Essential Guide to Manuscript Writing for Academic Dummies: An Editor's Perspective

Writing an effective manuscript is one of the pivotal steps in the successful closure of the research project, and getting it published in a peer-reviewed and indexed journal adds to the academic profile of a researcher. Writing and publishing a scientific paper is a tough task that researchers and academicians must endure in staying relevant in the field. Success in translating the benchworks into the scientific content, which is effectively communicated within the scientific field, is used in evaluating the researcher in the current academic world. Writing is a highly time-consuming and skill-oriented process that requires familiarity with the numerous publishing steps, formatting rules, and ethical guidelines currently in vogue in the publishing industry. In this review, we have attempted to include the essential information that novice authors in their early careers need to possess, to be able to write a decent first scientific manuscript ready for submission in the journal of choice. This review is unique in providing essential guidance in a simple point-wise manner in conjunction with easy-to-understand illustrations to familiarize novice researchers with the anatomy of a basic scientific manuscript.


Background
Communication is the pivotal key to the growth of scientific literature. Successfully written scientific communication in the form of any type of paper is needed by researchers and academicians alike for various reasons such as receiving degrees, getting a promotion, becoming experts in the field, and having editorships [1,2].
Here, in this review, we present the organization and anatomy of a scientific manuscript enlisting the essential features that authors should keep in their mind while writing a manuscript.
A good scientific paper essentially covers the important criteria, which define its worth such as structure, logical flow of information, content, context, and conclusion [5]. Among various guidelines that are available for the authors to follow, IMRAD scheme is the most important in determining the correct flow of content and structure of an original research paper [4,[11][12][13]. IMRAD stands for introduction, methods, results, and discussion ( Figure 2). Besides these, other parts of the manuscript are equally essential such as title, abstract, keywords, and conclusion ( Figure 3).
IMRAD scheme was introduced in the early 1900 by publishers to standardize the single format of the scientific manuscript and since then is the universal format used by most the publishing houses [6,[14][15][16][17]. In the next sections, the contents and criteria of each of them are explained in detail. A list of the most common mistakes, which the author makes in these sections, is also provided in the tabulated form [18] (Table 1).

Title
(i) e title is the most important element of the paper, the first thing readers encounter while searching for a suitable paper [1]. It reflects the manuscript's main contribution and hence should be simple, appealing, and easy to remember [7]. (ii) A good title should not be more than 15 words or 100 characters. Sometimes journals ask for a short running title, which should essentially be no more than 50% of the full title. Running titles need to be simple, catchy, and easy to remember [19,20]. (iii) Keeping the titles extremely long can be cumbersome and is suggestive of the authors' lack of grasp of the true nature of the research done.
(iv) It usually should be based on the keywords, which feature within the main rationale and/or objectives of the paper. e authors should construct an effective title from keywords existing in all sections of the main text of the manuscript [19]. (v) Having effective keywords within the title helps in the easy discovery of the paper in the search engines, databases, and indexing services, which ultimately is also reflected by the higher citations they attract [1]. (vi) It is always better for the title to reflect the study's design or outcome [21]; thus, it is better for the authors to think of a number of different titles proactively and to choose the one, which reflects the manuscript in all domains, after careful deliberation. e paper's title should be among the last things to be decided before the submission of the paper for publication [20]. (vii) Use of abbreviations, jargons, and redundancies such as "a study in," "case report of," "Investigations of," and passive voice should be avoided in the title.

Abstract
(i) e abstract should essentially be written to answer the three main questions-"What is new in this study?" "What does it add to the current literature?" and "What are the future perspectives?" (ii) A well-written abstract is a pivotal part of every manuscript. For most readers, an abstract is the only part of the paper that is widely read, so it should be aimed to convey the entire message of the paper effectively [1]. (iii) Depending upon the journal, an abstract's word count can range from 70 to 300 words [7] and can be either structured or nonstructured in its presentation ( Figure 4). (iv) An effective abstract is a rationalized summary of the whole study and essentially should contain well-balanced information about six things: background, aim, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion [6,19]. (v) A good abstract is succinct, easy to read, and independent in carrying the information. Care should be taken in providing the three Cs-context, content, and conclusion (C-C-C) ( Figure 5) while writing it. Context provides the "gap in the literature," content covers the "what has been done in this study," and the conclusion provides the "single take-home message of the study" [1]. An effective abstract should be able to tell a complete story to the readers. (vi) An abstract should be written at the end, after finishing the writing of an entire manuscript to be able to stand-alone from the main text. It should       [19]. (vii) e authors need to limit/write their statements in each section to two or three sentences. However, it is better to focus on results and conclusions, as they are the main parts that interest the readers and should include key results and conclusions made thereof. (viii) Inclusion of excessive background information, citations, abbreviations, use of acronyms, lack of rationale/aim of the study, lack of meaningful data, and overstated conclusions make an abstract ineffective.

Keywords
(i) Keywords are the important words, which feature repeatedly in the study or else cover the main theme/idea/subject of the manuscript. ey are used by indexing databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Embase in categorizing and cross-indexing the published article. (ii) It is always wise to enlist those words which help the paper to be easily searchable in the databases. (iii) Keywords can be of two types: (a) general ones that are provided by the journal or indexing services called as medical subject headings (MeSH) as available in NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.gov/ mesh/) and (b) custom ones made by authors themselves based on the subject matter of the study [6,20]. (iv) Upon submission, journals do usually ask for the provision of five to ten keywords either to categorize the paper into the subject areas or to assign it to the subspecialty for its quick processing.

Introduction
(i) e whole idea of writing this section is to cover two important questions-"What are the gaps present in the current literature?" and "Why is the current study important?" (ii) Introduction provides an opportunity for the authors to highlight their area of study and provide rationale and justification as to why they are doing it [20,22,23]. (iii) An effective introduction usually constitutes about 10-15% of the paper's word count [22]. (iv) It should generally be made up of four paragraphs, each dedicated to cover four specific questions in a funnel-shaped manner, traversing from a more generalized view to the specific details ( Figure 6) [1,6,13,20,24].
(1) e first paragraph of the introduction should always cover "What is known about the area of study?" or "What present/current literature is telling about the problem?" All relevant and  (4) e fourth paragraph should be dedicated to effectively writing "What authors are going to do to fill the gaps?" and "Why do they want to do it?" is paragraph contains two sections-one explains the rationale of the study and introduces the hypothesis of the study in form of questions "What did authors do? and Why they did do so?" and the second enlists specific objectives that the authors are going to explore in this study to answer "Why this study is going to be important?" or "What is the purpose of this study?".
(v) Introduction is regarded as the start of the storyline of manuscript, and hence, the three Cs' scheme ( Figure 5) becomes more relevant while writing it: the context in terms of what has been published on the current idea/problem around the world, content as to what you are going to do about the problem in hand (rationale), and conclusion as to how it is going to be done (specific objective of the study) [1,23]. (vi) Introduction is the first section of the main manuscript, which talks about the story; therefore, while writing it authors should always try to think that "would this introduction be able to convince my readers?" [25]. To emphasize on the importance of the study in filling the knowledge gap is pivotal in driving the message through [23]. (vii) Introduction should never be written like a review, any details, contexts, and comparisons should be dealt within the discussion part [16].
(viii) While choosing the papers, it is wise to include the essential and recent studies only. Studies more than 10 years old should be avoided, as editors are inclined towards the recent and relevant ones only [20,22]. (ix) In the last paragraph, enlisting the objectives has a good impact on readers. A clear distinction between the primary and secondary objectives of the study should be made while closing the introduction [22]. (1) Study Settings: describing the area or setting where the study was conducted. is description should cover the details relevant to the study topic. (2) Study Design: identifying the study as crosssectional, case-control, intervention study, etc. Specific guidelines to write manuscripts according to universal guideline are also needed to be followed (Table 2). (iii) Methods should be elaborative enough that the readers are able to replicate the study on their own. If, however, the protocols are frequently used ones and are already available in the literature, the

General Information about the Problem/Area
What is Unknown What is Not Done Gaps in the Literature Rationale Figure 6: Funnel-down scheme followed while writing the introduction section of manuscript, moving from broader to specific information.
authors can cite them without providing any exhaustive details [26]. (iv) Methods should be able to answer the three questions for which audience reads the paper-(1) What was done? (2) Where it was done? and (3) How it was done? [11]. (v) Remember, methods section is all about "HOW" the data were collected contrary to "WHAT" data were collected, which should be written in the results section. erefore, care should be taken in providing the description of the tools and techniques used for this purpose. (vi) Writing of the methods section should essentially follow the guidelines as per the study design right from the ideation of the project. ere are numerous guidelines available, which author's must make use of, to streamline the writing of the methods section in particular (see Table xx for details). (vii) Provision of the information of the equipment, chemicals, reagents, and physical conditions is also vital for the readers for replication of the study. If any software is used for data analysis, it is imperative to mention it. All manufacturer's names, their city, and country should also be provided [6,11].

Results
(i) e purpose of the results section of the manuscript is to present the finding of the study in clear, concise, and objective manner to the readers [7,27,28].  Biochemistry Research International (ii) Results section makes the heart of the manuscript, as all sections revolve around it. e reported findings should be in concordance with the objectives of the study and be able to answer the questions raised in the introduction [6,20,27]. (iii) Results should be written in past tense without any interpretation [6,27]. (iv) Results section mimics the methods section in chronological order of its contents and structure in a "Ying-Yang" scheme [27] (Figure 8). Breaking the contents into subheadings facilitates the readers to understand the data in an effective manner. (v) It is always better to take refuge in tables and figures to drive the exhaustive data through. Repetition of the data already carried in tables, figures, etc., should be avoided [4,6,20]. (vi) Proper positioning and citations of the tables and figures within the main text are also critical for the flow of information and quality of the manuscript [6,11]. (vii) Results section should carry clear descriptive and inferential statistics in tables and/or figures, for ease of reference to readers. (viii) Provision of the demographic data of the study participants takes priority in the results section; therefore, it should be made as its first paragraph. e subsequent paragraphs should introduce the inferential analysis of the data based on the rationale and objectives of the study. e last paragraphs mention what new results the study is going to offer [6,11,20]. (ix) authors should not attempt to report all analysis of the data. Discussing, interpreting, or contextualizing the results should be avoided [20].

Discussion
(i) e main purpose of writing a discussion is to fill the gap that was identified in the introduction of the manuscript and provide true interpretations of the results [6,11,20]. (ii) e general structure of discussion follows the same pattern as in introduction, but in pyramid (reverse funnel-up) scheme covering the three things of content-context-conclusion (C-C-C) (Figure 9). e focus should be on the storyline at Key Results

Your Study Vs Other Studies
Results in Context (One by One)

Strengths & Limitations
Generalized Conclusions Take-Home Message Figure 9: Pyramid scheme followed while writing the discussion section of manuscript, moving from the key results of the study to the specific conclusions.

Methods Results
HOW the data were accumulated WHAT data were accumulated However, it is you who needs to choose which data to present in your "Results Section" That makes it "YOUR" interpretation • Final • What your • Always 1.
oughts on your results study means in going forward provide future perspectives   Biochemistry Research International all times and to identify the pearls and pitfalls of the study. (iii) Discussion section toggles between two things-content and context. e authors need to exhaustively describe their interpretation of the analyzed data (content) and then compare it with the available relevant literature (context) [1,29]. Finally, it should justify everything in conclusion as to what all this means for the field of study. (iv) e comparison can either be concordant or discordant, but it needs to highlight the uniqueness and importance of the study in the field. Care should be taken not to cover up any deviant results, which do not gel with the current literature [30]. (v) In discussion it is safe to use words such as "may," "might," "show," "demonstrate," "suggest," and "report" while impressing upon your study's data and analyzed results. (vi) Putting results in context helps in identifying the strengths and weakness of the study and enables readers to get answers to two important questions-one "what are the implications of the study?" Second "how the study advance the field further?" [1,30]. (vii) Essentially, it should contain 20% of the word count of the manuscript and consist of five to eight paragraphs [4,20,29].
(1) e first paragraph of the discussion is reserved for highlighting the key results of the study as briefly as possible [4,6]. However, care should be taken not to have any redundancy with the results section. e authors should utilize this part to emphasize the originality and significance of their results in the field [1,4,11,20]. (4) In the penultimate paragraph, authors need to highlight the strengths and limitations of the study [4,6,30]. (5) Final paragraph of the discussion is usually reserved for drawing the generalized conclusions for the readers to get a single take-home message.
(viii) A well-balanced discussion is the one that effectively addresses the contribution made by this study towards the advancement of knowledge in general and the field of research in particular [7]. It essentially should carry enough information that the audience knows how to apply the new interpretation presented within that field.

Conclusion
(i) It usually makes the last part of the manuscript, if not already covered within the discussion part [6,20]. (ii) Being the last part of the main text, it has a longlasting impact on the reader and hence should be very clear in presenting the chief findings of the paper as per the rationale and objectives of the study [4,20].

References or Bibliography
(i) Every article needs a suitable and relevant citation of the available literature to carry the contextual message of their results to the readers [31]. (ii) Inclusion of proper references in the required format, as asked by the target journal, is necessary. (iii) Numerous styling formats of citations are available in the scientific world such as APA, AMA, NLM, and MLA, and usually, each publishing house has its own preference ( Figure 11).  (iv) Depending upon the journal and publishing house, usually, 30-50 citations are allowed in an original study, and they need to be relevant and recent.

Organization of the Manuscript Package
Ideally, all manuscripts, no matter where they have to be submitted, should follow an approved organization, which is universally used by all publication houses. "Ready to submit" manuscript package should include the following elements: (i) Cover letter, addressed to the chief editor of the target journal.

Overview of an Editorial Process
Each scientific journal has a specific publication policies and procedures, which govern the numerous steps of the publication process. In general, all publication houses process the submission of manuscripts via multiple steps tightly controlled by the editors and reviewers [33]. Figure 12 provides general overview of the six-step editorial process of the scientific journal.

Summary
e basic criteria for writing any scientific communication are to know how to communicate the information effectively. In this review, we have provided the critical information of do's and don'ts for the naive authors to follow in making their manuscript enough impeccable and error-free that on submission manuscript is not desk rejected at all. but this goes with mentioning that like any other skill, and the writing is also honed by practicing and is always reflective of the knowledge the writer possesses. Additionally, an effective manuscript is always based on the study design and the statistical analysis done. e authors should always bear in mind that editors apart from looking into the novelty of the study also look at how much pain authors have taken in writing, following guidelines, and formatting the manuscript. erefore, the organization of the manuscript as per provided guidelines such as IMRAD, CONSORT, and PRISMA should be followed in letter and spirit. Care should be taken to avoid the mistakes, already enlisted, which can be the cause of desk rejection. As a general rule, before submission of the manuscript to the journal, sanitation check involving at least two reviews by colleagues should be carried out to ensure all general formatting guidelines are followed.

Data Availability
No data were used in this review.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare no conflicts of interest.