A Study on the Influence of Traditional Architectural Elements on the Urban Context from the Perspective of Perception: Taking the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Bohai Rim as Examples

As one of the important components of a city, traditional buildings in different regions just reflect the differences of cities in different regions, and the analysis of the value hierarchy of its constituent elements can reveal the corresponding urban characteristics. This paper selects the representative traditional buildings in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Bohai Rim region as the research object, takes “perception” as the core concept, combines questionnaires, status surveys, and other methods to obtain and filter traditional architectural elements, and uses the principal components with the help of SPSS software. The analysis method calculates the filtered traditional building elements in the three regions and obtains the principal component composition and hierarchical order of them. Finally, the data results are combined with qualitative analysis to judge the different orders of the traditional building elements in the three regions and their impact on the development of their respective urban contexts.


Introduction
Perception is the process of gaining awareness or understanding perceptual information [1].
is information originates from the one-way perception of the human body's various sensory cells when they receive environmental features. Gibson summarized perception into five systems: Visual perception system, auditory perception system, olfactory perception system, basic orientation system, and tactile perception system [2]. e premise of a comprehensive understanding of the environment is that the brain combines previous memories and interprets the information obtained by the perceptual system. e formation of cities and buildings is based on spatial perception, which is a real, direct, diverse, and comprehensive perception experience of people to the environment [3]. Spatial perception is affected by the viewing angle (bird's-eye view, parallel viewing angle, head-up viewing angle, etc.) and behavior (walking, driving, and even portable mobile devices) of people's perception of things. Environmental psychology divides the process of human perception of space into four steps, namely "feeling", "perception", "cognition," and "behavior" [4]. Feeling: e process by which human sensory organs receive stimuli from the environment; Perception: On the basis of feeling, with the help of existing knowledge and experience, preliminary comparison and identification of sensory stimuli with the existing cognitive schema in the brain are carried out, thereby forming a comprehensive reflection of things; Cognition: It is the result of emotional processing and logical reasoning on the basis of perception, combined with the perceiver's cultural background, scene situation, thinking ability, etc.; Behavior: Individuals may store perceived environmental information and may also respond with actions, depending on factors such as personal interests, goals, needs, values, and social norms [5].
From the perspective of perception approach, the spatial perception approach is divided into "experiential" and "constructive." e former refers to the process of urban experience obtained directly through the bodily senses. e latter is the process of obtaining urban space experience through the reading, processing, and integration of indirect information. In the process of actual environmental cognition, the two usually intersect and jointly promote the subject's perception process of object urban space [6] ( Figure 1). "Experiential" perception can serve as a prerequisite for memory in the brain. "Constructive" perception is the main source of imagination provided by the brain, and visual perception is the most important and direct way in which people experience the environment in several perceptual dimensions. Taking visual perception as the starting point and perceiving the image as the carrier, it is a new attempt to analyze the city and architecture by interpreting the information (geographical information and content information) in the image [7]. But in practice, we rarely use one of the senses alone. Instead, they often work together [8].
erefore, in order to obtain high-quality perceptual features, it is necessary to integrate all human senses (vision, hearing, touch, taste, etc.) to obtain perceptual information [9].
In addition, the study on architectural elements needs to be applied in the concept of the urban context, in order to reflect the influence level of architecture on the development of urban context. e research on context has become a hot topic in the discussion of Western architectural theory in the middle of the last century. Its important historical background stems from the recovery of Western society and economy after World War II and the critique of the functional supremacy of modernism. People advocate that the design of architecture should follow the urban style. e historical relevance emphasizes the building's response and coordination to the surrounding environment. In this regard, Charles Moore's theory of "innumerable measures" [10], Postmodernism, neo-rationalism, and critical regionalism all outline the basic theoretical framework from the essence, analysis, and application of the concept of context and form a preliminary guide for the concept and specificity of architectural elements. After the idea was introduced into China, there was a lot of shock in the field of architecture, and there were also many differences around the definition of the word "CONTEXT." Mr. Zhou Buyi believes that the word should follow the concept of "environment" and has a negative attitude towards its application and practice in the field of architecture [11], Mr. Zhang Qinnan believes that CONTEXT should be applied to the "virtual" environment in the spiritual and cultural fields, bear the conceptual meaning of "cultural context," and encourage the contextual relationship between individuals and groups in architectural practice [12]. erefore, this situation has also caused differences in research results and concepts at home and abroad. In 2005, the domestic scholar Miao Yang comprehensively proposed the establishment of a framework based on the composition and inheritance of urban contextual elements and systematically sorted out the basic composition of urban contextual elements, the principles, contents, standards, and inheritance methods of value evaluation [13]. It clearly depicts the research process of various elements in the urban context, which can be used as a basic framework for the study of architectural elements. Faced with today's complex urban environment, people who live in the city are the core of perceiving the content of various urban elements, but different living environments and knowledge structures will also have different degrees of deviation in the results of perception, which objectively increases. Difficulty in extracting and analyzing perceptual elements. Since the 1970s, the multivariate statistical method represented by principal component analysis has been widely used in the field of urban spatial structure, focusing on analyzing the importance of the representative elements of urban interior space to judge their spatial distribution patterns [14]. Subsequently, the method was more applied to analyze and evaluate the visual attraction and vitality elements of urban landscapes, the vitality evaluation of urban streets, and the measurement of urbanization quality, etc.
e results of evaluation research on the elements of urban context are relatively scarce, and there is no form of evaluation yet. Absolute method authority. It is true that in addition to the principal component analysis method, there are also methods such as entropy method and linear regression to analyze various urban indicators in different fields, and the resulting biases are also different. ese two methods are good at reflecting the degree of each element to form a single linear order, and the results tend to be more statically determined. However, based on the diachronic characteristics of the context, the dynamic conservation in the process of urban development is emphasized. erefore, the principal component analysis method categorizes different elements into several "component groups" and maintains independent results, which is more in line with the data model preference of this study.
is case emphasizes the attempt to influence the influence of traditional architectural elements on the urban context in terms of research methods. Firstly, building elements are obtained from multiple channels to form a relatively comprehensive element database. Secondly, the elements are screened according to the survey results of the current situation of traditional buildings in the research site and the questionnaire results of the respondents. ( e questionnaire sets options from multiple perception dimensions.) In this way, the factor indicators with a strong perception degree can be obtained. Finally, according to the objective quantitative evaluation of multivariate statistics, more important element levels are generated, which together constitute the thinking framework of "element collectionelement screening-element evaluation" (Table 1). e Yangtze River Delta region has densely distributed water networks, crisscrossed river channels, and numerous lakes [15]. Moreover, in the plain area formed by alluvial rivers, the outline of the city conforms to the layout of the landscape, so its shape is relatively free, and the road network in the city shows a state of mixed orthogonal and nonorthogonal. Select Nanjing, Yangzhou, Suzhou in Jiangsu Province and Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Shaoxing in Zhejiang Province as cases. From the perspective of the block level, most of the cases show the characteristics of traditional Chinese style as a whole, which can form a relatively continuous visual image, and the affiliation with the historical urban area is very obvious (Figure 2). Among them, Nanjing, Ningbo, and Hangzhou still have historical blocks with modern western-style due to historical reasons, and the overall preservation quality of the historical blocks is relatively high. However, the atmosphere formed by excessive commercial development has affected the original environmental pattern, and urban development and protective damage have also caused some irreversible consequences [16]. From the perspective of traditional architecture, the architectural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is the mainstay. Among them, Suzhou, Yangzhou, and Shaoxing have the highest quality preservation and even partially retain the state of the historical human settlements. e individual buildings in Nanjing are well preserved, but in the built-up environment of high-rise buildings, they are slightly isolated and the continuity is not strong. e integrity of part of Hangzhou is relatively unified, but the authenticity of the heritage has been weakened due to the destruction and reconstruction of the protection. e types of buildings are mainly gardens, houses, temples, and other types.

Pearl River Delta Region.
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the central Guangdong region with Guangzhou House as the center was the representative region of the traditional Chinese architectural style in the Pearl River Delta region. Among them, Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhongshan, and other historical and cultural ancient cities have the highest quantity and quality of buildings. From the perspective of urban morphology, the city outline of Guangzhou in the Qing Dynasty was close to a semicircle in the north and a rectangle in the south. e road system in the city presents a nonperfectly orthogonal grid [17]. e existing traditional buildings are mostly distributed in the historical urban area formed in the Qing Dynasty (1st in Figure 3). Foshan Chancheng District is the core area of its historical and cultural city. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the urban outline has been formed spontaneously based on factors such as natural water systems and human activities, and there are no obvious design traces such as urban axes and road grids [18] (2nd in Figure 3). e urban outline of Zhongshan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was developed on the basis of Yandun Mountain and Shiqi River, and the modern urban industry and commerce developed rapidly. e expansion and change of the city scale have formed the existing road network and irregular city outline [19], and the distribution of traditional buildings has been separated from the scope of historical urban areas (3rd in Figure 3). From the perspective of the block level, the historical blocks with western style in Guangzhou account for a relatively high proportion, and the Chinese style is distributed near the central axis of the old city. Most of the existing historical blocks in Foshan are dominated by a mixture of Chinese and Western, but the two have destroyed the original texture to a certain extent due to the high-intensity renovation of the old city. e style and appearance of the Zhongshan Historic District is the coexistence of arcades and modern-style buildings during the Republic of China, making the overall style more chaotic. From the architectural point of view, the architectural heritage preserved in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is the main one, among which the architectural style of Guangzhou is well preserved. However, the modern high-rise buildings have formed a squeeze on the ancient buildings, and the living environment in the old city is relatively dilapidated. Foshan's architectural heritage does not have an obvious visual continuous image, and although the surrounding skyline does not form an oppressive situation, the style is slightly mixed. e existing ancient buildings in Zhongshan are scattered and cannot form a continuous style. Most of the architectural types preserved in the three cities are ancestral halls, residences, and temples.     (Figure 4). Among them, the historical blocks of Jinan and Shenyang are particularly seriously squeezed by the surrounding modern buildings. From the architectural point of view, the proportion of traditional buildings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is relatively high, and the traditional buildings in Beijing, Baoding, and Zhengding can be traced back to an earlier age. e quality of preservation of traditional buildings in Shenyang is acceptable, but the affiliation with historical blocks is very weak, the distribution is scattered (5th in Figure 4), and the artistic features are not prominent [21]. e scale and grade of the remaining traditional buildings in Jinan are generally not large. e surrounding historical environment is relatively dilapidated and is seriously affected by the commercial atmosphere. e existing high-grade and influential historical buildings in

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Baoding are of high preservation quality. On the contrary, buildings with lower grades are generally of poorer preservation quality, and the existing number of government buildings is low. Its effect as a city card of "the culture of government office in feudal China" is no longer outstanding. e types of buildings in Shenyang and Zhengding are relatively simple, and the proportion of Buddhist buildings is relatively high. e six cities are generally dominated by temples, dwellings, and mansions.

Collection of Traditional Architectural Elements.
Basic data were collected by means of on-site questionnaires. According to the research purpose, "context" and "perception" were used as guiding words when designing the questionnaire. e listed building elements are divided into two levels: explicit and implicit, and the content of elements in each level is divided into two levels, with 9 first-level index items and 30 second-level index items, for a total of 39 index items (Table 2), and set 5 levels according to the importance level for selection (very important, important, general, not important, very not important). Respondents made a grade selection based on their own feelings about the urban environment and their understanding of architectural elements. According to the survey results of the questionnaire, combined with the researchers' perception results of the specific building environment in the field investigation, comprehensive screening was carried out, and the index items with low importance, low environmental perception, and difficult to set quantitative evaluation were eliminated.
Finally, a total of 25 index items were extracted. Among them, there are 5 second-level indicators and 20 third-level indicators (Table 3).

Transformation of Traditional Architectural Elements.
According to the specific classification of contextual elements in Table 3, all secondary indicators need to be digitally converted to facilitate input into the software for statistical calculation. e basis of digital conversion is the statistical logic of the software and the evaluation degree of the index items, and the numerical order from 0 to 4 is set in turn (Table 4), but the numbers themselves have no numerical meaning, so they will not affect the specific calculation results. All the building samples in Table 1 are in one-to-one correspondence according to the numerical options in Table 4, and finally, the building element index numerical matrix of the building samples in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Bohai Rim region is formed respectively.

Calculation of Traditional Building
Elements. e 15 element indicators listed in the numerical matrix formed by each area are, respectively, input into SPSS19.0 for description and analysis, and the standardized data matrix could be obtained. e total variance contribution rate and the cumulative variance contribution rate of principal components can be obtained by using principal component analysis. is study adopts the method of combining the cumulative variance contribution rate and the eigenvalue to comprehensively determine the number of main factors. e statistical results extracted 6 principal components in each of  Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience   Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience the three regions and continued to calculate the load structure of the 6 principal components rotated by the maximum variance (in Table 5). e calculation results show that the cumulative contribution rates of the eigenvalues of the 6 principal components in the three regions reach 80.171%, 79.260%, and 75.045%, respectively, which means that the 6 principal components can explain most of the effective information of the 15 original indicators. Extraction method: principal component analysis: in the Yangtze River Delta region, the first principal component basically reflects the "topographic features, water system, wall color and ventilation" of traditional buildings. e second principal component basically reflects the "roof color, decorative details, architectural style" of traditional buildings. e third principal component basically reflects the "door head and window lintel, material composition" of traditional buildings. e fourth principal component basically reflects the "layout and roof form" of traditional buildings. e fifth principal component basically reflects the "orientation and ethnic customs" of traditional architecture. e sixth principal component basically reflects the "structural form and building age" of traditional buildings.
In the Pearl River Delta region, the first principal component basically reflects the "ventilation/daylighting, material composition, architectural style, and decorative details" of traditional buildings. e second principal component basically reflects the "ethnic customs, roof color and wall color" of traditional architecture. e third principal component basically reflects the "roof form, door head and window lintel" of traditional buildings. e fourth principal component basically reflects the "orientation and layout" oftraditional buildings. e fifth principal component basically reflects the "topographic features and water system" of traditional buildings. e sixth principal component basically reflects the "building age and structural form" of traditional architecture.
In the Bohai Rim region, the first principal component basically reflects the "roof color, ethnic customs, layout, ventilation/lighting" of traditional buildings. e second principal component basically reflects the "wall color, decorative details and architectural style" of traditional buildings. e third principal component basically reflects the "door head and window lintel, material composition" of traditional buildings. e fourth principal component basically reflects the "structural form and roof form" of traditional buildings. e fifth principal component basically reflects the "orientation and building age" of traditional buildings. e sixth principal component basically reflects the "topographic features and water system" of traditional buildings (Table 6).

Hierarchical Differences of Traditional Architectural Elements
According to Table 7, it can be clearly seen that the distribution and ordering of traditional architectural elements in the three areas are both the same and different at each level. For example, in level 1, the "ventilation/daylighting" factor indicator is reflected in all three areas. Although the specific expressions are different, it reflects that traditional Chinese culture and construction concepts attach more importance to the adaptability of "climate." In tier 5 and tier 6, the indicator of "building age" occupies almost the same. Position among the three, which also shows that the influence degree of this factor, is similar in the three regions. Limited by objective factors such as the preservation status of the building, on the one hand, the cases of architecture are mostly concentrated in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which has a certain unity, which is in line with the "synchronicity" characteristic of cultural heritage. On the other hand, this indicator is relatively low in the overall hierarchical ranking, and its impact on the city is not important, and it also conforms to the "diachronic" characteristic of cultural heritage. In level 5, the "orientation" index is in the same order in the Yangtze River Delta and the Bohai Rim region, and the expressions are both "north-south." is reflects the universality of traditional construction concepts and traditional customs, so its importance level is relatively low. In the Pearl River Delta, this indicator is relatively high, and its manifestations are also different, reflecting the impact of the local natural environment and social environment on the building orientation. erefore, its ranking is relatively high. e differences in the indicators of traditional architectural elements at different levels in the three regions just reflect the different emphases of urban cultural development in each region. From the perspective of a higher level of influence on the development of urban context, the Yangtze River Delta region is most affected by the factors of "topographic features, water system, wall color, ventilation/ daylighting." It is embodied in "mainly flatland," " near water or waterfront," "mainly white," "patio or small-scale courtyard," mostly based on local objective natural geographical features and local cultural thoughts. e Yangtze River Delta region is affected by the impact plains and dense water network in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. e layout of the buildings has a high intimacy with water and the terrain is relatively flat. It is also radiated by regional central cities such as Nanjing. As a gathering place for Jiangnan students, the aesthetics formed by Confucianism and Taoism are clearly reflected in the architecture, and the regional characteristics are extremely high. Secondly, it is affected by factors such as architectural color, decoration, materials, and so on. is reflects that in the context of a relatively developed economy, the long-term development, and integration of the prosperity of local culture and the high degree of exquisite construction technology, it reflects very exquisite decoration and door head.
e Pearl River Delta region is most affected by the elements of "ventilation/daylighting, material composition, architectural style, and decorative details," which are reflected in "patio, small-scale courtyard, veranda," "masonry, wood," "Lingnan regional style," " Rich and ornate decoration." It is mainly affected by the objective factors of climate, economic population size, regional culture, and local craftsmanship. e performance of its building materials and styles is the most prominent than the other two places, and the local kaolin clay walls are mostly used, and the colors are warmer. It is deeply influenced by Shanghaistyle culture, and the architectural colors do not reflect strong Confucian aesthetics but also combine local natural imagery or visual coolness to form a blue-green roof color. In terms of decoration, it is more inclined to the carving of mythical figures, with bright colors, so the importance of other elements with "color and customs" as the key words is close behind, which makes it the most characteristic of the three regional urban contexts. Obviously, similar to the Yangtze River Delta region, it attaches great importance to the ventilation effect of the building, and the methods are more eclectic, which shows that the climate characteristics of the two are relatively similar humid and hot environments.
e Bohai Rim region was affected by the environment of Beijing and Shenyang, two capitals during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. e "decoration," "color," "scale," and "culture" of its buildings not only reflect the combination of early Manchu traditional culture and urban context but also reflect the traditional characteristics of the Han nationality. Under the radiation of the north as the center of political imperial power, the number of high-level buildings is constantly increasing, and the hierarchical relationship between buildings is constantly strengthening. "Roof form," "decorative details," "roof color," and "wall color" are all distributed in Level 1 and Level 2. e proportion of gold and red in the buildings is higher, and the scale and level are larger than those of the other two places. Factors such as "religious customs" and "axial layout with due south and north" are ranked higher, which reflects that the strict system, hierarchy, and scale of the northern political center are the dominant factors. Although the "ventilation/daylighting" index is at the same level as the other two places, the Bohai Rim region is affected by the cold and dry climate, and more emphasis is placed on the lighting and heating of the building. erefore, more attention is paid to the design of the inner courtyard, which is more in line with the architectural style and customs caused by the radiation of the political center in the northern region, which has the highest commonality among all architectural samples in the northern region.
In addition, according to the eigenvalues of each index in Table 6, the eigenvalues of each principal component can be calculated to obtain the mean distribution results of principal components in each region ( Figure 5). From the results,   the graphs in the Pearl River Delta region are relatively balanced, indicating that the degree of difference between the principal components is relatively average, and the score of the factor indicators in each component is average, so the differences in the degree of development of the urban context reflected in the indicators are also relatively balanced., the linear relationship of urban cultural heritage is relatively relaxed, which can not only highlight the elements with higher importance, but also take care of the elements with lower importance. e graphic balance of the Yangtze River Delta region is second, and the difference between the first three principal components and the last three principal components is large, indicating that the development balance of the high-influence index group and the low-influence index group is poor, and the urban context ere is an inflection point in the linear relationship of inheritance, which can moderately increase the influence of the factor indicators in the first three principal components on the inheritance of urban cultural context and raise the inflection point in the development level and improve the balance. e figure balance in the Bohai Rim region is the lowest, and the difference between principal components 1, 2 and principal components 3, 4, 5, and 6 is relatively large, especially the principal component 6 shows the highest degree of difference. e development balance of each group index is poor, reflecting that there are many inflection points in the linear relationship of urban cultural heritage. In particular, it is necessary to focus on amplifying the effect of high-influence index groups in inheritance. Relatively, it cannot be ignored. e effectiveness of low-index groupings will improve the balance of the development of various indicators.

Conclusion
is paper combines quantitative and qualitative analysis methods to obtain the hierarchical relationship of the elements of urban traditional architecture, reflecting the influence of different elements on the inheritance of urban context. And through the manifestations of each element index at different levels in each city, the differences in cultural characteristics between different regional cities are reflected. e research lists the architectural elements that affect the development of urban context through multichannel methods such as literature reading and field investigation and integrates a relatively comprehensive set of element indicators. Questionnaires are distributed to the people in the study area to obtain the factor indicators with a high degree of perception and statistical integration. Combined with the on-the-spot investigation of traditional building samples in each study area, the current situation information is obtained and sorted. Combined with the index results generated by the questionnaire survey, a number of statistical methods are used to screen and integrate the indicators to form the final element index set. According to the combination of expert evaluation and data analysis, the element indicators in the three regions are integrated and ranked in a quantitative way. And analyze the influence of different levels of elements on the development of urban context so as to show the difference in the focus of urban context development in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Bohai Rim. Analyzing and researching fragments of urban history as urban context nodes can deepen the interpretation of the city itself and its culture. When carrying out new urban practice in this way, it should be connected with the urban context and appropriately amplify its unique cultural characteristics to enhance the city's recognition. is has certain reference and reference significance to avoid stepping into a predicament, which is that many cities have the same appearance.

Data Availability
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors state that this article has no conflicts of interest. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 13