Achievements and Visibility of Scientific Publications of All Peruvian Medical Schools: A 5-Year Scientometric Analyses

Objective To evaluate the bibliometric profile of the national academic production of public and private medical schools in Scopus after the publication of a new university law (2015–2020). Methods A descriptive bibliometric study was conducted. The secondary data corresponding to the 42 Peruvian medical schools that had scientific publications in Scopus from 2015 to 2020 were evaluated, and the Affiliation ID of each Peruvian institution was considered. Data were analysed using SciVal. Results The total production of the Peruvian medical schools was 5406 manuscripts (100%), of which 3018 (56%) were included in the ‘clinical medicine' category. The total production of publications in Peru from 2015 to 2020 was 21597 manuscripts, of which medical publications accounted for 7950, with only 5406 manuscripts belonging to the Faculties of Medicine of Peru. The Peruvian Journal of Experimental Medicine and Public Health had published the highest number of manuscripts (500 articles), with an approximate publication citation of two. Conclusion There was a constant increase in the scientific production of Peruvian medical schools from 2015 to 2020. Additionally, it was found that medical publications contribute the most to the total scientific production of Peru.


Introduction
Scientometrics consists of the application of different statistical methods to analyse results of scientific research indexed in databases such as Embase, Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science. This area measures the scientific productivity of institutions, especially in the field of medicine [1].
Bibliometric studies generally analyse the quantitative characteristics of scientific publications to obtain findings in relation to scientific communication. This type of research enables drawing contrasts between countries, affiliations, and/or authors. Consequently, bibliometrics is the numerical analysis of scientific publications in a certain period, field, or institution, and the collaborations between them [2].
Scientometrics analyses study the impact of scientific production in an area of knowledge, such as collaborative networks that help identify dynamics between authors, countries, and institutions [3,4]. In this sense, it is important to know the activities related to scientific publication in the faculty of human medicine and quantify their impact based on number of citations. Medical schools play an important role in the creation of knowledge based on scien-tific evidence, especially for optimal decision-making [5].
However, a lack of methodological uniformity can be observed in the evaluation of scientific production by medical schools, which may directly impact their reputation. For example, when evaluating the scientific production of medical schools in Europe, different bibliometric data have been used to track the amount of international collaboration, volume, and increases in research production, integrating different bibliometric techniques that could provide a more nuanced and accurate interpretation of the research output of medical schools [6].
Thus, this research was aimed at determining the scientometric profile of the national academic production of all Peruvian medical schools in Scopus.

Study
Design. This scientometric study was of retrospective, descriptive, and observational design. All medical schools in Peru that had a Scopus ID were evaluated, which corresponded to 42 faculties. The scientific production of these faculties was evaluated between 2015 and 2020 (Table 1) 2.2. Search Strategy. The search strategy was developed based on the institutional profiles (Affiliation ID) of Peruvian universities that had a school of human medicine. Afterwards, the profiles found in the Scopus database were exported to a CSV file, which was then imported into the SciVal tool to proceed with the bibliometric analysis. This analysis included indicators such as scientific production by sub-subject area, total scientific production, type of collaboration, scientific production by university, and indexed journals with the highest publication of Peruvian medical manuscripts.
2.3. Medicine School Selection. All Peruvian colleges were evaluated according to the licensing pattern issued by the regulatory entity SUNEDU (National Superintendency of Higher Education). The following selection criteria were applied: Inclusion criteria are as follows:

Scholarly Output of Peruvian Medical Schools.
The total production of the Peruvian medical schools was 5406 manuscripts (100%), of which 3018 (56%) were included in the "clinical medicine" category. In contrast, the "basic medicine" and "health sciences" categories were represented by 36% and 34%, respectively. Finally, only 1% of the investigations were in the "medical biotechnology" category (

Discussion
Scientometric analysis is a conglomeration of statistical methods used to quantify scientific production. Bibliometric mapping provides an excellent method for visualizing publication and citation information. This allows information to be represented in ways that make relationships objective and easy to understand [7]. Citation analysis of scientific articles is a method used to evaluate the quality of published scientific articles. The number of citations is generally correlated with the quality of the research. Citation analysis matches well with other indices of scientific recognition; therefore, it is frequently used to evaluate the academic production of a certain subject, author, or institution. Therefore, this bibliometric study can help 2 BioMed Research International researchers understand published scientific information and help doctors make decisions [8][9][10][11][12]. The present study used different bibliometric methods to measure factors such as scientific production, collaboration, and citations. However, it may include undue biases since it uses secondary data published in databases.
Another study reported that health science research has increased in recent years. For instance, Saudi Arabia currently leads the Arab world in medical education and research. According to a bibliometric study conducted in Jordan, an increase in the number of research articles and international collaborations was reported from years 2008 to 2017 [13]. An analysis of the distribution by subject area reveals that the area of medicine has the highest number of publications compared to other areas in the health sciences. This implies that these other areas need more attention from politicians and researchers to achieve a global research approach [13].
This study only analysed the number of manuscripts, quality, and impact of publication citations. Furthermore, it was limited to scientific databases such as Scopus. Future research should compare the productivity of health research with other high-income, scientifically advanced countries [8][9][10][11][12].
For example, in Peru, there are a few studies that measure the thesis rate of medical postgraduate students in the Doctorate program for Health Sciences in Lima. A study by Fernandez-Giusti et al. mentioned that the highest thesis defense production took place between 2014 and 2020. Additionally, there was an enhanced relationship between the students' doctoral thesis defense and their career doctorate [14]. Other studies have shown that the academic  production of public and private Peruvian colleges has increased notably, especially since 2014. This could be a result of greater investment, further incentives, improvement of laboratories, and hiring of researchers with extensive experience, among other reasons [15].
the vice-chancellors of four universities (14.2%) had published at least one article in Scopus. Therefore, the scientific production of the research vice-rectors of the universities that were evaluated was deficient. This can be identified using bibliometrics [16]. Therefore, it is also important to mention that the licensing process that the human medicine schools in Peru have to follow drives the current and constant increase in scientific publications. Similarly, interinstitutional collaboration with other national and foreign universities produces quality information [17].
The main limitation to the present study was that it was only possible to show the scholarly output of the Peruvian medical schools in the Scopus database, although future studies could be carried out to evaluate other databases such as Web of Science, Medline, and Embase. Another limitation was that only a specific period (2015-2020) was evaluated, although it is predicted that the highest production peak is expected in the years following 2020.
This research will help determine the scientometric profile of the academic production of all Peruvian medical schools in Scopus. It will also help in the choice of journals, research fields, and topics. Because the main strength of a scientometric study is to provide a statistical analysis of the scientific publications of the Peruvian medical schools.

Conclusions
There has been a notable and constant increase in the scholarly output of the Peruvian medical schools from 2015 to 2020. Additionally, it was found that medical publications contribute the most to the total scientific production of Peru. This coincides with the enactment of a new university law that, among other aspects, encourages research in Peru.

Data Availability
The data used in this bibliometric study will be available upon authorization of the corresponding author.