BioMed Research International

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 562197, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/562197

Research Article

CYP19 Genetic Polymorphism Haplotype AASA Is Associated with a Poor Prognosis in Premenopausal Women with Lymph Node-Negative, Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer

Sung-Hsin Kuo,1,2,3 Shi-Yi Yang,4,5 Huang-Chun Lien,⁶ Chiao Lo,⁷ Ching-Hung Lin,¹ Yen-Sen Lu,1,2 Ann-Lii Cheng,1,2,3 King-Jeng Chang,⁷ and Chiun-Sheng Huang⁷

¹Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

²Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

³Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

⁴Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

⁵Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

⁶Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

⁷Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan

Received 2 July 2013; Revised 23 September 2013; Accepted 24 September 2013

Academic Editor: Franco M. Buonaguro

Copyright © 2013 Sung-Hsin Kuo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Given the critical role of CYP19 in estrogen synthesis, we investigated the influence of CYP19 gene polymorphisms on the clinical outcome of lymph node- (LN-) negative, hormone receptor- (HR-) positive early breast cancers. Genotyping for the CYP19 polymorphisms rs4646 (A/C), rs1065779 (A/C), CYP19 (TTTA)n (short allele/long (S/L) allele using the 7 TTTA repeat polymorphism as the cut-off), and rs1870050 (A/C) was performed on 296 patients with LN-negative, HR-positive breast cancers. All patients received adjuvant hormonal therapy. Associations were examined between these 4 genotypes and 6 common haplotypes of CYP19 and distant disease-free survival (DDFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Patients were divided into the 6 subhaplotypes of CCLA (41.1%), AASA (17.1%), CASA (11.9%), CCLC (8.9%), CCSA (7.5%), AASC (8.9%), and others (4.6%). In premenopausal patients, haplotype AASA was significantly associated with a poor DDFS (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 3.3; ), DFS (aHR, 2.5; ), and OS (aHR, 2.9; ) after adjusting for age, tumor size, tumor grade, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, chemotherapy, pathology, adjuvant hormone therapy, menopausal status, and radiotherapy. Furthermore, haplotype AASA remained a negative prognostic factor for premenopausal patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy in terms of DDFS (aHR, 4.5; ), DFS (HR, 3.2; ), and OS (HR, 6.4; ). However, in postmenopausal patients, haplotype AASA was not associated with a poor prognosis, whereas the AASC haplotype was significantly associated with a poor DFS (aHR, 3.1; ) and OS (aHR, 4.4; ). Our results indicate that, in patients with LN-negative, HR-positive breast cancers, genetic polymorphism haplotype AASA is associated with poor survival of premenopausal women but does not affect survival of postmenopausal women.

1. Introduction

For estrogen receptor- (ER-) or progesterone receptor- (PR-) positive breast cancers, hormone-based treatment, such as ovarian ablation, tamoxifen, or aromatase inhibitors, has been demonstrated to result in an improvement in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) [1, 2]. Given the critical role of aromatase in estrogen synthesis, it is important to study the relationship between activity of aromatase, encoded by gene CYP19, a single copy gene located on chromosome 15q21.2 [3–5], and prognosis of breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant hormone treatment. In a nested case-control study evaluating the associations between CYP19 repeat polymorphisms and breast cancer risk, Haiman et al. [6] showed that women with the 8-repeat allele of the TTTA polymorphism have higher estrogen levels than those with the 7-repeat allele. One population-based study also showed that a higher repeat number of the TTTA repeat polymorphism is associated with a longer survival of breast cancer patients [7].

Our previous study demonstrated that, in stages I-II and operable stage III breast cancer patients, hormone receptor- (HR-) positive premenopausal patients with the long allele of the CYP19 polymorphism have a significantly better DFS and OS than those without the long allele, but this prognostic effect of the CYP19 polymorphism is not seen in postmenopausal women patients [8]. A recent whole genome analysis of the human CYP19 gene using DNA samples from four ethnic groups, including Han Chinese-Americans, identified at least 88 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 44 common haplotypes and demonstrated that there were 30 large ethnic variations in both allele frequencies and haplotypes and that 6 polymorphisms were observed only in Han Chinese-American subjects [9]. From this database and a literature review, we selected the CYP19 TTTA repeat and three CYP19 SNPs, rs4646 in the 3′ untranslated region, rs1065779 in the introexon boundary, and rs1870050 in the promoter region/untranslated exon [9–14], which occur at a higher frequency in Han Chinese (see Supplementary Table 1 in the Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/562197), are associated with cancer risk [9–12], and are suggested to influence aromatase function [13, 14].

Since haplotype analysis can capture the cisacting causal variants that are potentially associated with disease risk and disease progression [15–17], we investigated the effect of 6 haplotypes of these SNPs in CYP19 on the clinical outcome of LN-negative, HR-positive early breast cancers.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Cohort and Sources of Information

Eligible women were newly diagnosed patients with stage I or II (AJCC 2007) LN-negative, HR-positive early breast cancers diagnosed at the National Taiwan University Hospital between January 1, 1994, and June 30, 2004. All data on the histological grade and HR status of the primary tumors were reviewed by one pathologist (Dr. Lien). Patients were considered HR-positive if the percentage of ER- or PR-positive epithelial cells was ≥ 10%; 44.5% (132/296) of the included patients had taken part in our previous molecular epidemiological study [8]. Genomic DNA and detailed demographic information were obtained from the patients and their medical charts with their consent. The pathologic review, archiving of tumor tissues and blood samples, and genetic studies were approved by the institutional review board of the National Taiwan University Hospital. Pathologic and clinical information about treatment (including type of surgery, receipt or nonreceipt of adjuvant systemic therapy, and type and dose of adjuvant systemic therapy) and follow-up information (including recurrence and distant metastasis) were obtained from the pathology reports and clinical records. If menstruation had taken place within one year, the woman was considered as premenopausal, and, if not, as postmenopausal. Women who had undergone hysterectomy, but without bilateral oophorectomy, were considered as premenopausal if they were younger than 52 and as postmenopausal if older.

Patients with high-risk factors, for example, grade III cancers and large tumors, but receiving nonstandard adjuvant chemotherapy, as defined in our previous study [18], were excluded, since our previous study demonstrated that breast cancer patients receiving standard adjuvant chemotherapy have a better DFS and OS than those receiving nonstandard adjuvant chemotherapy [18]. In the present study, the definition of standard adjuvant treatment was based on whether the indication and the regimen and dose of adjuvant chemotherapy were the same as those in the literature or those recommended by the NCCN guidelines, NIH consensus, and St. Gallen consensus [18–20]. All enrolled patients received adjuvant hormonal therapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy was administered to all patients after breast conserving surgery [20, 21]. All patients receiving postoperative radiotherapy received an optimal dose of radiation (a biologically equivalent dose of 50–60 Gy in 2-Gy fractions) [20, 21]. After surgery and adjuvant therapy, the patients were regularly followed up in our clinic. If patients were lost to followup, information on disease status and survival was obtained from the patients’ charts, hospital cancer registry records, and the National Death Registry.

2.2. DNA Isolation and Aromatase Genotyping

CYP19 genotyping for rs4646 (A/C), rs1065779 (A/C), (TTTA)n, and rs1870050 (A/C) was performed on 296 Taiwanese patients with LN-negative, HR-positive breast cancers. A sample of peripheral blood, collected in acetate-citrate dextrose, was obtained from each patient and the buffy coat immediately prepared and stored at −80°C until extraction of genomic DNA. Genomic DNA was extracted using a conventional proteinase K extraction and a QIAamp DNA Blood Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) following the manufacturer’s protocol and stored at −80°C.

The TTTA tetranucleotide repeats of CYP19 were identified using the polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis in an ABI PRISM 3130XL, as described previously [8]. TaqMan assays were used for genotyping of rs4646 (A/C), rs1065779 (A/C), and rs1870050 (A/C). The thermal cycling conditions were 50°C for 2 minutes and 95°C for 10 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 seconds and 60°C for 60 seconds. The PCR reaction was performed in a total reaction volume of 5 μL containing 10 ng of genomic DNA, 2.5 μL of 2x TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems), and 0.125 μL of the 40X primers/probes in a 384-well plate format on an ABI7900HT. Genotyping was performed as a Made to Order Assay (Applied Biosystems: C_8234730_1_ for rs4646, C_8234755_10 for rs1065779, and C_11672268_20 for rs1870050).

2.3. Statistical Analysis

The effect of genotype was initially evaluated using a codominant model in which each genotype was considered separately. However, the estimated HRs (hazard ratios) for each genotype were imprecise because of the small number of cases, so some of the genetic polymorphisms were classified into 2 groups by pooling the heterozygous group with either the homozygous variant or wild-type group on the basis of the estimated odds ratio of the heterozygous genotype (poor survival or good survival). The TTTA repeat in intron 4 of CYP19 was dichotomized as S/L (one short allele ≤ 7 repeats and one long allele > 7 repeats) and L/L (two long alleles > 7 repeats) versus S/S (two short alleles ≤7 repeats). Furthermore, based on the aforementioned observed genotype data, several individual genotypes were combined for analysis into haplotypes using PROC HAPLOTYPE in SAS Genetics, as in Tan’s study [22]. Haplotypes with a probability less than 0.9 were not included in the subsequent association analysis. Of the 11 haplotypes constructed, those with an estimated frequency of an individual allele less than 5% were not included in the association analyses because of limited sample size and heterogeneity.

Follow-up data available as of December 31, 2010, were analyzed. Distant disease-free survival (DDFS) was measured from the date of the original surgery for breast cancer to distant recurrence or death from any cause, disease-free survival (DFS) was measured from the date of the original surgery for breast cancer to the date of locoregional or distant recurrence or death from any cause, and overall survival (OS) was measured from the date of the original surgery to the date of death from any cause or the last follow-up date [23]. Survival was calculated using the product limit method of Kaplan and Meier. Differences in survival were compared between groups using the log-rank test.

The hazard ratio and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for each variable were estimated using Cox regression analyses. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of progression associated with the individual genotypes and haplotypes of the screened SNPs was assessed for the total patient group after adjusting for age, tumor size, tumor grade, ER and PR status, chemotherapy, pathology, adjuvant hormone therapy, menopausal status, and radiotherapy and for the pre- and postmenopausal groups by adjusting for age, tumor size, tumor grade, ER and PR status, chemotherapy, pathology, adjuvant hormone therapy, menopausal status, and radiotherapy stratified by menopausal status. Two-sided values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using SAS statistical software for Windows version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Clinicopathologic Features

Two hundred and ninety-six patients were included in the study. As shown in Table 1, the median age was 50 years (range 24–81 years), and 178 subjects were premenopausal and 118 postmenopausal. The clinicopathologic characteristics and treatments are also listed in Table 1. Briefly, all ER-positive and/or PR-positive patients received tamoxifen, and some (9.1%) received ovarian ablation or a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist with or without tamoxifen. None of the patients received aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant hormonal therapy. One hundred and thirty-four (45.3%) received adjuvant standard chemotherapy and 162 (54.7%) did not.

Table 1: Pertinent clinicopathologic features of the LN-negative, HR-positive breast cancer patients.

Characteristic
Number of patients ()

Age (years)

    Median (range)
50 (24–81)

HER-2/neu status

    0
65 (22.0)

    1
62 (20.9)

    2
38 (12.8)

    3
41 (13.9)

    Missing
90 (30.4)

Menopausal status

    Premenopausal
178 (60.1)

    Postmenopausal
118 (39.9)

Pathology

    Infiltrating ductal ca. + infiltrating lobular

    ca. + medullary ca.
253 (85.5)

    Other
43 (14.5)

Grade

    I
127 (42.9)

    II
131 (44.3)

    III
38 (12.9)

Tumor size (cm)

    ≤2
171 (57.8)

    >2–5
125 (42.2)

Hormone receptor status

    ER (+) PR (+)
220 (74.3)

    ER (+) PR (−)
45 (15.2)

    ER (−) PR (+)
31 (10.5)

Adjuvant hormone therapy

    Tamoxifen
269 (90.9)

    Others*
27 (9.1)

Adjuvant chemotherapy

    No CT
162 (54.7)

    CT
134 (45.3)

LN: lymph node; HR: hormone receptor; ca: cancer; ER: estrogen receptor; PR: progesterone receptor; CT: chemotherapy.

*Ovarian ablation or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.

3.2. CYP19 Polymorphisms and Prognosis

As shown in Table 2, based on the analysis of all patients, the rs4646 polymorphism (A/A and A/C genotypes versus the C/C genotype) was marginally associated with a poor DFS (aHR 1.6.; 95% CI, 1.0–2.6; ) and a poor DDFS (aHR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.9–2.9; ). After stratification by menopausal status, in premenopausal patients, it was marginally associated with a poor OS (aHR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.0–5.9; ) and poor DFS (aHR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.9–3.2; ) and was significantly associated with a poor DDFS (aHR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1–4.9; ). However, in postmenopausal women, this SNP was not associated with OS, DFS, or DDFS.

Table 2: Association between various CYP19 genotypes and OS, DFS, or DDFS.

Genotype
OS
DFS
DDFS

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

aHR (95% CI)

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

aHR (95% CI)

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

aHR (95% CI)

CYP19_rs4646 A/A + A/C versus C/C

Total

()
1.6 (0.8–3.1)

1.8 (0.9–3.6)
0.17

0.09
1.6 (1.0–2.5)

1.6 (1.0–2.6)
0.06

0.06
1.6 (0.9–2.7)

1.7 (0.9–2.9)
0.10

0.07

Premenopausal

()
2.1 (0.9–4.9)

2.4 (1.0–5.9)
0.10

0.06
1.8 (1.0–3.1)

1.8 (0.9–3.2)
0.05

0.07
2.2 (1.1–4.4)

2.3 (1.1–4.9)
0.03

0.02

Postmenopausal

()
1.0 (0.3–2.9)

1.2 (0.4–3.7)
0.97

0.81
1.3 (0.5–3.0)

1.4 (0.6–3.5)
0.59

0.42
0.9 (0.3–2.2)

1.0 (0.4–2.7)
0.79

0.99

Premenopausal patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy ()
2.2 (0.6–7.4)

2.8 (0.7–10.7)
0.22

0.13
1.8 (0.8–4.1)

1.7 (0.7–4.1)
0.15

0.24
2.1 (0.8–5.4)

2.2 (0.8–6.3)
0.12

0.13

CYP19_rs1065779 A/A + A/C versus C/C

Total

()
1.3 (0.6–2.8)

1.6 (0.7–3.3)
0.50

0.26
2.0 (1.1–3.6)

2.3(1.2–4.2)
0.02

0.009
1.7 (0.9–3.2)

1.9 (1.0–3.7)
0.87

0.06

Premenopausal

()
2.2 (0.8–6.6)

2.6 (0.8–7.8)
0.15

0.10
3.1 (1.4–6.8)

3.5 (1.5–7.9)
0.006

0.003
2.9 (1.1–7.5)

3.2 (1.2–8.6)
0.03

0.02

Postmenopausal

()
0.5 (0.2–1.7)

0.7 (0.2–2.2)
0.29

0.49
1.0 (0.4–2.5)

1.1 (0.4–3.0)
0.93

0.84
0.7 (0.3–2.0)

0.9 (0.3–2.6)
0.56

0.84

Premenopausal patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy ()
4.1 (0.5–31.8)

7.0 (0.8–62.6)
0.18

0.08
4.9 (1.1–20.7)

6.6 (1.5–29.4)
0.03

0.01
7.0 (0.9–52.0)

13.0 (1.6–104.8)
0.06

0.02

CYP19_(TTTA)n S/S + S/L versus L/L

Total

()
2.8 (0.9–9.1)

3.3 (1.0–11.0)
0.09

0.05
2.4 (1.1–5.3)

2.8 (1.3–6.2)
0.03

0.01
2.4 (1.0–6.0)

2.8 (1.1–7.1)
0.06

0.03

Premenopausal

()
6.6 (0.9–48.7)

7.8 (1.0–58.9)
0.07

0.05
3.6 (1.3–10.1)

4.0 (1.4–11.4)
0.01

0.009
5.0 (1.2–20.7)

5.5 (1.3–23.5)
0.03

0.02

Postmenopausal

()
1.0 (0.2–4.5)

1.1 (0.2–5.1)
0.98

0.93
1.2 (0.3–4.0)

1.3 (0.4–4.8)
0.81

0.64
0.9 (0.3–3.1)

1.1 (0.3–4.1)
0.87

0.86

Premenopausal patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy ()
—

—

3.5 (0.8–15.1)

4.0 (0.9–17.9)
0.09

0.07
5.3 (0.7–39.9)

6.3 (0.8–50.8)
0.10

0.09

CYP19_rs1870050 A/A versus C/C + A/C

Total

()
1.2 (0.6–2.3)

1.2 (0.6–2.4)
0.62

0.53
1.3 (0.8–2.1)

1.4 (0.8–2.2)
0.31

0.19
1.7 (1.0–2.9)

1.8 (1.0–3.1)
0.06

0.05

Premenopausal

()
1.7 (0.7–4.1)

1.9 (0.8–4.7)
0.22

0.14
1.4 (0.8–2.4)

1.5 (0.8–2.8)
0.28

0.17
1.9 (0.9–3.8)

2.1 (1.0–4.3)
0.07

0.05

Postmenopausal

()
0.6 (0.2–1.9)

0.6 (0.2–2.0)
0.41

0.42
1.1 (0.5–2.5)

1.0 (0.4–2.4)
0.86

0.99
1.3 (0.5–3.4)

1.2 (0.5–3.2)
0.54

0.70

Premenopausal patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy ()
1.8 (0.5–6.9)

2.1 (0.5–8.5)
0.37

0.28
1.1 (0.5–2.6)

1.5 (0.6–3.7)
0.79

0.40
2.7 (0.9–8.1)

3.3 (1.0–10.7)
0.08

0.05

In the whole group, the rs1065779 polymorphism (A/A and A/C genotypes versus the C/C genotype) was significantly associated with a poor DFS (aHR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-4.2; ) and marginally associated with a poor DDFS (aHR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0–3.7; ) but was not associated with OS. After stratification by menopausal status, in premenopausal patients, it was significantly associated with a poor DFS (aHR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.5–7.9; ) and poor DDFS (aHR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2–8.6; ) but not a poor OS. In contrast, in postmenopausal women, this SNP was not associated with a poor prognosis (OS, DFS, or DDFS).

In the whole group, the TTTA repeat polymorphism in intron 4 of CYP19 (S/S and S/L genotypes versus the L/L genotype) was significantly associated with a poor progression in terms of OS (aHR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.0–11.0; ), DFS (aHR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3–6.2; ), and DDFS (aHR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1–7.1; ). After stratification, this SNP remained a negative prognostic factor in premenopausal patients in terms of OS (aHR, 7.8; 95% CI, 1.0–58.9; ), DFS (aHR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.4–11.4; ), and DDFS (aHR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.3–23.5; ) but was not associated with a poor prognosis of OS, DFS, and DDFS in postmenopausal women.

The rs1870050 polymorphism (A/A genotype versus A/C and C/C genotypes) was significantly associated with a poor DDFS in both the whole group (aHR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0–3.1; ) and premenopausal women (aHR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.0–4.3; ). However, no significant associations were observed for OS or DFS. The polymorphism was not associated with poor prognosis (OS, DFS, or DDFS) in postmenopausal women.

In premenopausal patients with adjuvant chemotherapy (high-risk group), the rs1065779 and rs1870050 polymorphisms were significantly associated with a poor prognosis in terms of DDFS (aHR, 13.0; 95% CI, 1.6–104.8; and aHR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.0–10.7; , resp.), but no associations were seen for the rs4646 and TTTA repeat polymorphisms.

3.3. CYP19 Haplotypes and Prognosis

Since SNPs tend to be inherited in clusters and linked to the same functional variants, which are potentially associated with disease prognosis [15–17], the 4 genetic polymorphisms of CYP19 were clustered into haplotypes of CCLA (41.1%), AASA (17.1%), CASA (11.9%), CCLC (8.9%), CCSA (7.5%), AASC (8.9%), and others (4.6%). There were no significant differences in clinicopathologic features, adjuvant hormone treatment (tamoxifen versus ovarian ablation and LHRH agonist), or systemic adjuvant chemotherapy (no versus yes) between these groups (data not shown).

As shown in Table 3, taking all patients together, the haplotype subtype AASA was found to be associated with a poor OS (aHR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2–3.9; ), DFS (aHR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3–3.2; ), and DDFS (aHR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3–3.2; ) compared to non-AASA alleles. After stratification by menopausal status, in premenopausal patients, haplotype AASA remained associated with a poor prognosis in terms of OS (aHR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.6–6.8; ), DFS (aHR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5–4.2; ), and DDFS (aHR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6–5.3; ) but was not associated with a poor prognosis in postmenopausal women (Figure 1). In contrast, haplotype AASC was significantly associated with a poor OS (aHR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.4–14.1; ) and a poor DFS (aHR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1–8.3; ) in postmenopausal women and a poor OS in all women combined (aHR, 2.9%; 95% CI, 1.3–6.3; ) but not in premenopausal women.

Table 3: Overall survival, disease-free survival, and distant disease-free survival of LN-negative, HR-positive breast cancer patients with the CYP19 AASA haplotype.

Haplotype Subject

number = 214; Allele number = 428

(allelic frequency)
OS

DFS

DDFS

Event number

(frequency)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)

aHR (95% CI)

Event number

(frequency)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)

aHR (95% CI)

Event number

(frequency)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)

aHR (95% CI)

AASA versus non-AASA (17.1% versus 82.9%)

Total
27 (10.3 %)
1.9 (1.1–3.5)

2.1 (1.2–3.9)
0.03

0.01
51 (23.8%)
1.9 (1.2–3.0)

2.0 (1.3–3.2)
0.004

0.002
41 (19.2%)
1.8 (1.1–3.0)

2.0 (1.2–3.2)
0.02

0.008

Premenopausal

2.9 (1.5–5.7)

3.3 (1.6–6.8)
0.002

0.001

2.4 (1.4–3.9)

2.5 (1.5–4.2)
0.001

0.0008

2.6 (1.5–4.6)

2.9 (1.6–5.3)
0.0009

0.0004

Postmenopausal

0.6 (0.1–2.7)

0.7 (0.2–3.4)
0.53

0.71

1.2 (0.5–2.9)

1.4 (0.6–3.6)
0.72

0.44

0.8 (0.3–2.2)

0.9 (0.3–2.6)
0.60

0.81

AASC versus non-AASC (8.9% versus 91.1%)

Total
27 (10.3 %)
2.0 (0.9–4.2)

2.9 (1.3–6.3)
0.08

0.008
51 (23.8%)
1.3 (0.7–2.5)

1.5 (0.8–2.9)
0.36

0.22
41 (19.2%)
1.3 (0.6–2.5)

1.6 (0.8–3.4)
0.51

0.18

Premenopausal

1.5 (0.5–4.1)

2.1 (0.7–6.4)
0.48

0.18

1.0 (0.4–2.4)

1.1 (0.4–2.7)
0.93

0.86

1.1 (0.4–2.7)

1.4 (0.5–3.6)
0.89

0.54

Postmenopausal

3.3 (1.1–10.0)

4.4 (1.4–14.1)
0.04

0.01

2.2 (0.8–5.6)

3.1 (1.1–8.3)
0.11

0.03

1.7 (0.6–5.0)

2.5 (0.8–7.6)
0.31

0.10

CASA versus non-CASA (11.9% versus 88.1%)

Total

0.6 (0.2–1.6)

0.6 (0.2–1.6)
0.30

0.31

0.8 (0.4–1.5)

0.8 (0.4–1.6)
0.48

0.58

0.8 (0.4–1.7)

0.8 (0.4–1.7)
0.62

0.58

Premenopausal

0.6 (0.2–2.1)

0.6 (0.2–2.1)
0.45

0.45

0.8 (0.3–1.7)

0.8 (0.4–1.8)
0.49

0.60

0.7 (0.3–1.8)

0.7 (0.3–1.7)
0.70

0.40

Postmenopausal

0.5 (0.1–3.5)

0.5 (0.1–4.1)
0.45

0.53

0.8 (0.3–2.7)

0.8 (0.2–2.7)
0.75

0.69

1.1 (0.3–3.8)

1.1 (0.3–4.2)
0.83

0.85

CCLA versus non-CCLA (41.1% versus 58.9%)

Total

0.6 (0.3–1.1)

0.6 (0.3–1.0)
0.07

0.06

0.8 (0.5–1.2)

0.8 (0.5–1.2)
0.28

0.22

0.8 (0.5–1.3)

0.8 (0.5–1.2)
0.33

0.27

Premenopausal

0.5 (0.3–1.1)

0.6 (0.3–1.2)
0.10

0.14

0.7 (0.4–1.2)

0.8 (0.5–1.3)
0.22

0.30

0.7 (0.4–1.2)

0.7 (0.4–1.3)
0.20

0.28

Postmenopausal

0.7 (0.3–1.9)

0.6 (0.2–1.6)
0.46

0.33

0.9 (0.5–1.9)

0.8 (0.4–1.6)
0.88

0.49

1.0 (0.5–2.2)

0.8 (0.4–1.8)
0.91

0.64

CCLC versus non-CCLC (8.9% versus 91.1%)

Total

0.8 (0.3–2.1)

0.6 (0.2–1.6)
0.62

0.28

0.6 (0.2–1.3)

0.4 (0.2–1.0)
0.18

0.05

0.5 (0.2–1.3)

0.4 (0.1–1.0)
0.14

0.05

Premenopausal

0.6 (0.1–2.3)

0.3 (0.1–1.5)
0.42

0.16

0.5 (0.2–1.5)

0.4 (0.1–1.2)
0.22

0.10

0.3 (0.1–1.4)

0.3 (0.1–1.1)
0.14

0.07

Postmenopausal

1.2 (0.3–5.4)

1.0 (0.2–4.5)
0.78

0.99

0.7 (0.2–2.7)

0.5 (0.1–2.4)
0.56

0.42

0.7 (0.2–3.1)

0.7 (0.2–2.9)
0.67

0.60

CCSA versus non-CCSA (7.5% versus 92.5%)

Total

1.9 (0.9–4.2)

1.8 (0.8–4.0)
0.11

0.15

1.1 (0.5–2.2)

1.1 (0.5–2.4)
0.85

0.72

1.4 (0.7–2.9)

1.4 (0.7–3.0)
0.35

0.35

Premenopausal

1.8 (0.6–5.1)

1.6 (0.6–4.8)
0.27

0.37

1.1 (0.4–2.8)

1.0 (0.4–2.5)
0.81

0.99

1.4 (0.6–3.6)

1.3 (0.5–3.3)
0.44

0.63

Postmenopausal

2.1 (0.6–7.3)

1.8 (0.5–6.3)
0.23

0.36

1.1 (0.3–3.5)

1.1 (0.3–3.8)
0.93

0.85

1.4 (0.4–4.6)

1.4 (0.4–4.7)
0.59

0.61

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1: Overall treatment results for LN-negative, HR-positive premenopausal patients as a function of CYP19 haplotype (AASA haplotype versus non-AASA haplotype) for (a) distant disease-free survival (DDFS), (b) disease-free survival (DFS), and (c) overall survival (OS).

In premenopausal patients with adjuvant chemotherapy (high-risk group), haplotype AASA was significantly associated with a poor OS (aHR, 6.4; 95% CI, 2.1–19.0; ), DFS (aHR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5–6.8; ), and DDFS (aHR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.9–10.3; ) compared to those without haplotype AASA as the reference (Table 4).

Table 4: Haplotype AASA remains a significant prognostic factor for poor survival in premenopausal patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.

CYP19 haplotype

AASA versus non-AASA
Hazard ratio (95% CI)

aHR (95% CI)
value

OS
5.1 (1.9–13.7)

6.4 (2.1–19.0)
P = 0.001

P = 0.0009

DFS
2.7 (1.3–5.4)

3.2 (1.5–6.8)
P = 0.005

P = 0.003

DDFS
2.9 (1.4–6.2)

4.5 (1.9–10.3)
P = 0.005

P = 0.0005

4. Discussion

In the present study, we demonstrated that, in LN-negative, HR-positive breast cancer patients, premenopausal women carrying the CYP19 genetic polymorphism haplotype AASA had a significantly poorer DDFS, DFS, and OS than those without haplotype AASA. Even in patients who received chemotherapy, haplotype AASA remained a negative prognostic factor for DDFS, DFS, and OS. However, in postmenopausal women, haplotype AASA was not associated with poor DDFS, DFS, or OS, whereas haplotype AASC was significantly associated with poor OS and DFS.

SNP rs4646 of CYP19, located in the 3′ untranslated region, was recently found to be associated with circulating steroid hormone levels and with the objective response to the aromatase inhibitor letrozole in postmenopausal breast cancer [13, 14, 24]. In the present study, we observed that the combined high risk A/A + A/C alleles of CYP19 polymorphism rs4646 were significantly associated with a poor DDFS () and marginally associated with a poor OS () and poor DFS ().

SNP rs1065779 of CYP19, which is located in intron 9, 53 base pairs upstream of exon 10, has been suggested to affect transcription or expression of aromatase [11] and to be associated with lower serum estrogen levels in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma patients [25]. In the present study, we observed an increased risk of the A allele in CYP19 polymorphism rs1065779 in terms of a poor prognosis for DFS and DDFS in premenopausal patients and those receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.

The TTTA repeat CYP19 polymorphism has been reported to be associated with higher aromatase activity [26, 27], and increasing repeat length is associated with a good prognosis of breast cancer [7, 8]. These observations are consistent with our findings, which also showed that an increased poor prognosis risk of DDFS, DFS, and OS was associated with the short TTTA repeat polymorphism in LN-negative, HR-positive breast cancer patients, especially premenopausal patients.

SNP rs1870050 of CYP19, located in the first exon close to promoter I.1, is associated with risk of endometrial cancer [12], and the cancer risk association is modified by tea consumption [11]. In the present study, we found that the A/A genotype of the CYP19 polymorphism rs1870050 was associated with a poor DDFS in premenopausal women, but no significant associations were observed with OS or DFS. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to understand the effect of CYP19 polymorphism rs1870050 on OS and DFS of LN-negative, HR-positive premenopausal breast cancer patients.

In the present study, we found that, in premenopausal women, CYP19 polymorphisms rs4646 (A/C), rs1065779 (A/C), rs1870050 (A/C), and CYP19 (TTTA)n (S/S + S/L versus L/L) were significantly associated with a poor DDFS. Haplotypes derived from these 4 genetic polymorphisms confirmed the above association. We also found that premenopausal women carrying haplotype AASA not only had a poor DDFS but also a poor DFS and OS than those without AASA.

The poor prognostic effect of the CYP19 haplotype AASA for premenopausal women is hypothesized to be due to differences in the regulatory mechanisms of estrogen between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. In breast cancer samples, expression of aromatase is upregulated in breast tumor tissue compared to normal tissue [28], indicating a potential role of CYP19 in the development and progression of breast cancer, and microarray expression profiling and clustering analysis have demonstrated a significant positive correlation between aromatase and estrogen-related receptor mRNA expression in isolated carcinoma cells [29]. In premenopausal women, estrogen is mainly produced by the ovary, while in postmenopausal women, aromatization of androgen in extragonadal tissue, for example, adipose tissue, is the main source [5]. It is therefore possible that the proliferation of HR-positive breast cancer cells in premenopausal women is more estrogen-dependent than that in postmenopausal woman and that antihormone treatment, such as tamoxifen and ovarian ablation, and chemotherapy, which also result in a menopausal status, might cause a greater decrease in ovary-synthesized estrogen to support breast cancer growth in premenopausal women.

Given that cancers in premenopausal women may have a greater need of estrogen for growth than those in postmenopausal women, the tumor cells may grow rapidly and thus develop recurrence and distant metastases when they are in a high-estrogen microenvironment. We hypothesize that premenopausal women with haplotype AASA may have higher aromatase activity and have higher estrogen levels after antihormone therapy, since estrogen is still synthesized in adipose tissues by aromatase, and that this may explain why this group of patients has a poor survival. Our findings are in line with those of Long et al. [30] showing that haplotypes CCCTA (minor alleles for hCV1664178, rs12900137, rs730154, rs936306, and rs1902586 in block 2) and AAGC (nonsynonymous SNP rs727479, rs700519, rs10046, and rs4646 in block 4) are associated with poor DFS and OS in premenopausal women.

Although the survival benefit of the non-AASA haplotypes of CYP19 may be a result of a greater estrogen-reducing effect of tamoxifen in premenopausal women, we did not measure estrogen levels and their association with the AASA haplotype, since estrogen levels in premenopausal women do not remain constant because of their physiology. In addition, whether the AASA haplotype of CYP19 is associated with the survival of postmenopausal women receiving an aromatase inhibitor needs to be examined. Furthermore, the significant association between haplotype AASC and poor OS and DFS observed in our postmenopausal women requires further studies to clarify the possible mechanism.

In addition to germline SNPs of tamoxifen-metabolizing genes, such as CYP19, CPY2D6, and SULT1A1 [8, 31–33], SNPs identified in genomewide association studies (GWAS) have been found to be associated with breast cancer risk [34, 35]. A recent study investigating the association between 8 risk SNPs identified in GWAS and breast cancer outcome demonstrated that rs12443621 (16q12) and rs6504950 (17q23) may influence OS and that patients with three or four at-risk genotypes of the GWAS SNPs have a higher risk of death than those with two or fewer at-risk genotypes [36]. Thus, further studies exploring the influence of candidate genes and GWAS-identified genes involved in metabolism of tamoxifen, chemotherapeutic agents, and estrogen on the effect of adjuvant hormonal therapy and the survival of HR-positive breast cancers are warranted.

In conclusion, our results show that, in LN-negative, HR-positive breast cancer patients, CYP19 genetic polymorphism haplotype AASA is associated with poor survival in premenopausal women but not in postmenopausal women. In high-risk premenopausal patients with adjuvant chemotherapy, haplotype AASA remains a negative prognostic factor, and new adjuvant treatment strategies for this group of patients are warranted. Clarification of the molecular mechanisms of the effect of haplotype CYP19 genetic polymorphism, such as mRNA stabilization, transcription enhancement, or posttranslational upregulation of aromatase expression [37], in this group of breast cancer patients is needed.

Abbreviations

LN: | Lymph node
HR: | Hormone receptor
DDFS: | Distant disease-free survival
DFS: | Disease-free survival
OS: | Overall survival
aHR: | Adjusted hazard ratio
ER: | Estrogen receptor
PR: | Progesterone receptor
SNP: | Single nucleotide polymorphism.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Authors’ Contribution

Sung-Hsin Kuo and Shi-Yi Yang contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by research Grants 98-2314-B-002-140-MY2, NSC-100-2325-B-002-070-, NSC-101-2325-B-002-063-, NSC-102-2325-B-002-060, NSC 100–2325-002-074, and NSC-101-2325-B-002-091 from the National Science Council, Taiwan.

References

EBCTCG, “Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials,” The Lancet, vol. 365, no. 9472, pp. 1687–1717, 2005.

H. J. Burstein, A. A. Prestrud, J. Seidenfeld et al., “American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline: Update on adjuvant endocrine therapy for women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 28, no. 23, pp. 3784–3796, 2010.

Y. Zhao, C. R. Mendelson, E. R. Simpson, et al., “Characterization of the sequences of the human CYP19 (aromatase) gene that mediate regulation by glucocorticoids in adipose stromal cells and fetal hepatocytes,” Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 340–349, 1995.

S. E. Bulun, S. Sebastian, K. Takayama, T. Suzuki, H. Sasano, and M. Shozu, “The human CYP19 (aromatase P450) gene: update on physiologic roles and genomic organization of promoters,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 86, no. 3–5, pp. 219–224, 2003.

R. J. Santen, H. Brodie, E. R. Simpson, P. K. Siiteri, and A. Brodie, “History of aromatase: saga of an important biological mediator and therapeutic target,” Endocrine Reviews, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 343–375, 2009.

C. A. Haiman, S. E. Hankinson, D. Spiegelman, et al., “A tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in CYP19 and breast cancer risk,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 204–210, 2000.

E. L. Goode, A. M. Dunning, B. Kuschel et al., “Effect of germ-line genetic variation on breast cancer survival in a population-based study,” Cancer Research, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 3052–3057, 2002.

C.-S. Huang, S.-H. Kuo, H.-C. Lien et al., “The CYP19 TTTA repeat polymorphism is related to the prognosis of premenopausal stage I-II and operable stage III breast cancers,” Oncologist, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 751–760, 2008.

C. X. Ma, A. A. Adjei, O. E. Salavaggione et al., “Human aromatase: gene resequencing and functional genomics,” Cancer Research, vol. 65, no. 23, pp. 11071–11082, 2005.

R. A. Paynter, S. E. Hankinson, G. A. Colditz, P. Kraft, D. J. Hunter, and I. De Vivo, “CYP19 (Aromatase) haplotypes and endometrial cancer risk,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 267–274, 2005.

W. H. Xu, Q. Dai, Y. B. Xiang et al., “Interaction of soy food and tea consumption with CYP19 A1 genetic polymorphisms in the development of endometrial cancer,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 166, no. 12, pp. 1420–1430, 2007.

H. T. Meng, Q. Cai, Z.-F. Zhang et al., “Polymorphisms in the CYP19A1 (aromatase) gene and endometrial cancer risk in Chinese women,” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 943–949, 2007.

R. Colomer, M. Monzo, I. Tusquets et al., “A single-nucleotide polymorphismin the aromatase gene is associated with the efficacy of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole in advanced breast carcinoma,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 811–816, 2008.

Z. Garcia-Casado, A. Guerrero-Zotano, A. Llombart-Cussac et al., “A polymorphism at the 3'-UTR region of the aromatase gene defines a subgroup of postmenopausal breast cancer patients with poor response to neoadjuvant letrozole,” BMC Cancer, vol. 10, article 36, 2010.

A. G. Clark, “The role of haplotypes in candidate gene studies,” Genetic Epidemiology, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 321–333, 2004.

D. J. Schaid, “Evaluating associations of haplotypes with traits,” Genetic Epidemiology, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 348–364, 2004.

J. E. Olson, J. N. Ingle, C. X. Ma et al., “A comprehensive examination of CYP19 variation and risk of breast cancer using two haplotype-tagging approaches,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 237–247, 2007.

S.-H. Kuo, H.-C. Lien, S.-L. You et al., “Dose variation and regimen modification of adjuvant chemotherapy in daily practice affect survival of stage I-II and operable stage III Taiwanese breast cancer patients,” Breast, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 646–653, 2008.

A. Goldhirsch, J. N. Ingle, R. D. Gelber, A. S. Coates, B. Thürlimann, and H.-J. Senn, “Thresholds for therapies: highlights of the St Gallen international expert consensus on the primary therapy of early breast cancer 2009,” Annals of Oncology, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1319–1329, 2009.

Y.-S. Lu, S.-H. Kuo, and C.-S. Huang, “Recent advances in the management of primary breast cancers,” Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, vol. 103, no. 8, pp. 579–598, 2004.

M. Kaufmann, M. Morrow, G. Von Minckwitz, and J. R. Harris, “Locoregional treatment of primary breast cancer: consensus recommendations from an international expert panel,” Cancer, vol. 116, no. 5, pp. 1184–1191, 2010.

S.-H. Tan, S.-C. Lee, B.-C. Goh, and J. Wong, “Pharmacogenetics in breast cancer therapy,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 14, no. 24, pp. 8027–8041, 2008.

C. A. Hudis, W. E. Barlow, J. P. Costantino et al., “Proposal for standardized definitions for efficacy end points in adjuvant breast cancer trials: the STEEP system,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 25, no. 15, pp. 2127–2132, 2007.

C. A. Haiman, L. Dossus, V. W. Setiawan et al., “Genetic variation at the CYP19A1 locus predicts circulating estrogen levels but not breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women,” Cancer Research, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 1893–1897, 2007.

S. E. Olivo-Marston, L. E. Mechanic, S. Mollerup et al., “Serum estrogen and tumor-positive estrogen receptor-alpha are strong prognostic classifiers of non-small-cell lung cancer survival in both men and women,” Carcinogenesis, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 1778–1786, 2010.

V. N. Kristensen, N. Harada, N. Yoshimura et al., “Genetic variants of CYP19 (aromatase) and breast cancer risk,” Oncogene, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 1329–1333, 2000.

L. Gennari, L. Masi, D. Merlotti et al., “A polymorphic CYP19 TTTA repeat influences aromatase activity and estrogen levels in elderly men: effects on bone metabolism,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 2803–2810, 2004.

P. C. de Jong, M. A. Blankenstein, J. van de Ven, J. W. R. Nortier, G. H. Blijham, and J. H. H. Thijssen, “Importance of local aromatase activity in hormone-dependent breast cancer: a review,” Breast, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 91–99, 2001.

Y. Miki, T. Suzuki, C. Tazawa et al., “Aromatase localization in human breast cancer tissues: possible interactions between intratumoral stromal and parenchymal cells,” Cancer Research, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 3945–3954, 2007.

J.-R. Long, N. Kataoka, X.-O. Shu et al., “Genetic polymorphisms of the CYP19A1 gene and breast cancer survival,” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 2115–2122, 2006.

M. P. Goetz, J. M. Rae, V. J. Suman et al., “Pharmacogenetics of tamoxifen biotransformation is associated with clinical outcomes of efficacy and hot flashes,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 23, no. 36, pp. 9312–9318, 2005.

C. N. Falany, J. Wheeler, T. S. Oh, and J. L. Falany, “Steroid sulfation by expressed human cytosolic sulfotransferases,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 369–375, 1994.

C.-S. Huang, C.-H. Lin, Y.-S. Lu, and C.-Y. Shen, “Unique features of breast cancer in Asian women-Breast cancer in Taiwan as an example,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 118, no. 4-5, pp. 300–303, 2010.

D. F. Easton, K. A. Pooley, A. M. Dunning, et al., “Genome-wide association study identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci,” Nature, vol. 447, no. 7148, pp. 1087–1093, 2007.

S. H. Nordgard, F. E. Johansen, G. I. G. Alnæs, B. Naume, A.-L. Børresen-Dale, and V. N. Kristensen, “Genes harbouring susceptibility SNPs are differentially expressed in the breast cancer subtypes,” Breast Cancer Research, vol. 9, no. 6, article 113, 2007.

S. Bayraktar, P. A. Thompson, S. Y. Yoo, et al., “The relationship between eight GWAS-identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms and primary breast cancer outcomes,” The Oncologist, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 493–500, 2013.

S. Chen, J. Ye, I. Kijima, Y. Kinoshita, and D. Zhou, “Positive and negative transcriptional regulation of aromatase expression in human breast cancer tissue,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 95, no. 1–5, pp. 17–23, 2005.