost identical fndings, with the peak indicating the temperature of the highest deterioration rate appearing at about 350-400 °C, over neat u-polyester hybrid composite.Tis group additionally found the 58% residue at 500 °C [38].Te composites in this work experience a signifcant weight loss at high temperatures, around 500 °C, which may be due to the combustion of the composites leaving residue 57.7% by weight.Te DTA curve shows two endothermic peaks at 123.5 °C and 452.7 °C, respectively, which suggests high-energy consumption for the degradation and combustion of the composites at these points.Te DTG curve shows only one peak at 398.8 °C, indicating a steady weight loss up to 300 °C, with a degradation rate of 0.617 mg/min at 398.8 °C.Tis suggests that there is only one step of degradation, likely due to the degradation of the matrix alone.
In Figure 9(b), the TG curve of the polypropylenereinforced composite exhibits an initial weight loss of 2.1% at 181.1 °C, which may be due to the loss of moisture content in the matrix.At 390.7 °C, there is an additional weight loss of 17.3% due to matrix degradation, and at 498.1 °C, there is a further weight loss of 12.6%, bringing the total weight loss to 67.8% of the initial value.Te composite experiences a signifcant weight loss at high temperatures, around 502 °C, which may be due to the combustion of the composite.Te DTA curve of the composite shows two endothermic peaks at 112.7 °C and 454.0 °C, respectively.Meanwhile, the DTG curve shows a steady and minimal weight loss up to 300 °C, with a degradation rate of 0.36 mg/min at 395.0 °C.
Te thermal analysis results for hybrid composites (glass fber + polypropylene) and only glass fber-reinforced composites are shown in Figures 10(a) and 10(b), as TG (blue), DTA (green), and DTG (red) curves, respectively.Te initial weight loss for the hybrid composites and glass fber-reinforced composites is approximately 2.6%, and 2.1%, respectively, likely due to the evaporation of moisture from the composites.Te total degradation loss for the hybrid and glass fber-reinforced composites was 15.7% and      [34].Tey observed that degradation starts around 250-408 °C, due to the decomposition of the cellulosic and hemicellulosic components of the natural fber in the composites.Tey concluded that the incorporation of glass fber in the hemp fber composite shifts the temperature of degradation to a higher value.Te thermal stability of fber-reinforced composite materials was evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis (TG) in this study.Figures 9(a), 9(b), 10(a), and 10(b) show the TG results for various composite samples, with the percentage weight loss depicted for each sample.Te composite with the lowest weight loss was the glass fber-reinforced composite, followed by the hybrid samples.Te sample with the highest weight loss was the one prepared with no reinforcement, indicating that the addition of fber layers improves the thermal stability of the composite.Te TGA results also showed that the fber loading contributed to the stability of the composite at higher temperatures.

Conclusion
Te thermal and morphological properties of u-polyester hybrid composites reinforced with glass fbers and polypropylene were investigated using diferential thermogravimetric analysis, a guarded heat fow meter technique, and some other state-of-the-art techniques.Te results were further supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Te following conclusion can be drawn from the results that were originally obtained: (1) Te hand layup technique was efectively used to fabricate a penta-layered hybrid polyester composite reinforced with glass fbers and polypropylene.(2) It was found that the thermal expansion coefcient decreased as the number of glass fber layers increased, while stability decreased (69.5% wt.loss at 500 °C) with the addition of more polypropylene layers.(3) Te water absorption activity for the glass fberreinforced u-polyester composite exhibits the Fickian characteristics, and the composite's water absorption rate slowly reduced with time.Although polypropylene is not a material that rapidly absorbs water, it was found that the composite composed of fve layers of the material (specimen C1) had a higher percentage (6.80%,48 h) of water absorption than the composite built of fve layers of glass fber (0.66%, 48 h).Tis might be because of the porosity that exists in the composite and was probably created during the curing process by the shrinkage of the PP layers.(4) Te hybrid composite (C6) with the highest number of glass fber layers exhibited lower thermal conductivity (0.047 W/m•K) than the composite (specimen C1) with the lowest number of glass fber layers (0.180 W/m•K).
(5) Terefore, these fndings suggest that the hybrid composite consisting of fve layers of glass fber (specimen, C6) has outstanding insulation properties and stability, making it suitable for high-temperature applications and as a structural material in engineering maneuvering for the near future.(6) Moreover, this research might present a new vision for the utilization of glass fber-reinforced polyester composites in a variety of industrial settings.Advances in Materials Science and Engineering However, the limitations of this research call for further investigation of the substance's behavior over an extended period as well as evaluation of additional factors that might have an impact on its strength.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Schematic illustration of laminated composite fabrication with the hand layup process.

Figure 2 :Figure 3 :
Figure 2: Schematic representation of bulk density, thickness, and total weight of sample composites.

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: Termal conductivity scheme of fabricated composites reinforced by glass fber and polypropylene.

Figure 10 :
Figure 10: Termogravimetric analysis curves for composite samples containing (a) hybrid of glass and polypropylene fbers and (b) glass fbers only.

Table 1 :
Properties of E-glass fber and unsaturated polyester resin.

Table 2 :
Composition of the composites by layer of glass fber and polyester (G: glass fber and P: polyester).

8
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 17.3%, respectively, up to a temperature of approximately 390.7 °C.Te DTA curves for both types of composites show two endothermic peaks at approximately 158.8 °C and 438.9 °C for the hybrid composites and at 112.7 °C and 454.0 °C for the glass fber-reinforced composites, which are likely due to the thermal degradation of the matrix and fbers.Te DTG curves show a steady and minimal weight loss up to 300 °C, with a degradation rate of 0.64 mg/min for the hybrid composites and 0.36 mg/min for the glass fberreinforced composites, appearing at 392.3 °C and 395.7 °C, respectively.Suhara et al. investigated the thermal stability of hemp/PP and hemp/glass/PP composites with thermogravimetric analysis and noticed two-step degradation in both hemp and hybrid fber composites